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Socially Supported Exercise : Implications For Improving Mental Health In Women, Sarah M. Gillio Sep 2013

Socially Supported Exercise : Implications For Improving Mental Health In Women, Sarah M. Gillio

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

This qualitative study uses a Self Psychology framework to explore how a socially supported exercise program, CrossFit, influences women's sense of self and their feelings of vitality. The experiences and perspectives of twenty-seven female members of CrossFit gyms were elicited through self-developed, semi-structured interviews composed of questions that encouraged participants to reflect on what ways they have experienced mirroring, twinship, idealization, and feelings of vitality at their CrossFit gym. All participants reported experiencing these Self Psychology indicators. Every participant also reported that the social support that they experienced at their gym was important to them. The findings of this study …


An Exploration Of Language Used In Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking, Margot K. Goodnow Sep 2013

An Exploration Of Language Used In Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking, Margot K. Goodnow

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

This theoretical investigation explored the effect of pejorative labels on victims of domestic minor sex trafficking. Presently, children involved in domestic minor sex trafficking are perceived either as "victims" in need of services, or as "criminals," juvenile prostitutes, deserving punitive action. Due to the age and compounded vulnerability of this population, understanding the negative effect this can have on victims' identity development is crucial to providing appropriate and deserved treatment. This study utilized relational-cultural theory and trauma-focused cognitive behavioral theory to understand the impact of the criminalization of complex trauma and to provide a framework for clinical interventions with this …


Healing From The Ground Up : A Story Of One Community's Recovery From Natural Disaster, Karen F. Gray Sep 2013

Healing From The Ground Up : A Story Of One Community's Recovery From Natural Disaster, Karen F. Gray

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

Our climate today is unpredictable; the entire world is experiencing the dramatic, often cataclysmic, effects of climate change. From June 1, 2011 to October, 2011, in just 6 months, the small community of Monson, Massachusetts experienced a tornado, a hurricane and an out of season nor'easter blizzard. This qualitative case study examined what community leaders in Monson did to help the community recover. Participants in this study were people who became known and respected for the relief work they contributed to the town of Monson, during and after the tornado. Six participants were interviewed and asked to respond to a …


Drawing Autism : The Parental Perceptions Of The Impact Art Therapy Has On Communication Patterns And The Parent-Child Relationship, Alessandra C. Giampaolo Sep 2013

Drawing Autism : The Parental Perceptions Of The Impact Art Therapy Has On Communication Patterns And The Parent-Child Relationship, Alessandra C. Giampaolo

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

This qualitative study examined the parental perceptions of the impact art therapy has on communication patterns and the quality of relationship between a parent and his/her child with autism. The research question that guided this study was, "Can art therapy help strengthen the relationship between a parent and his/her child with autism?" This investigation utilized both convenience and snowball sampling. This study's findings are based on semi-structured interviews, conducted via phone or video chat, with five parents who have children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder, and whose children have been treated with art therapy. The findings confirmed that art therapy …


Racially Aware Supervision : Examining How White Mental Health Clinicians Address Cultural Competency With Their White Supervisors, Elizabeth Hammond Sep 2013

Racially Aware Supervision : Examining How White Mental Health Clinicians Address Cultural Competency With Their White Supervisors, Elizabeth Hammond

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

This research examines how multicultural competency and racial difference are addressed in supervision between White mental health clinicians and their White supervisors in mental health settings that serve primarily clients of color. The researcher completed a qualitative case study analysis of five participants who were asked to discuss the content and nature of their supervision with their White supervisors. Three research questions served as the foundation to explore supervisors' and clinicians' attention to cultural competence in the supervisory relationship: (1) How are multicultural issues, race, and racism addressed in supervision? (2) How does attention to clinician-client cultural issues in supervision …


The Ecology Of Bullying : How Might Counselors' Reflections On Bullying Improve School-Based Interventions?, Mary K. GutiéRrez Sep 2013

The Ecology Of Bullying : How Might Counselors' Reflections On Bullying Improve School-Based Interventions?, Mary K. GutiéRrez

