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Risk Response Strategies In The Supply Chain: Examining Attributes Of Stakeholders And Risk Attitude, Shu Jian Lim Jan 2010

Risk Response Strategies In The Supply Chain: Examining Attributes Of Stakeholders And Risk Attitude, Shu Jian Lim

Dissertations and Theses Collection (Open Access)

Supply chain management is about managing flows of material, information and funds in a complex network of entities of suppliers, manufacturers, distributors and customers. Companies are now connected in this network as an extended enterprise and any company may be involved in more than one such extended enterprises. But, such a network of relationships is very much vulnerable to disruptions of all sorts ranging from internal to inter-firm and to external turbulences. Companies now need to be prepared for risks associated with their participation in the supply chain network. Not many works in the literature have used theories to study …


Pricing And Lead Time Decisions In A Duopoly Common Retailer Channel, Xiuming Niu Jan 2010

Pricing And Lead Time Decisions In A Duopoly Common Retailer Channel, Xiuming Niu

Dissertations and Theses Collection (Open Access)

This thesis studies a dual-level decentralized supply chain consisting of two suppliers and two retailers facing a price- and lead-time-sensitive demand. We model the suppliers’ operations as M/M/1 queues and demand as a linear function of the retail prices and promised delivery lead-times offered to the customers. Three different kinds of games are constructed to analyze the pricing and lead-time decisions of the suppliers and retailers. We show the existence of a unique equilibrium in all games and provide the exact formulas to compute the optimal decisions for both the suppliers and retailers. We further present numerical examples to illustrate …


Procure Financing For Shipping By Auctions, Kekun Wu Jan 2010

Procure Financing For Shipping By Auctions, Kekun Wu

Dissertations and Theses Collection (Open Access)

We study a risk management problem in the scenario of ship procurement. A shipping firm faces a certain financing pressure for the procurement of a new ship. On the other hand, the capacity of the ship excesses the demand requirement of the firm. The firm wants to reduce the payment and control the risk by selling a percentage of capacity to another shipping company. We introduce an auction mechanism for the firm to select the partner and determine the sharing percentage. Acting as the auctioneer, the firm announces a certain percentage of capacity to a set of buyers. The payment …


Organizational Slack, International Expansion And Firm Profitability, Anran Liu Jan 2010

Organizational Slack, International Expansion And Firm Profitability, Anran Liu

Dissertations and Theses Collection (Open Access)

International expansion is a viable growth strategy for firms operating in an increasingly competitive business environment. Understanding the relationship between international expansion and firm performance has been a significant concern for theory development in the strategy and international business literature. The extant literature, however, has paid insufficient attention to the tradeoff between firm growth and profitability that may imply the existence of an optimal rate of growth. Drawing from the Penrosian perspective that emphasizes the role of resources in firm growth, this study investigates whether and how firm slack resources affect the tradeoff between international expansion and profitability. Specifically, this …


Applying Soft Cluster Analysis Techniques To Customer Interaction Information, Randall E. Duran, Li Zhang, Tom Hayhurst Jan 2010

Applying Soft Cluster Analysis Techniques To Customer Interaction Information, Randall E. Duran, Li Zhang, Tom Hayhurst

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

The number of channels available for companies and customers to communicate with one another has increased dramatically over the past several decades. Although some market segmentation efforts utilize high-level customer interaction statistics, in-depth information regarding customers’ use of different communication channels is often ignored. Detailed customer interaction information can help companies improve the way that they market to customers by taking into consideration customers’ behaviour patterns and preferences. However, a key challenge of interpreting customer contact information is that many channels have only been in existence for a relatively short period of time, and thus, there is limited understanding and …


On The Potential Of Limitation-Oriented Malware Detection And Prevention Techniques On Mobile Phones, Qiang Yan, Robert H. Deng, Yingjiu Li, Tieyan Li Jan 2010

On The Potential Of Limitation-Oriented Malware Detection And Prevention Techniques On Mobile Phones, Qiang Yan, Robert H. Deng, Yingjiu Li, Tieyan Li

