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Chd Chromatin Remodelers Promote Epigenetic Control Of Development In Arabidopsis Thaliana, Benjamin Carter Jan 2016

Chd Chromatin Remodelers Promote Epigenetic Control Of Development In Arabidopsis Thaliana, Benjamin Carter

Open Access Dissertations

Chromatin remodeling is a vital biological process that facilitates activation and repression of gene expression as well as compaction of large eukaryotic genomes into compact nuclei. The CHD3 family of chromatin remodelers play key roles as epigenetic modifiers and transcriptional regulators in both plants and animals. PKL is a CHD3 remodeler that represses expression of seed genes during germination in Arabidopsis. Unlike animal CHD3 remodelers, PKL does not function as a member of a multi-subunit Mi-2 NuRD complex. Instead, PKL acts as a monomer in vivo and promotes the epigenetic modification H3K27me3, which is associated with transcriptional repression of tissue-specific …

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Relationships Between Dietary Fiber Structural Features And Growth And Utilization Patterns Of Human Gut Bacteria, Xin Nie Jan 2016

Relationships Between Dietary Fiber Structural Features And Growth And Utilization Patterns Of Human Gut Bacteria, Xin Nie

Open Access Dissertations

Intake of dietary fiber is considered an essential strategy to influence gut microbiota, which is associated with many diet-related chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and inflammatory bowel diseases. In order to make a better choice of dietary fiber for a desired microbiota shift related to a health outcome, knowledge of fiber degradation and utilization by gut bacteria is critical. However, it is still unclear how specific dietary fiber structures may influence the growth of target bacteria.

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Towards Single-Chip Nano-Systems, Hossein Pajouhi Jan 2016

Towards Single-Chip Nano-Systems, Hossein Pajouhi

Open Access Dissertations

Important scientific discoveries are being propelled by the advent of nano-scale sensors that capture weak signals from their environment and pass them to complex instrumentation interface circuits for signal detection and processing. The highlight of this research is to investigate fabrication technologies to integrate such precision equipment with nano-sensors on a single complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) chip. In this context, several demonstration vehicles are proposed. First, an integration technology suitable for a fully integrated flexible microelectrode array has been proposed. A microelectrode array containing a single temperature sensor has been characterized and the versatility under dry/wet, and relaxed/strained conditions …

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Regulation Of T Cells And Tissue Inflammation By Short Chain Fatty Acids, Jeong Ho Park Jan 2016

Regulation Of T Cells And Tissue Inflammation By Short Chain Fatty Acids, Jeong Ho Park

Open Access Dissertations

Intestinal microbiota regulate various biological processes in the host. Intestinal microbiota produce short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) via dietary fiber fermentation. SCFAs have profound effects on the immune system. We investigated the roles of SCFAs in regulating T cell differentiation and tissue inflammation. We found that SCFAs regulate T cell differentiation and T cell-mediated immunity. SCFAs enhanced both IL-10+ T cell and Th1/Th17 effector T cell differentiation. SCFAs inhibited histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity and upregulated acetylation of p70 S6 kinase and mTOR activation in T cells. We also found that prolonged exposure to high concentration of SCFA cause ureteral obstruction …

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Social Network Influence On Ridesharing, Disaster Communications, And Community Interactions, Arif Mohaimin Sadri Jan 2016

Social Network Influence On Ridesharing, Disaster Communications, And Community Interactions, Arif Mohaimin Sadri

Open Access Dissertations

The complex topology of real networks allows network agents to change their functional behavior. Conceptual and methodological developments in network analysis have furthered our understanding of the effects of interpersonal environment on normative social influence and social engagement. Social influence occurs when network agents change behavior being influenced by others in the social network and this takes place in a multitude of varying disciplines. The overarching goal of this thesis is to provide a holistic understanding and develop novel techniques to explore how individuals are socially influenced, both on-line and off-line, while making shared-trips, communicating risk during extreme weather, and …

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Experimental And Modeling Studies Of Colloidal Suspension Stability Of High-Density Particles In Aqueous Solutions, Yung-Jih Yang Jan 2016

Experimental And Modeling Studies Of Colloidal Suspension Stability Of High-Density Particles In Aqueous Solutions, Yung-Jih Yang