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

Schools are struggling to find intervention and prevention plans that will be effective in preventing and intervening in bullying. Phone interviews and online surveys were conducted with 16 respondents - a cross-section of child and school counselors - to find what they have found most and least helpful. Overall, participants agreed that they continue to struggle to find effective ways of preventing, managing and responding to bullying incidents and the overall culture that induces bullying. The majority of respondents felt their schools' policies and/or actions were not effective or not effective enough, however, those who worked in schools that used …


Theoretical Analysis Of Binge Eating Disorder Through The Perspectives Of Self Psychology And Cognitive Theory/Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, And An Explanation Of Blending These Perspectives, Llorin M. Edwards Sep 2013

Theoretical Analysis Of Binge Eating Disorder Through The Perspectives Of Self Psychology And Cognitive Theory/Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, And An Explanation Of Blending These Perspectives, Llorin M. Edwards

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

Binge Eating Disorder (BED), generally defined as a disorder with the central component of recurrent binge eating accompanied by marked distress, and without any accompanying compensatory behaviors to control for weight gain, has recently been formally recognized for the first time in the DSM-5, released in May 2013. This thesis traces the evolution of how BED has been understood and discussed as a DSM diagnosis over the course of about fifty years, after it was first identified not as an eating disorder, but as a phenomenon occurring only among overweight or obese populations seeking weight loss treatment. To contribute to …


Mothers With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (Adhd) In The First Twelve Months Postpartum : Challenges, Coping Supports, Strengths, And Resilience : A Two-Part Project Based Upon An Investigation At Motherwoman, Hadley Massachusetts, Maria T. Curtin-Mckenna Sep 2013

Mothers With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (Adhd) In The First Twelve Months Postpartum : Challenges, Coping Supports, Strengths, And Resilience : A Two-Part Project Based Upon An Investigation At Motherwoman, Hadley Massachusetts, Maria T. Curtin-Mckenna

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

This mixed-method study was undertaken to expand the knowledge base about mothers with a diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in the first twelve months after the birth of a baby. Nine mothers with an ADHD diagnosis and a child under the age of 60 months were interviewed. These mothers were asked to identify experiences with challenges, coping, depression, anxiety, and support in the first year postpartum. Quantitative data contrasting pre-child and postpartum executive functioning was retrieved during the interviews using the ASRS-v1.1© (Kessler et al., 2005). This quantitative data was also retrieved from 57 mothers as one part of a …


Amidst A Culture Of Noise Silence Is Still Golden : A Sociocultural Historical Analysis Of The Pathologization Of Introversion, Sara L. Fudjack Sep 2013

Amidst A Culture Of Noise Silence Is Still Golden : A Sociocultural Historical Analysis Of The Pathologization Of Introversion, Sara L. Fudjack

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

This theoretical thesis explores the phenomenon of introversion, how it has come to be perceived over time in both the United States and various other countries and cultures, and why. This paper seeks to understand how and why the United States has come to value extroverted personality characteristics over introverted ones, and attempts to discover the creation of this value system through a historical analysis of the creation of the definition and meaning of both introversion and extroversion. This thesis utilizes an extensive review of the literature rooted in psychoanalytic theory in order to trace the creation of the definition …


Sin In Therapy : A Cross Disciplinary Approach Toward Working With Religious Clients, Kelli L. Fitzgerald Sep 2013

Sin In Therapy : A Cross Disciplinary Approach Toward Working With Religious Clients, Kelli L. Fitzgerald

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

The United States is a remarkably religious nation. It is inevitable that clinical social workers will encounter clients whose self understanding has been shaped, or impacted, troubled and or soothed by their faith. Our religiously minded clients need us to be able to speak to the questions of deep meaning their faiths challenge and answer. Yet, we are not clergy. We have a different and important role. Moreover we may be atheists ourselves. In addition we live in a religiously pluralistic country. There is no single faith language that can accommodate all religious people. Even if a social worker were …


What We Teach Our Children : A Content Analysis Of Racism In Second Grade Textbooks, Mary G. Fesperman Sep 2013

What We Teach Our Children : A Content Analysis Of Racism In Second Grade Textbooks, Mary G. Fesperman

