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Articles 901 - 930 of 1692
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Entity-Sensitive Attention And Fusion Network For Entity-Level Multimodal Sentiment Classification, Jianfei Yu, Jing Jiang
Entity-Sensitive Attention And Fusion Network For Entity-Level Multimodal Sentiment Classification, Jianfei Yu, Jing Jiang
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Entity-level (aka target-dependent) sentiment analysis of social media posts has recently attracted increasing attention, and its goal is to predict the sentiment orientations over individual target entities mentioned in users' posts. Most existing approaches to this task primarily rely on the textual content, but fail to consider the other important data sources (e.g., images, videos, and user profiles), which can potentially enhance these text-based approaches. Motivated by the observation, we study entity-level multimodal sentiment classification in this article, and aim to explore the usefulness of images for entity-level sentiment detection in social media posts. Specifically, we propose an Entity-Sensitive Attention …
Three Types Of Organizational Boundary Spanning: Predicting Csr Policy Extensiveness Among Global Consumer Products Companies, Alwyn Lim, Shawn Pope
Three Types Of Organizational Boundary Spanning: Predicting Csr Policy Extensiveness Among Global Consumer Products Companies, Alwyn Lim, Shawn Pope
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
As part of the rise of a worldwide corporate social responsibility (CSR) movement, companies have increasingly incorporated social and environmental concerns into their policies. This paper examines the extensiveness of these policies, proposing that an underappreciated contributor is the degree of organizational boundary spanning. The paper is novel in integrating multiple types of boundary spanning into a single empirical framework, including product, sub‐unit, and national boundary spanning. The paper adds complexity to the literature by theorizing that different types of boundary spanning associate with CSR policy extensiveness in different issue areas. The results show that product spanning associates with CSR …
Female Transnational Entrepreneurs (Ftes): A Case Study Of Korean American Female Entrepreneurs In Silicon Valley, June Y. Lee, Jane Lee
Female Transnational Entrepreneurs (Ftes): A Case Study Of Korean American Female Entrepreneurs In Silicon Valley, June Y. Lee, Jane Lee
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Increasingly, studies of entrepreneurship and migration have examined the role of immigrant entrepreneurs in revitalising and diversifying the economy of the host society. Further, recent transnational skilled entrepreneurs have been understood as being much more mobile in building international networks and collaborations between their home and host societies. These studies have tended to focus on the technically oriented entrepreneurs and to produce a single grand narrative about a particular migrant group that transfers knowledge and becomes a technical pioneer in their home society. This article scrutinises a group of first-generation Korean American female transnational entrepreneurs (FTEs) living in Silicon Valley …
To Thine Communication Partner Be True: The Effect Of Presentation Consistency On Perceived Authenticity And Liking After Making A First Impression Online, Nicholas Tang, Janell Chu, Kahmun Leong, Sonny Rosenthal
To Thine Communication Partner Be True: The Effect Of Presentation Consistency On Perceived Authenticity And Liking After Making A First Impression Online, Nicholas Tang, Janell Chu, Kahmun Leong, Sonny Rosenthal
Research Collection College of Integrative Studies
This experiment examines the effects of presentation consistency on perceived authenticity and liking in computer-mediated communication, differentiating between profile views and short online text-based conversations. The experimental design is a 2 (presentation-consistent vs. -inconsistent) × 2 (profile view vs. short conversation) between-subjects experiment using university students (N = 173) in Singapore. Results show higher perceived authenticity (η2p = .29) and liking after short conversations than after profile views without conversations. When there is only a profile view, perceived authenticity is lower when the profile photo is inconsistent with the profile text than when it is consistent (η2p = .05). We …
Automatically Categorizing Software Technologies, Mathieu Nassif, Christoph Treude, Martin P. Robillard
Automatically Categorizing Software Technologies, Mathieu Nassif, Christoph Treude, Martin P. Robillard
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Informal language and the absence of a standard taxonomy for software technologies make it difficult to reliably analyze technology trends on discussion forums and other on-line venues. We propose an automated approach called Witt for the categorization of software technologies (an expanded version of the hypernym discovery problem). Witt takes as input a phrase describing a software technology or concept and returns a general category that describes it (e.g., integrated development environment), along with attributes that further qualify it (commercial, php, etc.). By extension, the approach enables the dynamic creation of lists of all technologies of a given type (e.g., …
