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Carbonated Industrial Waste By Co2 Mineralization As New Constituent For Cements, Maria Chiara Bignozzi, Alessia Artale, Alessandro Allegri, Stefania Albonetti, Alessandro Dal Pozzo, Valentina Scognamiglio, Alberto Renato De Angelis, Roberto Millini

C3 Symposium 2025

Carbonation of industrial waste by CO2 mineralization is a carbon capture solution that offers a way to reduce CO₂ emissions and improve waste management. In this study, carbonated waste from the ceramic industry is used in cementitious binders, reducing the carbon footprint of cement production. Mortars prepared with these binders have been tested for strength and physical properties. Preliminary results show that all formulations meet EN 197-1:2011 strength requirements, demonstrating that the carbonated product can reduce clinker content in cementitious binders without compromising their performances.

Wet-Carbonation Of Rcas For Improved Carbonation Efficiency And Mechanical Properties Of Carbonated Rcas And Rca Concrete, Xiang Zhao, Qingli Dai, Jiankai Xie

C3 Symposium 2025

The increasing volume of construction and demolition waste (C&DW) poses significant environmental challenges, making its effective management and treatment crucial. Recycled coarse aggregates (RCA), derived from C&DW, often exhibit weak interfacial transition zones (ITZ), high porosity, and micro-cracks due to residual mortar, limiting their structural performance [1] [2]. This study developed a novel wet carbonation process using glycine acid as an inducer to enhance the mechanical and durability properties of RCA and RCA concrete. Glycine acid, with carboxyl and amino functional groups, formed stable complexes with Ca²⁺ ions, increasing calcium solubility and accelerating carbonation[3]. The process promoted the formation of …

Aqueous Carbonation Of Recycled Concrete Fine Dust: Efficiency And Feasibility Analyses, Yuyan Huang, Hongyan Ma

C3 Symposium 2025

This study investigates the potential of recycled concrete fine dust (RCD) as a sustainable supplementary cementitious material (SCM) and evaluates its carbonation efficiency through aqueous carbonation. By utilizing RCD, a waste byproduct of concrete demolition, the research aims to enhance the circularity of construction materials while reducing the carbon footprint of cementitious systems. The carbonation process was assessed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to identify phase assemblage evolutions and carbonation products. Results reveal that aqueous carbonation significantly enhances the formation of calcium carbonate phases. XRD confirmed the presence of carbonate phases, while TGA provided insights into the …

Change In Property Of Hardened Cement Specimens Having Different Mineral Composition Cured In High Concentration Co2 From The Very Early Material Age, Kazuto Tabara, Kazuya Yamashita, Hiroyuki Kameda, Shintaro Miyamoto

C3 Symposium 2025

We conducted research of CO2 capture behavior and rate of CO2 diffusion into hardened cement specimens of different pre-curing period before starting accelerating carbonation curing for ordinary portland cement (herein after OPC), OPC mixed with ground granulated blast furnace slag (herein after BB), and OPC mixed with an amorphous calcium aluminate-based accelerator (hereinafter ACC) respectively. We prepared two-type of hardened cement specimens, the first was in the case of powder shape hardened cement paste specimen which is designed to avoid carbon dioxide diffusion’s influence as much as possible and to evaluate fixation capacity of CO2, as a result CO2 content …

Aqueous Carbonation For Co2 Curing Of Construction Materials, Jae Hong Kim, Seongho Han, Yubin Jun

C3 Symposium 2025

This paper reviews CO2 curing process for construction materials, focusing on conventional and aqueous carbonation methods. While conventional CO2 curing utilizes gaseous CO2 to accelerate early-age strength development, aqueous carbonation introduces CO2-dissolved water as an advanced alternative. The latter approach, particularly when combined with amine solutions, offers improved application efficiency without requiring specialized curing chambers. The applications of aqueous carbonation extend beyond traditional curing to include surface treatment for enhanced durability, recycled aggregate strengthening, and geopolymer concrete production. These developments represent significant progress toward sustainable concrete production while contributing to carbon utilization in construction industry.