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

This study was undertaken to examine racial bias and prejudice in current second grade textbooks. Second graders are generally 7-8 years old; an age during which morals and values are developed and racist ideations can be either challenged or solidified. Using the standards of multicultural education as an ideal, textbooks aimed at this population were examined to explore the extent to which racism continues to be reified. The three most widely adopted second grade textbooks in America were assessed in the ways they depict African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, and White Americans. Using a method of content …


Preferred Methods Of Assessing Suicidality In Youth, Corina L. Fisk Sep 2013

Preferred Methods Of Assessing Suicidality In Youth, Corina L. Fisk

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

Literature on youth suicide has identified this phenomenon as a national health problem and one that continues to be on the rise. Moreover, youth suicide has been identified as a serious problem for the last two decades. The purpose of this study was to determine if practice setting, specialized training, and/or graduate education influence both the method and frequency of suicide risk assessment by practicing clinicians who work with adolescents. A descriptive study design using an on-line data collection service was utilized (SurveyMonkey) to reach a non-probability sample of clinicians. The on-line survey was comprised of two sections. The first …


Positive Interventions For Children Diagnosed With Learning Disabilities : An Exploration Of Educators' Lived Experiences, Chelsea M. Dann Sep 2013

Positive Interventions For Children Diagnosed With Learning Disabilities : An Exploration Of Educators' Lived Experiences, Chelsea M. Dann

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

The purpose of the study was to examine the practices used by teachers within the classroom environment that lead learning disability (LD) diagnosed children to a positive learning experience. This study focused on exploring the practices in place that support these children in a positive way in the classroom post-diagnosis. Further, the purpose of this study was to investigate how classroom teachers interact with elementary students ages 7 -12 who have an LD and who are on an IEP. This study explored how educators implemented supportive practices to provide these children with a positive school experience, which in turn, determine …


Strengthening The Future Of Haiti : Mental Health Needs Of Children In FonfrèDe, Haiti : A Project Based Upon An Investigation At Capracare, Jaimie A. Colica Sep 2013

Strengthening The Future Of Haiti : Mental Health Needs Of Children In FonfrèDe, Haiti : A Project Based Upon An Investigation At Capracare, Jaimie A. Colica

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

The Haitian earthquake of 2010 led to an influx of problems for an already struggling nation. The current study is an exploratory study on the mental health and behavioral needs of children and the supports currently in place in one rural Haitian community approximately 120 miles from Port au Prince. Thirteen adults who had caretaking roles within the community participated in in-depth interviews focused on the needs of children, supports offered and the culture of their community. Most participants pointed to a lack of basic needs being met as the culprit for children's struggles including acting out, sadness and difficulty …


Self-Care In The Practice Of Oncology Social Work : A Project Based Upon The Self-Care Practices Of Twelve Oncology Social Workers, Lindsay Cotter Sep 2013

Self-Care In The Practice Of Oncology Social Work : A Project Based Upon The Self-Care Practices Of Twelve Oncology Social Workers, Lindsay Cotter

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

This qualitative study explores the ways in which oncology social workers employ self-care. Twelve oncology social workers throughout the nation were interviewed and their personal narratives addressed the role that self-care plays in a field with compassion fatigue, death and other intense emotional reactions to patients and families dealing with a cancer diagnosis. A semi-structured interview explored why participants chose the field of oncology as well as self-care practices they found helpful throughout their careers. The interview guide also included a focus on the rewards and challenges of the work and how outlooks on life were impacted as a result …


Promoting Posttraumatic Growth Among Oif/Oef Veterans : A Theoretical Exploration Of The Challenges Of Reintegration, Erin E. Clements Sep 2013

Promoting Posttraumatic Growth Among Oif/Oef Veterans : A Theoretical Exploration Of The Challenges Of Reintegration, Erin E. Clements