Open Access Dissertations

Agglomeration and sedimentation of suspended colloidal particles occur in many natural phenomena, in consumer products, and in engineering applications. Stabilized colloidal pigment dispersions were used in ancient Egypt and in ancient France thousands of years ago. Present day applications include the manufacturing of paints and coatings, enhanced oil recovery, waste-water treatment, pharmaceutical dispersions, biotechnology, and inkjet printing. The most common problem in colloidal science is how to stabilize suspended colloidal particles against agglomeration by controlling their interparticle forces. If the particles agglomerate, the sizes of the resulting agglomerated particles increase, increasing the sedimentation (or creaming) rate, and the suspensions can …

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The Role Of The Set1 Rna Polymerase Ii Interacting Motif (Srim) In Set1 Recruitment And Histone H3k4 Methylation, Yueping Zhang Jan 2016

The Role Of The Set1 Rna Polymerase Ii Interacting Motif (Srim) In Set1 Recruitment And Histone H3k4 Methylation, Yueping Zhang

Open Access Dissertations

In eukaryotes, gene expression is regulated by epigenetic modifications. Among these modifications, histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation has been associated with transcription activation. Set1 is the sole H3K4 histone methyltransferase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and functions in a multi-subunit protein complex (Set1C) to catalyze H3K4 mono-, di-, and trimethylation. In addition, mis-regulation of Set1 human orthologs such as MLL (1 to 4) or SETD1A/B have been linked to a variety of cancers such as leukemia and early embryonic development defects. The current model indicates that the Paf1 complex (RNA polymerase II associated factor I) recruits Set1C to the phosphorylated CTD …

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A Self-Powered Single-Chip Wireless Sensor Platform, Alice Jou Jan 2016

A Self-Powered Single-Chip Wireless Sensor Platform, Alice Jou

Open Access Dissertations

"Internet of things” require a large array of low-cost sensor nodes, wireless connectivity, low power operation and system intelligence. On the other hand, wireless biomedical implants demand additional specifications including small form factor, a choice of wireless operating frequencies within the window for minimum tissue loss and bio-compatibility This thesis describes a low power and low-cost internet of things system suitable for implant applications that is implemented in its entirety on a single standard CMOS chip with an area smaller than 0.5 mm2. The chip includes integrated sensors, ultra-low-power transceivers, and additional interface and digital control electronics while it does …

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Linear And Nonlinear Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging For Biosensing Applications, Nur Pradani Damayanti Jan 2016

Linear And Nonlinear Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging For Biosensing Applications, Nur Pradani Damayanti

Open Access Dissertations

Fluorescence techniques, based on both linear and non-linear excitation, have been widely used in biosensing application. Among fluorescence techniques, Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (FLIM) has gained increased importance because of their robust and versatile feature. FLIM is a technique to visualize the spatial distribution of picosecond to nanosecond excited state lifetimes within microscopic images. In this work, FLIM technique combined with Time Correlated Single Photon Counting (TCPSC) Technology was used to develop several novel biosensing approaches. Using linear or nonlinear excitation source, TCSPC-FLIM enabled real time monitoring of cellular metabolite profiles, as well as longitudinal observation of post-translational enzyme activity such …

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Deciphering The Role Of Hsp31 As A Multitasking Chaperone, Kiran Aslam Jan 2016

Deciphering The Role Of Hsp31 As A Multitasking Chaperone, Kiran Aslam

Open Access Dissertations

Among different type of protein aggregation, amyloids are biochemically well characterized state of protein aggregation that is commonly associated with a large number of neurodegenerative diseases in mammals and cause heritable traits in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Among many other neurodegenerative diseases linked with amyloids, Parkinson’s disease is the second most common disorder that is caused by progressive deterioration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. Cellular stresses such as accumulation of high level of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial dysfunction and α-syn aggregation lead to toxicity and neuronal cell death in Parkinson’s disease patients. Mutations in certain genes are also involved in the …

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Bypassing Democracy: Why Domestic Human Rights Ngos In Stable Democracies Appeal To Multilateral Forums, Paul Janssen Danyi Jan 2016

Bypassing Democracy: Why Domestic Human Rights Ngos In Stable Democracies Appeal To Multilateral Forums, Paul Janssen Danyi