Experimental Study Of Mineral Carbonation Of High-Calcium Fly Ash: Co₂ Sequestration And Its Effect On Pozzolanic Reactivity, Farshad Rajabipour, Arslan Akbar, Abdullah Al Moman

C3 Symposium 2025

Mineral carbonation of industrial wastes offers a sustainable approach to carbon sequestration and waste valorization. This study investigates the aqueous mineral carbonation of three high-calcium fly ashes under ambient conditions using recyclable sodium carbonate solutions. The effects of operational parameters, including liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S), sodium carbonate concentration, and carbonation duration, were systematically analyzed using response surface modeling. A degree of carbonation (DOC) up to 52% was achieved within one hour under ambient conditions, with calcite (CaCO3) identified as the dominant product phase. Advanced characterization techniques revealed significant transformations in the physicochemical properties of carbonated fly ashes (CFAs), including increased particle …

Advances In Carbon Capture And Utilization For Production Of Binders And Aggregate, Hongyan Ma

C3 Symposium 2025

This paper examines various carbon capture and utilization strategies for the decarbonization of cement and concrete, including carbon mineralization and integrated CO2 capture and utilization for the production of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), alternative binders, and artificial aggregates, as well as other emerging solutions.

Calcium Nitrate Effectively Mitigates Alkali-Silica Reaction By Surface Passivation Of Reactive Aggregates, Rui Xiao, Dale Prentice, Marie Collin, Magdalena Balonis, Erika La Plante, Mehrdad Torabzadegan, Torben Gadt, Gaurav Sant

C3 Symposium 2025

Calcium nitrate (Ca(NO₃)₂, CN) has demonstrated strong potential as an additive to suppress alkali–silica reaction (ASR) in concrete. Its effectiveness is attributed to the formation of precipitates (i.e., barrier or passivation layer) that hinder the dissolution of reactive aggregates. This study investigates the ASR mitigation performance of CN across two cement types—ordinary Type I/II and Portland Limestone Cement (PLC)—in combination with aggregates of varying reactivity and several supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), including amorphous steel slag and both Class C and Class F fly ashes. Accelerated mortar bar tests, following ASTM C1260 and C1567, show that CN substantially reduces expansion in …

Activation Of Self-Healing In Pozzolanic Natural Hydraulic Lime-Based Self-Compacting Concrete Under Cyclic Compression, Ángel De La Rosa, Gonzalo Ruiz

C3 Symposium 2025

This study investigates the activation of autogenous self-healing in sustainable pozzolanic hydraulic lime self-compacting concrete under cyclic compressive loading. This cement-free formulation enhances crack closure and mechanical resilience, offering a promising alternative that improves durability and long-term performance for eco-friendly construction and restoration of heritage or low-carbon infrastructure.

Engineering Performance Of Semi-Flowable Concrete With High-Volume Indigenous Scms, Arash Aghaeipour, Jingjie Wei, Kamal H. Khayat, Roberta Alfani, Erisa Myrtja

C3 Symposium 2025

Enhancing clinker efficiency and increasing limestone filler (LF) in binder are essential for engineering applications. This study explores the high-volume substitution of Portland cement, with 50 wt.% LF and up to 30 wt.% traditional SCMs, in semi-flowable concrete (SFC), evaluating properties of SFC. A slump of 200 mm was achieved, with retentions above 130 mm after 70 minutes for SFC mixtures. The 28-day compressive and flexural strengths of SFC exceeded 30 MPa and 3.2 MPa, respectively, meeting structural performance benchmarks (ACI 318, ASTM C94). LF replacement rate in binder exceeding 10% reduces strength of SFC due to LF’s lack of …

Exploring The Use Of Cattle Manure Digestate Ash For Partial Cement Replacement In The Production Of Concrete, Georges Fahd Khoury, Jessica Ensini, Francesca Ferretti, Enrico Sassoni, Marco Bovo, Claudio Mazzotti

C3 Symposium 2025

The paper investigates, through preliminary tests on mortar mixes, the possibility of substi-tuting a relevant percentage of cement with cattle manure ash for production of sustainable concretes.

Enhancing Ye’Elimite-Gypsum Hydration And Microstructure In Cementitious Systems Using Layered Double Hydroxides, Godwin I. Ogbuehi, Monday U. Okoronkwo

C3 Symposium 2025

This study evaluates the effect of nano-CaAlNO₃ layered double hydroxide (CAN LDH) on the early-age hydration of ye’elimite–gypsum systems. CAN LDH was synthesized via co-precipitation and added at 0%, 2%, and 5% dosages to ye’elimite–gypsum pastes. Isothermal calorimetry showed that LDH addition accelerated hydration, while XRD analysis confirmed increased ettringite formation, particularly at 5 wt%. The improvements are attributed to the LDH’s high surface area, ion release, and nucleation capabilities. Results suggest that CAN LDH enhances hydration kinetics and microstructure development, making it a promising additive for CSA-based low-carbon binders.