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

Approximately 2.2 million men and women have been deployed in service of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. And veterans are returning to their communities in large numbers, many of them with a range of visible and invisible medical and psychological injuries and needs (Tanielian and Jaycox, 2008; Hoge et al., 2004; Hoge, Auchterloni, and Milliken, 2006). The process of veterans re-entering civilian society following a deployment is known as reintegration (Demers, 2011). While the mental health issues and needs of returning OIF/OEF veterans have been widely studied (Tanielian and Jaycox, 2008) their experiences and struggles related to reintegration remain …


Homemade : An Exploratory Study On The Impact Of Cooking On Family Relationships And Cultural Identity Development, Tammie G. Chen Sep 2013

Homemade : An Exploratory Study On The Impact Of Cooking On Family Relationships And Cultural Identity Development, Tammie G. Chen

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

This mixed-method study investigates the role of cooking in family relationships and cultural identity development. Through an online survey, 275 participants assessed the perceived relevance and usefulness of cooking. Participants evaluated both whether or not cooking altered their level of connection to family and culture as well as how family relationships and cultural identity were impacted. The findings demonstrate three primary reasons participants cook: to feed themselves and others, to bring people together, and to show care. The study suggests that cooking can be a vehicle of connection to both family and culture. Participants with a more recent family immigration …


Beyond The Office Doors : The Relationship Between Psychotherapists' Disclosures Of Personal Life Events And Their Professional Identity, Alana C. Dipesa Sep 2013

Beyond The Office Doors : The Relationship Between Psychotherapists' Disclosures Of Personal Life Events And Their Professional Identity, Alana C. Dipesa

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

Psychotherapist use of self-disclosure is a topic that has been under-researched to date. Stemming from classic psychoanalytic training, the belief that clinicians should strive to be "blank slates" influences many psychotherapists' negative perceptions of their own selfdisclosure. Within this study 12 psychotherapists were interviewed regarding their experiences disclosing personal life events to their clients in order to ascertain what influence, if any, these disclosure experiences had upon their professional identities. Of the personal life events that were described, some were inevitable and unavoidable while others were more intentional in nature; the main types of personal life events that emerged through …


Parent Education Para Mi? : The Relevance And Usefulness Of Mainstream Parent Education For Latino Parents, Gabriela Bustamante Sep 2013

Parent Education Para Mi? : The Relevance And Usefulness Of Mainstream Parent Education For Latino Parents, Gabriela Bustamante

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

This study involved the development of a parent education curriculum derived from the evidence-based parenting literature, and the pilot testing a single intervention from this curriculum to compare responses of Latino and non-Latino parents to interventions originally designed for the mainstream culture. Parents also received and responded to an overview of the curriculum as a whole. It was expected that Latino parents would rate the curriculum content and the single intervention as less relevant and useful than their non-Latino counterparts; and would rate instructor modeling, and opportunities for support as more relevant and useful than non-Latinos. The pilot test was …


Feminist Values And Pornography Consumption Amongst Women And Its Relationship To Sexual Self-Esteem And Body Esteem, Laura E. Burnham Sep 2013

Feminist Values And Pornography Consumption Amongst Women And Its Relationship To Sexual Self-Esteem And Body Esteem, Laura E. Burnham

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

This study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between women's pornography consumption, degree of feminist identification, and sexual and body self-esteem. Until recently, the literature on pornography use has maintained a heteronormative bias, largely focused on the male experience. The researchers conducting this study wished to better understand women's self-motivated pornography consumption and its possible impacts on various aspects of experience. Participants in this study were 109 women over the age of 18 years of age, living in the United States, who had willingly viewed pornography online within the past year. These participants completed an online survey. This sample group …


"Mai Pen Rai" = If Nothing Can Be Done, What Is There To Do? : Cross-Cultural Perspectives On Social Work In Thailand And The United States, Johanna C. Black Sep 2013

"Mai Pen Rai" = If Nothing Can Be Done, What Is There To Do? : Cross-Cultural Perspectives On Social Work In Thailand And The United States, Johanna C. Black

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

This exploratory descriptive qualitative research study compared and contrasted Smith College School for Social Work (SSW) international field placement interns' experiences of social work in the United States and Thailand. The research compared and contrasted social work the interns' perspectives regarding social work practices they have experienced in the United States (U.S.) and in Thai culture, particularly with reference to the significance of how "Mai Pen Rai" -- there is nothing to be done-- related to social work micro and macro interventions in Thai culture. The interviews with western trained social work clinicians elicited observations of clinical and cultural similarities …