Open Access Dissertations

Answering why domestic advocacy groups in democratic states choose to utilize international institutions as part of their activism is an important component in understanding how democracies are pressured to comply with human rights obligations. The international relations literature on the subject of why domestic advocacy groups pressure states to comply by using international forums has centered around activists in repressive countries or the ways in which “gatekeepers” in international civil society either help or block domestic groups’ concerns. There has been little focus on why domestic advocacy groups in highly democratic states make efforts to independently engage with international forums. …

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Understanding Positive Electronic Word-Of-Mouth Intention: A Conceptual Model For Hotels, Jungyun Hur Jan 2016

Understanding Positive Electronic Word-Of-Mouth Intention: A Conceptual Model For Hotels, Jungyun Hur

Open Access Dissertations

To understand the underlying constructs and mechanisms of the generation of positive hotel electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM), this study developed a comprehensive model that explains why consumers engage in positive eWOM generation about hotels and what triggers such behaviors. To develop a conceptual model, first, this study identified relevant constructs: a set of eWOM motivations (e.g., self-enhancement, gaining social benefit, helping other consumers, and helping the hotel), consumption-related factors (e.g., utilitarian and hedonic value), a social influence-related factor (e.g., online social capital), and behavioral intention (e.g., intention to generate positive eWOM about hotels). The constructs were incorporated into an integrated model …

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Co-Orthologs Of Katanin1 Impact Plant Morphology And Show Differential Evolution In Maize, Kin Ho Lau Jan 2016

Co-Orthologs Of Katanin1 Impact Plant Morphology And Show Differential Evolution In Maize, Kin Ho Lau

Open Access Dissertations

Understanding how the size and shape of crop plants and their specific organs are genetically controlled may allow for the development of cultivars with improved plant architecture. A microtubule-severing enzyme called katanin p60 is encoded by KATANIN1 (KTN1) in Arabidopsis or by an ortholog, dwarf and gladius leaf1 (dgl1), in rice. Katanin p60 has been implicated in the control of anisotropic cell growth, which is cell growth directed in a specific direction instead of equally in all directions. Anisotropic cell growth is crucial for proper plant shape and its disruption in ktn1/dgl1 mutants leads to morphological changes such as stunted …

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Protein Kinase A Regulates Hyphal Growth By Relieving The Interaction Of Mosfl1 With The Cyc8-Tup1 Co-Repressor In Magnaporthe Oryzae, Yang Li Jan 2016

Protein Kinase A Regulates Hyphal Growth By Relieving The Interaction Of Mosfl1 With The Cyc8-Tup1 Co-Repressor In Magnaporthe Oryzae, Yang Li

Open Access Dissertations

The cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) signal transduction pathway plays an important role in morphogenesis and virulence in plant pathogenic fungi. In the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, it regulates surface recognition, appressorium turgor generation, and invasive growth. Two genes in M. oryzae named CPKA and CPK2 encode the catalytic subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A. Previous studies have shown that deletion of CPKA failed to block response to exogenous cAMP, suggesting the involvement of CPK2 in cAMP signaling. To further characterize the function of the catalytic subunits of PKA in infection-related development in M. oryzae, we generated the cpkA …

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Insights Into Substrate Recognition By The Anaphase Promoting Complex (Apc), Liang Qin Jan 2016

Insights Into Substrate Recognition By The Anaphase Promoting Complex (Apc), Liang Qin

Open Access Dissertations

Mitotic exit depends on the proper degradation of numerous cell cycle-regulated proteins, which is executed by an E3 ubiquitin ligase called the anaphase promoting complex (APC). APC adds polyubiquitin chains to numerous substrates, which leads to their subsequent degradation in late mitosis and G1 phase. The selective and timely recognition and degradation of APC substrates is essential for proper cell cycle progression and maintenance of genome stability. However, a key question is how APC specifically recognizes such a diversity of substrates. The activation of APC requires binding to one of its co-activators, Cdh1 or Cdc20. The co-activators directly facilitate APC …

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Africa Is Always Bringing Forth Something New: African Worlds And Worldviews In British Enlightenment Literature, 1660-1780, Rebekah Kurtz Mitsein Jan 2016