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

The malware threat for mobile phones is expected to increase with the functionality enhancement of mobile phones. This threat is exacerbated with the surge in population of smart phones instilled with stable Internet access which provides attractive targets for malware developers. Prior research on malware protection has focused on avoiding the negative impact of the functionality limitations of mobile phones to keep the performance cost within the limitations of mobile phones. Being different, this paper investigates the positive impact of these limitations on suppressing the development of mobile malware. We study the state-of-the-art mobile malware, as well as the progress …


A Review Of The Professionalization Of The Software Industry: Has It Made Software Engineering A Real Profession?, Heng Ngee Mok Jan 2010

A Review Of The Professionalization Of The Software Industry: Has It Made Software Engineering A Real Profession?, Heng Ngee Mok

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Every industry strives to be called a "profession", and software engineering is no exception. This paper attempts to define "profession" from three different perspectives and provides a chronological narration of the professionalization efforts of major IT bodies such as the IEEE Computer Society, Association of Computing Machinery and British Computer Society to promote software engineering from "occupation" to "profession". The outcome of this professionalization process is then examined against the three vastly different definitions of "profession" to qualitatively gauge the success of the professionalization process.


Estimation Of High-Frequency Volatility: An Autoregressive Conditional Duration Models Approach, Yiu Kuen Tse, Tao Yang Jan 2010

Estimation Of High-Frequency Volatility: An Autoregressive Conditional Duration Models Approach, Yiu Kuen Tse, Tao Yang

Research Collection School Of Economics

We propose a method to estimate the intraday volatility of a stock by integrating the instantaneous conditional return variance per unit time obtained from the autoregressive conditional duration (ACD) models. We compare the daily volatilities estimated using the ACD models against several versions of the realized volatility (RV) method, including the bipower variation realized volatility with subsampling, the realized kernel estimate and the duration-based realized volatility. The ACD volatility estimates correlate highly with and perform very well against the RV estimates. Our Monte Carlo results show that our method has lower root mean-squared error than the RV methods in most …


Numerical Analysis Of Non-Constant Pure Rate Of Time Preference: A Model Of Climate Policy, Tomoki Fujii, Larry Karp Jan 2010

Numerical Analysis Of Non-Constant Pure Rate Of Time Preference: A Model Of Climate Policy, Tomoki Fujii, Larry Karp

Research Collection School Of Economics

When current decisions affect welfare in the far-distant future, as with climate change, the use of a declining pure rate of time preference (PRTP) provides potentially important modeling flexibility. The difficulty of analyzing models with non-constant PRTP limits their application. We describe and provide software (available online) to implement an algorithm to numerically obtain a Markov perfect equilibrium for an optimal control problem with non-constant PRTP. We apply this software to a simplified version of the numerical climate change model used in the Stern Review. For our calibration, the policy recommendations are less sensitive to the PRTP than widely believed.


Motivated Learning As An Extension Of Reinforcement Learning, Janusz Starzyk, Pawel Raif, Ah-Hwee Tan Jan 2010

Motivated Learning As An Extension Of Reinforcement Learning, Janusz Starzyk, Pawel Raif, Ah-Hwee Tan

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

We have developed a unified framework to conduct computational experiments with both learning systems: Motivated learning based on Goal Creation System, and reinforcedment learning using RL Q-Learning Algorithm. Future work includes combining motivated learning to set abstract motivations and manage goals with reinforcement learning to learn proper actions. This will allow testing of motivated learning on typical reinforcement learning benchmarks with large dimensionality of the state/action spaces.


A Boosting Framework For Visuality-Preserving Distance Metric Learning And Its Application To Medical Image Retrieval, Yang Liu, Rong Jin, Lily Mummert, Rahul Sukthankar, Adam Goode, Bin Zheng, Steven C. H. Hoi, Mahadev Satyanarayanan Jan 2010

A Boosting Framework For Visuality-Preserving Distance Metric Learning And Its Application To Medical Image Retrieval, Yang Liu, Rong Jin, Lily Mummert, Rahul Sukthankar, Adam Goode, Bin Zheng, Steven C. H. Hoi, Mahadev Satyanarayanan