The Language Of Equus : Exploring Equine-Assisted Psychotherapy (Eap) Using The Equine Assisted Growth And Learning Association (Eagala) Model, Kelly J. Boyd Sep 2013

The Language Of Equus : Exploring Equine-Assisted Psychotherapy (Eap) Using The Equine Assisted Growth And Learning Association (Eagala) Model, Kelly J. Boyd

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

This qualitative study set out to explore equine-assisted psychotherapy (EAP) under the Equine Assisted Growth and Learning Association (EAGALA) model. As EAP is still a fairly new modality of therapy, the intention of this study is to add to the growing EAP literature. Interviews were conducted with fifteen EAGALA certified mental health practitioners (MH) and equine specialists (ES) with the intent to explore their professional insights, personal experiences and perspectives regarding EAP. EAP facilitators discussed the structure, benefits and challenges of the EAGALA model. These EAGALA model EAP facilitators also discussed the therapeutic modality of EAP -- revealing its own …


Holding, Attaching And Relating : A Theoretical Perspective On Good Enough Therapy Through Analysis Of Winnicott's Good Enough Mother, Using Bowlby's Attachment Theory And Relational Theory, Lydia K. Borg Sep 2013

Holding, Attaching And Relating : A Theoretical Perspective On Good Enough Therapy Through Analysis Of Winnicott's Good Enough Mother, Using Bowlby's Attachment Theory And Relational Theory, Lydia K. Borg

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

This is a theoretical study in which Winnicott's ideas on the "good enough mother" are analyzed in search of implications for what makes a good enough therapist. Specifically these ideas are explored through the lenses of attachment theory and relational theory with a focus on the work of John Bowlby and Jessica Benjamin respectively. Particular attention is given to the roles of both therapists and mothers in "holding", emotional regulation, protection, and building emotionally facilitative and protective relationships. This paper includes in depth looks at these theories and the ways in which the concepts within attachment theory and relational theory …


Dimensions Of Healing : A Synthesis Of Relational And Psychodrama Theory And Practice In The Treatment Of Unresolved Loss And Grief, Ashley G. Branum Sep 2013

Dimensions Of Healing : A Synthesis Of Relational And Psychodrama Theory And Practice In The Treatment Of Unresolved Loss And Grief, Ashley G. Branum

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

This theoretical thesis explores relational and psychodrama theory and practice, their similarities and differences, and their applicability to the phenomenon of unresolved loss and grief. While these two theories are stylistically and methodologically different, their overlapping conceptual and experiential similarities contribute to enhancing both client and therapist understanding of the complex issues and impact of unresolved loss and grief. Beginning with a detailed exploration of each theory, this thesis goes on to examine the intersections of relational and psychodrama theory and practice and how a synthesis of these theories generates a broader set of treatment options for clinicians working with …


Exploring What Factors Influence African American Adolescent Females To Act Violently Towards Each Other, Davina S. Callahan Sep 2013

Exploring What Factors Influence African American Adolescent Females To Act Violently Towards Each Other, Davina S. Callahan

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

The purpose of this study is to explore the influential factors of African American adolescent and college-aged (13-20) females who engage in violent and aggressive behavior. The experience of these participants was elicited through self-developed, semi-structured interviews composed of questions that explored several possible contributing factors. Interviews were conducted with 12 females who self-identified as African American. The study explored themes of family dynamics, community violence exposure, identification with negative stereotypes and challenges with education and victimization. Major findings were that family dynamics and peer relationships were identified as major influential factors of the participant's engagement in violent behavior. While …


Dismantling The Dominant Narrative Of The Irreversibility Of Schizophrenia : Three Meaning Making Approaches To Psychosis, Sarah K. Alpern Sep 2013

Dismantling The Dominant Narrative Of The Irreversibility Of Schizophrenia : Three Meaning Making Approaches To Psychosis, Sarah K. Alpern