Emoco: Visual Analysis Of Emotion Coherence In Presentation Videos, Haipeng Zeng, Xingbo Wang, Aoyu Wu, Yong Wang, Quan Li, Alex Endert, Huamin Qu
Emoco: Visual Analysis Of Emotion Coherence In Presentation Videos, Haipeng Zeng, Xingbo Wang, Aoyu Wu, Yong Wang, Quan Li, Alex Endert, Huamin Qu
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Emotions play a key role in human communication and public presentations. Human emotions are usually expressed through multiple modalities. Therefore, exploring multimodal emotions and their coherence is of great value for understanding emotional expressions in presentations and improving presentation skills. However, manually watching and studying presentation videos is often tedious and time-consuming. There is a lack of tool support to help conduct an efficient and in-depth multi-level analysis. Thus, in this paper, we introduce EmoCo, an interactive visual analytics system to facilitate efficient analysis of emotion coherence across facial, text, and audio modalities in presentation videos. Our visualization system features …
Tracing Dao: A Comparison Of Dao 道 In The Daoist Classics And Derridean “Trace”, Steven Burik
Tracing Dao: A Comparison Of Dao 道 In The Daoist Classics And Derridean “Trace”, Steven Burik
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
This paper attempts to draw a comparison between Derrida’s idea of “trace” (in connection to his more famous ideas of différance, supplement, and deconstruction) and the idea of dao in classical Daoism (Laozi and Zhuangzi). I explore the viability of applying Derrida’s thoughts with regard to “trace” to Daoism. It is argued that if dao is read in a non-metaphysical way, then the Derridean idea of “trace” will show large overlaps with dao. I then try to show how, despite some obvious differences, a “trace” reading of dao enables a clearer understanding of dao that would see it not as …
‘The Open Letter To The Evangelical Church’ And Its Discontents: The Online Politics Of Asian American Evangelicals, 2013-2016, Justin K. H. Tse
‘The Open Letter To The Evangelical Church’ And Its Discontents: The Online Politics Of Asian American Evangelicals, 2013-2016, Justin K. H. Tse
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Recent treatments of Asian American evangelicals tend to focus on a shift of attention from their identity-based attempts to found autonomous congregrations to online self-publications. I evaluate this new trend by considering two episodes in Asian American evangelical self-publication: the 'open letter to the evangelical church' in 2013 and the Killjoy Prophets initiative from 2014-2016 when their leader Suey Park disappeared from the Internet. I argue that while Asian American evangelical online self-publication is intended to reform evangelicalism, its discursive nature leads to debates among Asian American evangelicals about whether the cyber-discourse about them is adequately representational. This sobering analysis …
Sexual Grooming As An Offence In Singapore, S. Chandra Mohan, Yingqi Lee
Sexual Grooming As An Offence In Singapore, S. Chandra Mohan, Yingqi Lee
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The offence of sexual grooming of a minor under 16 was introduced in the Singapore Penal Code (Cap 224, 2008 Rev Ed) in 2007. It was designed to protect the growing number of young Internet users from adult sex predators prowling the online platforms. However, there have been very few reported cases of sexual grooming under s 376E of the Penal Code and a noticeable dearth of any local legal comment on this provision. Until the review by the Penal Code Review Committee in 2018 and the consequent legislative changes in May 2019, the offence of sexual grooming has not …
Article 152 Of The Singapore Constitution: The Past, Present, And Future Of Multiracial Recognition, Inclusion, And Accommodation, Eugene K. B. Tan
Article 152 Of The Singapore Constitution: The Past, Present, And Future Of Multiracial Recognition, Inclusion, And Accommodation, Eugene K. B. Tan
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The bicentennial commemoration consists of a year-long series of events to mark the 200th anniversary of the arrival of Sir Stamford Raffles in Singapore on 29 January 1819. The arrival of the British resulted in the creation of Singapore as a free port and marked the economic, physical, and social transformation of the island, which continues today. Yet, the irony is that the bicentennial commemoration also deliberately seeks to shed light and focus on a more distant past: The half-millennia before Singapore was colonialised and when Singapore was known as Temasek and seen as part of the Nusantara.