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Similarity measurement is a critical component in content-based image retrieval systems, and learning a good distance metric can significantly improve retrieval performance. However, despite extensive study, there are several major shortcomings with the existing approaches for distance metric learning that can significantly affect their application to medical image retrieval. In particular, "similarity" can mean very different things in image retrieval: resemblance in visual appearance (e.g., two images that look like one another) or similarity in semantic annotation (e.g., two images of tumors that look quite different yet are both malignant). Current approaches for distance metric learning typically address only one …


Periodic Resource Reallocation In Two-Echelon Repairable Item Inventory Systems, Hoong Chuin Lau, Jie Pan, Huawei Song Jan 2010

Periodic Resource Reallocation In Two-Echelon Repairable Item Inventory Systems, Hoong Chuin Lau, Jie Pan, Huawei Song

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Given an existing stock allocation in an inventory system, it is often necessary to perform reallocation over multiple time points to address inventory imbalance and maximize availability. In this paper, we focus on the situation where there are two opportunities to perform reallocation within a replenishment cycle. We derive a mathematical model to determine when and how to perform reallocation. Furthermore, we consider the extension of this model to the situation allowing an arbitrary number of reallocations. Experimental results show that the two-reallocation approach achieves better performance compared with the single-reallocation approach found in the literature. We also illustrate how …


Modeling Anticipatory Event Transitions, He Qi, Kuiyu Chang, Ee Peng Lim Jan 2010

Modeling Anticipatory Event Transitions, He Qi, Kuiyu Chang, Ee Peng Lim

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Major world events such as terrorist attacks, natural disasters, wars, etc. typically progress through various representative stages/states in time. For example, a volcano eruption could lead to earthquakes, tsunamis, aftershocks, evacuation, rescue efforts, international relief support, rebuilding, and resettlement, etc. By analyzing various types of catastrophical and historical events, we can derive corresponding event transition models to embed useful information at each state. The knowledge embedded in these models can be extremely valuable. For instance, a transition model of the 1918-1920 flu pandemic could be used for the planning and allocation of resources to decisively respond to future occurrences of …


Remote Attestation On Function Execution, Liang Gu, Yueqiang Cheng, Xuhua Ding, Robert H. Deng, Yao Guo, Weizhong Shao Jan 2010

Remote Attestation On Function Execution, Liang Gu, Yueqiang Cheng, Xuhua Ding, Robert H. Deng, Yao Guo, Weizhong Shao

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Remote attestation provides the basis for one platform to establish trusts on another. In this paper, we consider the problem of attesting the correctness of program executions. We propose to measure the target program and all the objects it depends on, with an assumption that the Secure Kernel and the Trusted Platform Module provide a secure execution environment through process separation. The attestation of the target program begins with a program analysis on the source code or the binary code in order to find out the relevant executables and data objects. Whenever such a data object is accessed or a …


Introducing Communication In Dis-Pomdps With Locality Of Interaction, Makoto Tasaki, Yuichi Yabu, Yuki Iwanari, Makoto Yokoo, Janusz Marecki, Pradeep Reddy Varakantham, Milind Tambe Jan 2010

Introducing Communication In Dis-Pomdps With Locality Of Interaction, Makoto Tasaki, Yuichi Yabu, Yuki Iwanari, Makoto Yokoo, Janusz Marecki, Pradeep Reddy Varakantham, Milind Tambe

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

The Networked Distributed POMDPs (ND-POMDPs) can model multiagent systems in uncertain domains and has begun to scale-up the number of agents. However, prior work in ND-POMDPs has failed to address communication. Without communication, the size of a local policy at each agent within the ND-POMDPs grows exponentially in the time horizon. To overcome this problem, we extend existing algorithms so that agents periodically communicate their observation and action histories with each other. After communication, agents can start from new synchronized belief state. Thus, we can avoid the exponential growth in the size of local policies at agents. Furthermore, we introduce …


Teleoph: A Secure Real-Time Teleophthalmology System, Yongdong Wu, Zhou Wei, Haixia Yao, Zhigang Zhao, Lek Heng Ngoh, Robert H. Deng, Shengsheng Yu Jan 2010