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

The dominant discourse of schizophrenia as an incurable and biologically determined disease was interrogated through the lenses of race, culture, postmodern philosophy as well as quantitative and qualitative data suggesting a causal relationship between trauma and psychosis (Ensink, 1992; Read, J., van Os, J., Morrison, A.P. and Ross, C. A., 2005; Romme and Escher, 1989, 1996, 2000). The superior outcomes of those treatment models that privileged psychosocial support over pharmaceutical interventions also called into question the primacy of the medical model, as did the longitudinal studies of the World Health Organization (WHO) and over-representation in diagnosis among African Americans (Osiezagha, …


Do We Practice What We Preach? : An Exploratory Study Of Individual, Academic, And Agency Approaches For Ameliorating Vicarious Trauma, Loren R. Biggs Sep 2013

Do We Practice What We Preach? : An Exploratory Study Of Individual, Academic, And Agency Approaches For Ameliorating Vicarious Trauma, Loren R. Biggs

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

This study was undertaken to determine what training trauma-focused clinicians are receiving at the graduate or professional level to prevent burnout, secondary traumatic stress, compassion fatigue, and vicarious trauma, as well as what individual, agency, and institutionallevel interventions clinicians find effective in preventing or ameliorating these phenomena and promoting compassion satisfaction. Thirteen trauma-focused clinicians with a broad diversity of clinical, professional, and educational backgrounds participated in a semi-structured interview which sought more information about individual self-care practices and clinicians' assessment of information and training received at the graduate and professional level related to vicarious trauma. These interviews were followed by …


Do Clinicians Perceive A Connection Between Their Personal And Professional Habits Of Self-Disclosure? : A Study Exploring Self-Disclosure On Social Networking Sites And In Therapy, Marie H. Desloge Sep 2013

Do Clinicians Perceive A Connection Between Their Personal And Professional Habits Of Self-Disclosure? : A Study Exploring Self-Disclosure On Social Networking Sites And In Therapy, Marie H. Desloge

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

This qualitative, exploratory study used an interview method to understand if clinicians believed there was any connection between their online self-disclosure on social networking sites (SNS) and offline self-disclosure with clients. Twelve clinicians were asked a myriad of questions to address the perceptions of their disclosures in each arena and any potential relationship between their comfort and frequency to self-disclose online and in therapy. Using a relational theory lens to understand therapeutic self-disclosure, this research adds a new component to current clinical literature on the topic by comparing it to self-disclosure on social networking sites like Facebook. As a whole, …


The Perceived Role Of Biological Father Contact In The Self-Estem Development Of Young African American Women : An Exploratory Study, Kendra R. Archer Sep 2013

The Perceived Role Of Biological Father Contact In The Self-Estem Development Of Young African American Women : An Exploratory Study, Kendra R. Archer

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

This qualitative study was designed to explore how young self-identified women of African American and African descent describe the connection between their father-daughter relationships and their self-esteem development. This exploratory study presents findings and narratives from the perspectives of 14 self-identified women of African American and African descent between the ages of 22- 30 who had face-to face contact with their biological fathers for at least five years throughout their lives. It was expected that the African American women in this study would speak to their experiences of paternal love or rejection in ways, which were tied positively or negatively …


Life As A Sensory Over-Responsive Adult : Social/Emotional Challenges, Coping Mechanisms And Treatments, Sarah K. Ahn Sep 2013

Life As A Sensory Over-Responsive Adult : Social/Emotional Challenges, Coping Mechanisms And Treatments, Sarah K. Ahn

Theses, Dissertations, and Projects

The purpose of this exploratory, qualitative research study was to explicate the lives of 14 Sensory Over-Responsive adults with a particular focus on social/emotional challenges as well as coping mechanisms and treatments. The findings suggest that Sensory Over-Responsivity has had a far-reaching influence on every aspect of a respondent's life: from family to school to relationships to work and to play. Respondents believed that there was a link between their Sensory Over-Responsivity and accompanying social and emotional issues such as anxiety, depression, isolation, withdrawal, and lowered self-esteem, and they displayed a wide range of adaptive coping behaviors including avoidance, control, …