Do My Students Understand? Automated Identification Of Doubts From Informal Reflections, Siaw Ling Lo, Kar Way Tan, Eng Lieh Ouh
Do My Students Understand? Automated Identification Of Doubts From Informal Reflections, Siaw Ling Lo, Kar Way Tan, Eng Lieh Ouh
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Traditionally teaching is usually one directional where the instructor imparts knowledge and there is minimal interaction between learners and instructor. With the focus on learner-centred pedagogy, it can be a challenge to provide timely and relevant guidance to individual learners according to their levels of understanding. One of the options available is to collect reflections from learners after each lesson to extract relevant and high-value feedback so that doubts or questions can be addressed in a timely manner. In this paper, we derived an approach to automate the identification of doubts from the informal reflections through features analysis and machine …
Clustering Models For Topic Analysis In Graduate Discussion Forums, Mallika Gokarn Nitin, Swapna Gottipati, Venky Shankararaman
Clustering Models For Topic Analysis In Graduate Discussion Forums, Mallika Gokarn Nitin, Swapna Gottipati, Venky Shankararaman
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Discussion forums provide the base content for creating a knowledge repository. It contains discussion threads related to key course topics that are debated by the students. In order to better understand the student learning experience, the instructor needs to analyse these discussion threads. This paper proposes the use of clustering models and interactive visualizations to conduct a qualitative analysis of graduate discussion forums. Our goal is to identify the sub-topics and topic evolutions in the discussion forums by applying text mining techniques. Our approach generates insights into the topic analysis in the forums and discovers the students’ cognitive understanding within …
Punctuation Prediction For Vietnamese Texts Using Conditional Random Fields, Hong Quang Pham, Binh T. Nguyen, Nguyen Viet Cuong
Punctuation Prediction For Vietnamese Texts Using Conditional Random Fields, Hong Quang Pham, Binh T. Nguyen, Nguyen Viet Cuong
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
We investigate the punctuation prediction for the Vietnamese language. This problem is crucial as it can be used to add suitable punctuation marks to machine-transcribed speeches, which usually do not have such information. Similar to previous works for English and Chinese languages, we formulate this task as a sequence labeling problem. After that, we apply the conditional random field model for solving the problem and propose a set of appropriate features that are useful for prediction. Moreover, we build two corpora from Vietnamese online news and movie subtitles and perform extensive experiments on these data. Finally, we ask four volunteers …
The Information Disclosure Trilemma: Privacy, Attribution And Dependency, Ping Fan Ke
The Information Disclosure Trilemma: Privacy, Attribution And Dependency, Ping Fan Ke
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Information disclosure has been an important mechanism to increase transparency and welfare in various contexts, from rating a restaurant to whistleblowing the wrongdoing of government agencies. Yet, the author often needs to be sacrificed during information disclosure process – an anonymous disclosure will forgo the reputation and compensation whereas an identifiable disclosure will face the threat of retaliation. On the other hand, the adoption of privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs) lessens the tradeoff between privacy and attribution while introducing dependency and potential threats. This study will develop the desirable design principles and possible threats of an information disclosure system, and discuss how …
Using Customer Service Dialogues For Satisfaction Analysis With Context-Assisted Multiple Instance Learning, Kaisong Song, Lidong Bing, Wei Gao, Jun Lin, Lujun Zhao, Jiancheng Wang, Changlong Sun, Xiaozhong Liu, Qiong Zhang
Using Customer Service Dialogues For Satisfaction Analysis With Context-Assisted Multiple Instance Learning, Kaisong Song, Lidong Bing, Wei Gao, Jun Lin, Lujun Zhao, Jiancheng Wang, Changlong Sun, Xiaozhong Liu, Qiong Zhang
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Customers ask questions and customer service staffs answer their questions, which is the basic service model via multi-turn customer service (CS) dialogues on E-commerce platforms. Existing studies fail to provide comprehensive service satisfaction analysis, namely satisfaction polarity classification (e.g., well satisfied, met and unsatisfied) and sentimental utterance identification (e.g., positive, neutral and negative). In this paper, we conduct a pilot study on the task of service satisfaction analysis (SSA) based on multi-turn CS dialogues. We propose an extensible Context-Assisted Multiple Instance Learning (CAMIL) model to predict the sentiments of all the customer utterances and then aggregate those sentiments into service …
Aspect And Opinion Aware Abstractive Review Summarization With Reinforced Hard Typed Decoder, Yufei Tian, Jianfei Yu, Jing Jiang
Aspect And Opinion Aware Abstractive Review Summarization With Reinforced Hard Typed Decoder, Yufei Tian, Jianfei Yu, Jing Jiang
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
In this paper, we study abstractive review summarization. Observing that review summaries often consist of aspect words, opinion words and context words, we propose a two-stage reinforcement learning approach, which first predicts the output word type from the three types, and then leverages the predicted word type to generate the final word distribution. Experimental results on two Amazon product review datasets demonstrate that our method can consistently outperform several strong baseline approaches based on ROUGE scores.