Teleoph: A Secure Real-Time Teleophthalmology System, Yongdong Wu, Zhou Wei, Haixia Yao, Zhigang Zhao, Lek Heng Ngoh, Robert H. Deng, Shengsheng Yu

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Teleophthalmology (TeleOph) is an electronic counterpart of today's face-to-face, patient-to-specialist ophthalmology system. It enables one or more ophthalmologists to remotely examine a patient's condition via a confidential and authentic communication channel. Specifically, TeleOph allows a trained nonspecialist in a primary clinic to screen the patients with digital instruments (e.g., camera, ophthalmoscope). The acquired medical data are delivered to the hospital where an ophthalmologist will review the data collected and, if required, provide further consultation for the patient through a real-time secure channel established over a public Internet network. If necessary, the ophthalmologist is able to further sample the images/video of …


Anonymous Query Processing In Road Networks, Kyriakos Mouratidis, Man Lung Yiu Jan 2010

Anonymous Query Processing In Road Networks, Kyriakos Mouratidis, Man Lung Yiu

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

The increasing availability of location-aware mobile devices has given rise to a flurry of location-based services (LBSs). Due to the nature of spatial queries, an LBS needs the user position in order to process her requests. On the other hand, revealing exact user locations to a (potentially untrusted) LBS may pinpoint their identities and breach their privacy. To address this issue, spatial anonymity techniques obfuscate user locations, forwarding to the LBS a sufficiently large region instead. Existing methods explicitly target processing in the euclidean space and do not apply when proximity to the users is defined according to network distance …


An Empirical Analysis Of Mobile Voice Service And Sms: A Structural Model, Youngsoo Kim, Rahul Telang, William B. Vogt, Ramayya Krishnan Jan 2010

An Empirical Analysis Of Mobile Voice Service And Sms: A Structural Model, Youngsoo Kim, Rahul Telang, William B. Vogt, Ramayya Krishnan

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

In addition to the wireless telephony boom, a similar exponentially increasing trend in wireless data service—for example, short message service (SMS)—is visible as technology advances. We develop a structural model to examine user demand for voice service and SMS. Specifically, we measure the own- and cross-price elasticities of these services. The cross-price elasticity is of significant importance because marketing activities are critically influenced by whether the goods are substitutes or complements. The research context poses significant econometric challenges due to three-part tariffs and sequential discrete plan choice and continuous quantity choice decisions. Using detailed individual consumption data of more than …


Nested Coloured Timed Petri Nets For Production Configuration Of Product Families, Lianfeng Zhang, Brian Rodrigues Jan 2010

Nested Coloured Timed Petri Nets For Production Configuration Of Product Families, Lianfeng Zhang, Brian Rodrigues

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Production configuration is as an effective technique to deal with product variety while maintaining production stability and efficiency. It involves a diverse set of process elements (e.g., machines, operations), a high variety of component parts and assemblies and many constraints arising from product and process variety. Production configuration entails the selection and subsequent arrangement of process elements into complete production processes and the final evaluation of configured multiple alternatives. To better understand production configuration and its implementation, we study the underlying logic for configuring production processes using a dynamic modelling and visualisation approach. This is accomplished by developing a new …


Keep It Simple With Time: A Reexamination Of Probabilistic Topic Detection Models, Qi He, Kuiyu Chang, Ee Peng Lim, Arindam Banerjee Jan 2010

Keep It Simple With Time: A Reexamination Of Probabilistic Topic Detection Models, Qi He, Kuiyu Chang, Ee Peng Lim, Arindam Banerjee

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Topic detection (TD) is a fundamental research issue in the Topic Detection and Tracking (TDT) community with practical implications; TD helps analysts to separate the wheat from the chaff among the thousands of incoming news streams. In this paper, we propose a simple and effective topic detection model called the temporal Discriminative Probabilistic Model (DPM), which is shown to be theoretically equivalent to the classic vector space model with feature selection and temporally discriminative weights. We compare DPM to its various probabilistic cousins, ranging from mixture models like von-Mises Fisher (vMF) to mixed membership models like Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). …


Educational Institution Reform: Insights From The Complexity-Intelligence Strategy, Pak Tee Ng, Thow Yick Liang Jan 2010