Advancing The Use Of Supplementary Cementitious Materials: A Novel Framework For Quantitative Reactivity Estimation, Bryan Aylas-Paredes, Rohan Bhat, Narayanan Neithalath, Aditya Kumar

C3 Symposium 2025

The partial replacement of Portland cement (PC) with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) presents an effective strategy to reduce CO2 emissions associated with cement production while preserving essential mechanical properties and durability. SCMs, such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, calcined clays, and other aluminosilicate-rich materials, enhance sustainability through their pozzolanic and hydraulic reactivity. Despite their significant potential, the widespread adoption of SCMs has been limited by the absence of straightforward and quantitative methods to assess their reactivity‒a crucial property influenced by chemical composition, amorphous content, and particle fineness. To overcome these challenges, this study proposes a novel, simplified quantitative method …

Waste Eggshell Valorization As Limestone Alternative For Portland Cement, Beng Wei Chong, Pratik Gujar, Xijun Shi, Prannoy Suraneni

C3 Symposium 2025

This study investigates and optimizes the heat treatment of eggshells to achieve performance comparable to that of limestone. Characterization of the eggshell powder revealed that it contained about 6% organic impurities by mass from the egg membrane. The effect of the organic content is not significant at 15% cement replacement. However, the influence of organic content imparted highly hydrophobic properties, which compromised paste flow, clinker hydration, and mortar strength at 35% cement replacement. Rheological measurement concluded that paste mixture with untreated eggshell powder displayed a higher static yield stress but lower dynamic yield stress. Moreover, mortars with untreated eggshell exhibited …

Study On Hydration Kinetics Of Geopolymer Synthesized With Recycled Concrete And Brick Powder, Tao Meng, Dawang Dai

C3 Symposium 2025

Concrete and brick waste accounted for the majority of construction and demolition waste. In recent years, the use of recycled concrete powder (CP) and recycled brick powder (CP) to prepare geopolymer binders gained significant attention. This study investigated the hydration characteristics of geopolymer made from BP and CP using isothermal calorimetry and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) techniques. The results showed that the incorporation of BP or CP reduced the heat release during geopolymer hydration. The degree of hydration of the geopolymer binder initially decreased and then increased as the addition of BP or CP increased, while the nucleation …

Ca/Si-Dependent Size Of Silica Nanoparticles Derived From C-S-H At High Water To Solid Ratio, Binmeng Chen, Zongjin Li

C3 Symposium 2025

In recycling and reusing construction waste, carbonation of recycled concrete fine (RCF) has been successfully applied to produce value-added products, such as silica nanoparticles, via the breaking of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) structure and condensation of silicate chains. However, the intricacies of carbonation of RCFs with varying calcium-silicon (C/S) ratios and their implications on the size of generated silica nanoparticles remains unknown. In this work, we developed an optimized carbonation method at high water to solid ratio to fabricate silica nanoparticles from C-S-H with different C/S ratios. The particle size of silica nanoparticles was found to gradually decrease with the …

Microstructure Evolution Of Alite In-Situ Carbonated By Aminated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles, Yuyang Zhao, Binmeng Chen

C3 Symposium 2025

Given that CO2 chamber and high inner pressure are needed in the traditional carbonation curing, we propose an in-situ internal carbonation by aminated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) to tackle the challenge due to its high specific surface area. In this study, phase transformation and nucleation behavior were investigated by in-situ carbonation of alite paste with MSNs-amine absorbing CO2 (MSNs-amine-AC) and MSNs-amine desorbing CO2 (MSNs-amine-DC), separately. C-S-H with low Ca/Si ratio and negative electric potential is formed when MSNs-amine-DC is gradually eroded, wrapped and collapsed, converting to reaction sites chemically. On the contrary, ACC generated in MSNs-amine-AC blocks the mesopores, retard …

Molecular Dynamics And Machine Learning Approaches For Cementitious Material Design, Dongshuai Hou, Yue Zhang, Pan Wang, Muhan Wang, Xinpeng Wang

C3 Symposium 2025

The brittleness and cracking issues in concrete significantly compromise its structural safety and durability. This study combines molecular simulations and machine learning to address these challenges and enhance cementitious material performance. First-principles calculations, reactive force field, and classical molecular dynamics were employed to decode hydration mechanisms, mechanical properties, and interfacial behaviors, with the aid of a novel machine learning force field achieving near-DFT accuracy at reactive force field speeds. Concurrently, generative adversarial networks (GANs) were used to augment data for predicting concrete strength, enabling the development of high-accuracy machine learning models. These integrated approaches reveal fundamental mechanisms and establish predictive …

Application Of Nano Science And Nano Technology In Developing Advanced Cementitious Materials, Zongjin Li, Yunjian Li, Guoxing Sun, Binmeng Chen

C3 Symposium 2025

No abstract provided.