Vireo-Eurecom @ Trecvid 2019: Ad-Hoc Video Search (Avs), Phuong Anh Nguyen, Jiaxin Wu, Chong-Wah Ngo, Francis Danny, Benoit Huet
Vireo-Eurecom @ Trecvid 2019: Ad-Hoc Video Search (Avs), Phuong Anh Nguyen, Jiaxin Wu, Chong-Wah Ngo, Francis Danny, Benoit Huet
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
In this paper, we describe the systems developed for Ad-hoc Video Search (AVS) task at TRECVID 2019[1] and the achieved results.
Eurecom At Trecvid Avs 2019, Danny Francis, Phuong Anh Nguyen, Benoit Huet, Chong-Wah Ngo
Eurecom At Trecvid Avs 2019, Danny Francis, Phuong Anh Nguyen, Benoit Huet, Chong-Wah Ngo
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
This notebook reports the model and results of the EURECOM runs at TRECVID AVS 2019.
Estimating Glycemic Impact Of Cooking Recipes Via Online Crowdsourcing And Machine Learning, Helena Lee, Palakorn Achananuparp, Yue Liu, Ee-Peng Lim, Lav R. Varshney
Estimating Glycemic Impact Of Cooking Recipes Via Online Crowdsourcing And Machine Learning, Helena Lee, Palakorn Achananuparp, Yue Liu, Ee-Peng Lim, Lav R. Varshney
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Consumption of diets with low glycemic impact is highly recommended for diabetics and pre-diabetics as it helps maintain their blood glucose levels. However, laboratory analysis of dietary glycemic potency is time-consuming and expensive. In this paper, we explore a data-driven approach utilizing online crowdsourcing and machine learning to estimate the glycemic impact of cooking recipes. We show that a commonly used healthiness metric may not always be effective in determining recipes suitable for diabetics, thus emphasizing the importance of the glycemic-impact estimation task. Our best classification model, trained on nutritional and crowdsourced data obtained from Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT), can …
Automated Theme Search In Ico Whitepapers, Chuanjie Fu, Andrew Koh, Paul Griffin
Automated Theme Search In Ico Whitepapers, Chuanjie Fu, Andrew Koh, Paul Griffin
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
The authors explore how topic modeling can be used to automate the categorization of initial coin offerings (ICOs) into different topics (e.g., finance, media, information, professional services, health and social, natural resources) based solely on the content within the whitepapers. This tool has been developed by fitting a latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) model to the text extracted from the ICO whitepapers. After evaluating the automated categorization of whitepapers using statistical and human judgment methods, it is determined that there is enough evidence to conclude that the LDA model appropriately categorizes the ICO whitepapers. The results from a two-population proportion test …
Semi-Supervised Entity Alignment Via Joint Knowledge Embedding Model And Cross-Graph Model, Chengjiang Li, Yixin Cao, Lei Hou, Jiaxin Shi, Juanzi Li, Tat-Seng Chua
Semi-Supervised Entity Alignment Via Joint Knowledge Embedding Model And Cross-Graph Model, Chengjiang Li, Yixin Cao, Lei Hou, Jiaxin Shi, Juanzi Li, Tat-Seng Chua