Educational Institution Reform: Insights From The Complexity-Intelligence Strategy, Pak Tee Ng, Thow Yick Liang

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

This paper attempts to draw some significant insights for educational institution reform from the paradigm of organizing around intelligence. Using the Complexity-Intelligence strategy, human organizations are visualized as intelligent beings possessing an orgmind with high collective intelligence, and other intelligence-related characteristics that are commonly found in highly intelligent biological beings including consciousness, complex adaptive dynamic, autopoiesis, self-organization, learning, adaptation and emergence. Such intelligent human organizations primarily focus on quality connection, optimizing the intrinsic intelligence sources, and nurturing a high level of collective intelligence. It is a living intelligence-centric world. In this study, four insights and their implications from the Complexity-Intelligence …


Does Co-Opetition Change The Game? A Bayesian Analysis Of Participation Strategy In An Industry Standard-Setting Organization, Robert J. Kauffman, Benjamin B. M. Shao, Juliana Y. Tsai Jan 2010

Does Co-Opetition Change The Game? A Bayesian Analysis Of Participation Strategy In An Industry Standard-Setting Organization, Robert J. Kauffman, Benjamin B. M. Shao, Juliana Y. Tsai

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Across different industries, we observe the emergence of industry standard-setting organizations (SSO) that focus on the creation of industry-specific process standards. Firms adopt a strategy of co-opetition, the combination of cooperation and competition, during standards development. We propose that a firm's co-opetition strategy is revealed to some extent by when it elects to participate in an industry SSO. Bayesian information updating offers an effective empirical modeling perspective for studying firms' participation strategies when managers' beliefs and uncertainties are factored into their decision-making. We analyze a panel data set of 73 U.S. public firms over a 20-year period. These firms are …


Accounting, Risk, And Revolution, Stefano Harney Jan 2010

Accounting, Risk, And Revolution, Stefano Harney

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

In response to the position of Steve Toms, this article argues that risk must be understood not as it has been posited by capital but rather as it might be taken up by labour. It uses Marx's socialization thesis to maintain that risk is a symptom of possibility for labour. Drawing on the work of Randy Martin the argument culminates in a consideration of the interanimation of capital in labour occasioned by the second helping of risk produced by its commoditisation. It concludes that far from being just what Michel Aglietta calls a social evaluation of private economic activity, risk …


Wikipedia2onto: Building Concept Ontology Automatically, Experimenting With Web Image Retrieval, Huan Wang, Xing Jiang, Liang-Tien Chia, Ah-Hwee Tan Jan 2010

Wikipedia2onto: Building Concept Ontology Automatically, Experimenting With Web Image Retrieval, Huan Wang, Xing Jiang, Liang-Tien Chia, Ah-Hwee Tan

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Given its effectiveness to better understand data, ontology has been used in various domains including artificial intelligence, biomedical informatics and library science. What we have tried to promote is the use of ontology to better understand media (in particular, images) on the World Wide Web. This paper describes our preliminary attempt to construct a large-scale multi-modality ontology, called AutoMMOnto, for web image classification. Particularly, to enable the automation of text ontology construction, we take advantage of both structural and content features of Wikipedia and formalize real world objects in terms of concepts and relationships. For visual part, we train classifiers …


Crctol: A Semantic Based Domain Ontology Learning System, Xing Jiang, Ah-Hwee Tan Jan 2010

Crctol: A Semantic Based Domain Ontology Learning System, Xing Jiang, Ah-Hwee Tan

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Domain ontologies play an important role in supporting knowledge‐based applications in the Semantic Web. To facilitate the building of ontologies, text mining techniques have been used to perform ontology learning from texts. However, traditional systems employ shallow natural language processing techniques and focus only on concept and taxonomic relation extraction. In this paper we present a system, known as Concept‐Relation‐Concept Tuple‐based Ontology Learning (CRCTOL), for mining ontologies automatically from domain‐specific documents. Specifically, CRCTOL adopts a full text parsing technique and employs a combination of statistical and lexico‐syntactic methods, including a statistical algorithm that extracts key concepts from a document collection, …


Scalable Multi-Core Model Checking Fairness Enhanced Systems, Yang Liu, Jun Sun, Jin Song Dong Dec 2009