Improvement Of Lithium-Metal Electrode All-Solid-State Batteries Performance By Shot Peening And Magnetron Sputtering, Atsuro Okumura, Manabu Kodama

15th International Conference on Shot Peening

To enable fast charging in lithium-metal anode all-solid-state batteries, suppressing lithium dendrite formation at the solid electrolyte (SE) interface is critical. Increasing fracture toughness via shot peening (SP) and improving interfacial contact with Au sputtering can inhibit dendrite growth. However, conventional sputtering may reduce toughness due to localized thermal damage. This study investigated magnetron sputtering as a low-damage, plasma-based Au deposition method. SEs with and without SP were fabricated and coated via normal and magnetron sputtering. Critical current density (CCD) and fracture toughness were evaluated. Without SP, CCD improvement was limited regardless of sputtering method due to poor bonding. With …

Hydrogen Embrittlement In Shot-Peened Steel, Jia-Huei Tien, David R. Johnson, David Bahr

15th International Conference on Shot Peening

This work investigates the role of shot peening on hydrogen embrittlement resistance in quenched and tempered 1070 steel. Thermal desorption spectroscopy results revealed that shot-peened specimens contained nearly twice the hydrogen (H) content of unpeened samples when charged under the same electrochemical conditions, suggesting the introduction of additional trapping sites occur during peening. The mechanism underlying this behavior can be associated with increased dislocation density and is more consistent with the HELP mechanism. Residual stress measurements show a significant relaxation of compressive stresses in shot-peened specimen after H charging, indicating H enhanced dislocation rearrangement. Both unpeened and peened specimens exhibited …

Investigation Of Topography Changes Of Blasted Surfaces: An Experimental Perspective Using Fiducial Markers, Stefanie Stoeckel, Sophie Groeger

15th International Conference on Shot Peening

Abrasive blasting is a process that intentionally modifies surface topography to meet specific functional requirements. The blast media is accelerated and interacts directly with the surface through impact. It is evident that the number of impacts and the overlap increase with time. This study aims to investigate these alterations to surface topography through repeated examinations of the same location. A methodology has been developed that employs the use of fiducial markers, which are protected during blasting by a custom 3D-printed cover. This method was used to observe changes in the topography of smooth and rough initial surfaces that had been …

Anisotropic Residual Stress Measurements In Additively Manufactured 316 Stainless Steel Parts, Rajeshree Varma, Donovan Stumpf, Paul R. Mort

15th International Conference on Shot Peening

Additive manufacturing (AM) using laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) is increasingly used to produce complex parts for industries like aerospace and medical devices. The intrinsic characteristics of AM – layer-wise deposition and rapid thermal cycling – generate significant, anisotropic, residual stresses that can compromise part quality and performance. Recent studies highlight how these stresses are strongly influenced by process parameters and build orientation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, including sin²ψ and advanced two-dimensional approaches, have become the preferred methods for non-destructive, directionally resolved measurement of residual stress in AM metals. This review surveys advancements in XRD residual stress methods with a …

From Strain To Stress: Stress Map Testing Of Almen Strips, Donovan Stumpf, Rajeshree Varma, Paul R. Mort

15th International Conference on Shot Peening

Almen strips have long been used to evaluate shot peening intensity, with arc height serving as a proxy for compressive residual stress. Stress mapping tests (SMT) in this work involve the controlled flattening of an Almen test strip onto a spatial pressure sensor, acting as an inferential measurement for the net bending moment caused by the relaxation of the peened strip. This work explores how stress mapping tests add insight into the stress state of Almen strips, potentially offering a fast and practical alternative to residual stress depth profiling. SMT data analysis provides a framework for relating Almen gauge height …

Fourier Analyses Of Optical Profilometry As An Inferential Measurement For Impact Coverage., Langdon Feltner, Paul Mort