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Entity alignment aims at integrating complementary knowledge graphs (KGs) from different sources or languages, which may benefit many knowledge-driven applications. It is challenging due to the heterogeneity of KGs and limited seed alignments. In this paper, we propose a semi-supervised entity alignment method by joint Knowledge Embedding model and Cross-Graph model (KECG). It can make better use of seed alignments to propagate over the entire graphs with KG-based constraints. Specifically, as for the knowledge embedding model, we utilize TransE to implicitly complete two KGs towards consistency and learn relational constraints between entities. As for the cross-graph model, we extend Graph …
Low-Resource Name Tagging Learned With Weakly Labeled Data, Yixin Cao, Zikun Hu, Tat-Seng Chua, Zhiyuan Liu, Heng Ji
Low-Resource Name Tagging Learned With Weakly Labeled Data, Yixin Cao, Zikun Hu, Tat-Seng Chua, Zhiyuan Liu, Heng Ji
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Name tagging in low-resource languages or domains suffers from inadequate training data. Existing work heavily relies on additional information, while leaving those noisy annotations unexplored that extensively exist on the web. In this paper, we propose a novel neural model for name tagging solely based on weakly labeled (WL) data, so that it can be applied in any low-resource settings. To take the best advantage of all WL sentences, we split them into high-quality and noisy portions for two modules, respectively: (1) a classification module focusing on the large portion of noisy data can efficiently and robustly pretrain the tag …
Predicting Audience Engagement Across Social Media Platforms In The News Domain, Kholoud Khalil Aldous, Jisun An, Bernard J. Jansen
Predicting Audience Engagement Across Social Media Platforms In The News Domain, Kholoud Khalil Aldous, Jisun An, Bernard J. Jansen
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
We analyze cross-platform factors for posts on both single and multiple social media platforms for numerous news outlets to better predict audience engagement, precisely the number of likes and comments. We collect 676,779 social media posts from 53 news outlets during eight months on four social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube), along with the associated comments (more than 31 million) and the number of likes (more than 840 million). We develop a framework for predicting the audience engagement based on both linguistic features of the post and social media platform factors. Among other findings, results show that content …
Aspect And Opinion Aware Abstractive Review Summarization With Reinforced Hard Typed Decoder, Yufei Tian, Jianfei Yu, Jing Jiang
Aspect And Opinion Aware Abstractive Review Summarization With Reinforced Hard Typed Decoder, Yufei Tian, Jianfei Yu, Jing Jiang
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
In this paper, we study abstractive review summarization. Observing that review summaries often consist of aspect words, opinion words and context words, we propose a two-stage reinforcement learning approach, which first predicts the output word type from the three types, and then leverages the predicted word type to generate the final word distribution. Experimental results on two Amazon product review datasets demonstrate that our method can consistently outperform several strong baseline approaches based on ROUGE scores.