Scalable Multi-Core Model Checking Fairness Enhanced Systems, Yang Liu, Jun Sun, Jin Song Dong

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Rapid development in hardware industry has brought the prevalence of multi-core systems with shared-memory, which enabled the speedup of various tasks by using parallel algorithms. The Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) model checking problem is one of the difficult problems to be parallelized or scaled up to multi-core. In this work, we propose an on-the-fly parallel model checking algorithm based on the Tarjan’s strongly connected components (SCC) detection algorithm. The approach can be applied to general LTL model checking or with different fairness assumptions. Further, it is orthogonal to state space reduction techniques like partial order reduction. We enhance our PAT …


Asian Maths Whizz And Talkative Females: How Stereotypes Can Actually Boost Performance, Knowledge@Smu Dec 2009

Asian Maths Whizz And Talkative Females: How Stereotypes Can Actually Boost Performance, Knowledge@Smu

Knowledge@SMU

Nobody likes to be pigeonholed or reduced to a single stereotype. One reason could be because we believe ourselves to be products of multiple stereotypes: a combination of identities, such as "Asian", "female", "lawyer", "Gen X", "Christian", "Chinese", etc. While these labels connect us to like-individuals, they can also carry all sorts of connotations and expectations – positive, neutral and negative. For example, an Asian might be expected to outperform a non-Asian at mathematics because of stereotypes that Asians are mathematically inclined. Will such undue expectations affect the Asian's performance outcome? Research studies point to a 'Yes'.


To Trust Or Not To Trust? Predicting Online Trusts Using Trust Antecedent Framework, Viet-An Nguyen, Ee Peng Lim, Jing Jiang, Aixin Sun Dec 2009

To Trust Or Not To Trust? Predicting Online Trusts Using Trust Antecedent Framework, Viet-An Nguyen, Ee Peng Lim, Jing Jiang, Aixin Sun

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

This paper analyzes the trustor and trustee factors that lead to inter-personal trust using a well studied Trust Antecedent framework in management science. To apply these factors to trust ranking problem in online rating systems, we derive features that correspond to each factor and develop different trust ranking models. The advantage of this approach is that features relevant to trust can be systematically derived so as to achieve good prediction accuracy. Through a series of experiments on real data from Epinions, we show that even a simple model using the derived features yields good accuracy and outperforms MoleTrust, a trust …


On The Untraceability Of Anonymous Rfid Authentication Protocol With Constant Key-Lookup, Bing Liang, Yingjiu Li, Tieyan Li, Robert H. Deng Dec 2009

On The Untraceability Of Anonymous Rfid Authentication Protocol With Constant Key-Lookup, Bing Liang, Yingjiu Li, Tieyan Li, Robert H. Deng

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

In ASIACCS'08, Burmester, Medeiros and Motta proposed an anonymous RFID authentication protocol (BMM protocol [2]) that preserves the security and privacy properties, and achieves better scalability compared with other contemporary approaches. We analyze BMM protocol and find that some of security properties (especial untraceability) are not fulfilled as originally claimed. We consider a subtle attack, in which an adversary can manipulate the messages transmitted between a tag and a reader for several continuous protocol runs, and can successfully trace the tag after these interactions. Our attack works under a weak adversary model, in which an adversary can eavesdrop, intercept and …


Insights Into Malware Detection And Prevention On Mobile Phones, Qiang Yan, Yingjiu Li, Tieyan Li, Robert H. Deng Dec 2009

Insights Into Malware Detection And Prevention On Mobile Phones, Qiang Yan, Yingjiu Li, Tieyan Li, Robert H. Deng

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

The malware threat for mobile phones is expected to increase with the functionality enhancement of mobile phones. This threat is exacerbated with the surge in population of smart phones instilled with stable Internet access which provides attractive targets for malware developers. Prior research on malware protection has focused on avoiding the negative impact of the functionality limitations of mobile phones to keep the performance cost within the limitations of mobile phones. Being different, this paper investigates the positive impact of these limitations on suppressing the development of mobile malware. We study the state-of-the-art mobile malware, as well as the progress …