15th International Conference on Shot Peening

A critical consideration in peening process design is achieving sufficient impact coverage. Conventional methods for assessing coverage rely on manual inspection, which is time-consuming and poorly suited for automated control. In this work, we investigate the use of frequency-domain analysis to quantify surface modification in peened samples using optical profilometry (OP) data. Three-dimensional surface maps of Almen strips were acquired using a high-resolution OP system and analyzed via fast Fourier transform (FFT) to compute spatial power spectral densities (PSDs). PSD maps and radially averaged profiles reveal consistent amplification of harmonic components similar to the nominal particle size, with increasing intensity …

Enhancing High Cycle Fatigue Perfomance Of Electron Beam Melted Ti6al4v: A Study On Shot Peening And Hot Isostatic Pressing, Naghmeh M. Mojib, Dwayne D. Arola, Ramulu Mamidala

15th International Conference on Shot Peening

The qualification of electron beam powder bed fusion (PBF-EB) for safety-critical applications is hindered by variability in high cycle fatigue performance, largely due to surface roughness and internal defects. While Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) effectively reduces internal porosity, it does not address surface-initiated fatigue failures. This study investigated the combined effects of HIP and shot peening on enhancing the fatigue performance of PBF-EB Ti6Al4V. Over 50 specimens, including both vertical and horizontal build orientations, underwent high cycle fatigue testing per ASTM E466. X-Ray computed tomography confirmed decrease in defect distribution following HIP, while shot peening resulted in a more uniform …

Comparison Of Peening Effect Between Additive Manufacutred And Drawing Titanium Alloy, Hitoshi Soyama

15th International Conference on Shot Peening

Although additively manufactured (AM) metals are attractive materials, their remarkable weak fatigue properties are an obstacle to their practical application. Thus, post-processing to improve their fatigue properties is required. In the present study, powder bed fusion using laser sintering titanium alloy, i.e., PBF-LS/Ti6Al4V was treated by shot peening (SP), submerged laser peening (SLP), cavitation peening (CP), and fine particle bombarding (FPB), then the fatigue properties were investigated by a torsional fatigue test, comparing with drawing Ti6Al4V. It was revealed that the fatigue strength at 10⁷ was 446 ± 5 MPa for PBF-LS/Ti6Al4V treated by FPB+CP, 359 ± 9 MPa …

Improvement Of The Fatigue Behaviour Of Additive Manufatured Scalmalloy By Using Surface Improvement Processes, Francisco José Boby Alcaide, Irene Eras, José Manuel De Los Santos, Alejandro Munoz Castro, Antonio Perinan Butrón, Jorge Sogorb

15th International Conference on Shot Peening

The use of light metals such as Aluminum alloys has experienced a remarkable increase for the additive manufacturing (AM) industry, especially in aerospace.

AM Scalmalloy®. (an Al-Mg-Sc alloy) shows outstanding behavior with much higher mechanical performance with respect to other alloys for powder bed fusion laser-based (PBF-LB) process like AlSi10Mg or AlSi7Mg. Recent studies have mainly focused on static loading, with minor attention to cyclic loading despite its vital importance in many applications.

In this work, the fatigue performance of PBF-LB Scalmalloy was investigated considering the effects of surface treatments to identify the set of optimal post-processes. Shot peening with …

Influence On Shot Peening And Blast Polishing For Rotating Bending Fatigue Strength Of Vacuum Carburized Steel With Circumferential Notch, Yuji Kobayashi, Hayato Taniguchi, Kiyotaka Masaki

15th International Conference on Shot Peening

In order to improve fuel efficiency in automobiles, weight reduction is necessary as well as improving engine efficiency. For transmission gears, thickness reduction is necessary for weight reduction. When the thickness is reduced, the cross-sectional area becomes smaller, and the load stress increases. Therefore, higher fatigue strength is required. Most gears carry out carburizing. Shot peening is often used to improve the fatigue strength of carburized heat-treated parts. After shot peening, compressive residual stress is introduced, but at the same time, surface roughness is increased. Therefore, the processing conditions of shot peening are very important. Blast polishing is a processing …

Reduced Order Approach For Peening Stress Field Variability, Langdon Feltner, Paul Mort

15th International Conference on Shot Peening

A common goal in shot peening research is to connect operational parameters to resultant residual stress fields, providing a means to control and optimize the effectiveness of surface treatment. In practice, experimental measurements of residual stresses are often averaged values over regions that are large in comparison to an impact dimple. In fact, the stochastic nature of impact locations leads to residual stress fields that are distributed. Finite element peening simulations confirm this observation. The goal of this report is to connect operational parameters to localized fluctuations in residual stress through probabilistic reasoning (Figure 1). In particular, the development of …