Assessing The Generalizability Of Code2vec Token Embeddings, Hong Jin Kang, Tegawende F. Bissyande, David Lo
Assessing The Generalizability Of Code2vec Token Embeddings, Hong Jin Kang, Tegawende F. Bissyande, David Lo
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Many Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, such as sentiment analysis or syntactic parsing, have benefited from the development of word embedding models. In particular, regardless of the training algorithms, the learned embeddings have often been shown to be generalizable to different NLP tasks. In contrast, despite recent momentum on word embeddings for source code, the literature lacks evidence of their generalizability beyond the example task they have been trained for. In this experience paper, we identify 3 potential downstream tasks, namely code comments generation, code authorship identification, and code clones detection, that source code token embedding models can be applied …
Smartembed: A Tool For Clone And Bug Detection In Smart Contracts Through Structural Code Embedding, Zhipeng Gao, Magalle Hewa Vinoj Yasanga Jayasundara, Lingxiao Jiang, Xin Xia, David Lo, John C. Grundy
Smartembed: A Tool For Clone And Bug Detection In Smart Contracts Through Structural Code Embedding, Zhipeng Gao, Magalle Hewa Vinoj Yasanga Jayasundara, Lingxiao Jiang, Xin Xia, David Lo, John C. Grundy
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Ethereum has become a widely used platform to enable secure, Blockchain-based financial and business transactions. However, a major concern in Ethereum is the security of its smart contracts. Many identified bugs and vulnerabilities in smart contracts not only present challenges to maintenance of blockchain, but also lead to serious financial loses. There is a significant need to better assist developers in checking smart contracts and ensuring their reliability. In this paper, we propose a web service tool, named SMARTEMBED, which can help Solidity developers to find repetitive contract code and clone-related bugs in smart contracts. Our tool is based on …
Who, Where, And What To Wear?: Extracting Fashion Knowledge From Social Media, Yunshan Ma, Xun Yang, Lizi Liao, Yixin Cao, Tat-Seng Chua
Who, Where, And What To Wear?: Extracting Fashion Knowledge From Social Media, Yunshan Ma, Xun Yang, Lizi Liao, Yixin Cao, Tat-Seng Chua
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Fashion knowledge helps people to dress properly and addresses not only physiological needs of users, but also the demands of social activities and conventions. It usually involves three mutually related aspects of: occasion, person and clothing. However, there are few works focusing on extracting such knowledge, which will greatly benefit many downstream applications, such as fashion recommendation. In this paper, we propose a novel method to automatically harvest fashion knowledge from social media. We unify three tasks of occasion, person and clothing discovery from multiple modalities of images, texts and metadata. For person detection and analysis, we use the off-the-shelf …
Who, Where, And What To Wear?: Extracting Fashion Knowledge From Social Media, Yunshan Ma, Xun Yang, Lizi Liao, Yixin Cao, Tat-Seng Chua
Who, Where, And What To Wear?: Extracting Fashion Knowledge From Social Media, Yunshan Ma, Xun Yang, Lizi Liao, Yixin Cao, Tat-Seng Chua
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Fashion knowledge helps people to dress properly and addresses not only physiological needs of users, but also the demands of social activities and conventions. It usually involves three mutually related aspects of: occasion, person and clothing. However, there are few works focusing on extracting such knowledge, which will greatly benefit many downstream applications, such as fashion recommendation. In this paper, we propose a novel method to automatically harvest fashion knowledge from social media. We unify three tasks of occasion, person and clothing discovery from multiple modalities of images, texts and metadata. For person detection and analysis, we use the off-the-shelf …
Fractured Lives, Newfound Freedoms? The Dialectics Of Religious Seekership Among Chinese Migrants In Singapore, Orlando Woods, Lily Kong
Fractured Lives, Newfound Freedoms? The Dialectics Of Religious Seekership Among Chinese Migrants In Singapore, Orlando Woods, Lily Kong
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
This paper explores the negotiations involved in the process of Chinesemigrants converting to Christianity in Singapore. For many Chinesepeople, migration involves being exposed to religion for the first time,and for some, it involves them converting to Christianity. In Singapore,the conversion of Chinese migrants to Christianity occurs in a context of‘shared’ Chinese ethnicity, which can provide both bridges and barriersto the formation of Chinese Christian identities and communities. This‘shared’ ethnicity causes many Christian groups in Singapore to targetChinese migrants in their evangelisation efforts, which can result inmigrant and non-migrant Chinese communities being formed andfractured through religion. Drawing on qualitative data, four …
Geographical And Demographic Approaches To Leaving Religion, Lily Kong, Orlando Woods
Geographical And Demographic Approaches To Leaving Religion, Lily Kong, Orlando Woods
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
This chapter provides an overview of geographical and demographic approaches to leaving religion. Just as the study of leaving religion is associated with processes of religious conversion and change, geographical and demographic approaches seek to map such changes across space and the human lifecycle. More than that, the fact that “people enter, exit, and move within religion, just as they are born, will die, and migrate, in life” (Voas 2003: 94) reveals the importance of such approaches, not least because they seek to understand religious change within the frame of life events, such as schooling, work, marriage, migration, …