Africa Is Always Bringing Forth Something New: African Worlds And Worldviews In British Enlightenment Literature, 1660-1780, Rebekah Kurtz Mitsein

Open Access Dissertations

This dissertation argues that African worlds and worldviews left an indelible mark on British Enlightenment texts, whether their authors encountered the continent first or secondhand. As eighteenth-century thinkers began experimenting with empirical and categorical strategies for making sense of the globe, Africa was an important testing ground for these burgeoning epistemological methodologies. Travelers and writers tried to reconcile observer-based methods of knowledge production with the continent’s reputedly impenetrable landscapes, unfamiliar cultures, and strange animals. Such inquiries engendered broader philosophical debates about the natures of nature, the body, and the self. Yet, I contend Africa was not a passive participant in …

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Light Localization In Biological Media, Seung Ho Choi Jan 2016

Light Localization In Biological Media, Seung Ho Choi

Open Access Dissertations

Light in natural and biological media is known as freely diffusing. When light undergoes multiple scattering through inhomogeneous dielectric biomacromolecules, interference is ignored. If scattered waves return to their origin points along the time-reversed paths for constructive interference, outgoing waves can be forbidden, occasionally being on-resonance or off-resonance with Anderson localized modes. However, such a phenomenon in optics requires high-refractive-index contrasts, which intrinsically do not exist in organic molecules (e.g. proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids). Here we predict and show experimentally that the long-standing perception of diffusive nature of light in biological media is broken by an exquisite distribution …

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Struggling Students Become Successful Art Mentors: A Mixed Method Multi-Case Study, Amanda Mayes Jan 2016

Struggling Students Become Successful Art Mentors: A Mixed Method Multi-Case Study, Amanda Mayes

Open Access Dissertations

In the era of high stakes testing and teacher accountability, schools in the US continue the fight to prevent high school drop-outs and meet the needs of academically struggling students. Both the visual arts and mentoring programs have been shown to improve academic performance and emotional well-being. This study examined the impact of an art mentoring program on academically struggling high school students who became art mentors to elementary students. It considered the impact being an art mentor would have on academic success, delinquent behavior, and self-concept. Results suggest a positive relationship between being an art mentor and academic performance …

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Solution-Processed Solar Cells Via Nanocrystal Inks And Molecular Solutions, Caleb Miskin Jan 2016

Solution-Processed Solar Cells Via Nanocrystal Inks And Molecular Solutions, Caleb Miskin

Open Access Dissertations

On February 15, 2008 the National Academy of Engineering unveiled their fourteen grand challenges of engineering for the 21st century. At the top of the list and voted by the public as the most important challenge was the thrust to make solar energy economical. My research has been dedicated to solving this millennial challenge by developing routes to high-efficiency, solution-processed photovoltaics (PV) for low-cost and low-energy manufacturing.

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Effects Of Online Brand Community On Value Creation Practices And Brand Loyalty: Mediating Effects Of Community Loyalty, Yongsoo Ha Jan 2016

Effects Of Online Brand Community On Value Creation Practices And Brand Loyalty: Mediating Effects Of Community Loyalty, Yongsoo Ha

Open Access Dissertations

Online brand community refers to a specialized, non-geographically bound, online group of consumers, based on social communications and relationships among brand’s consumers. This study has four objectives; (a) testing the effects of online brand community by a sum of community markers, (b) testing the effects of online brand community on value creation practices and brand loyalty, (c) testing the mediating effects of community loyalty in a relationship between value creation practices and brand loyalty, and (d) testing the effects of consumers’ motivation for participation on online brand community. A survey-based empirical study was conducted. Data were collected, using Amazon Mechanical …

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Tools And Methods To Analyze Multimodal Data In Collaborative Design Ideation, Ramaswamy Senthil Kumaran Chandrasegaran Jan 2016

Tools And Methods To Analyze Multimodal Data In Collaborative Design Ideation, Ramaswamy Senthil Kumaran Chandrasegaran

Open Access Dissertations

Collaborative design ideation is typically characterized by informal acts of sketching, annotation, and discussion. Designers have always used the pencil-and-paper medium for this activity, partly because of the flexibility of the medium, and partly because the ambiguous and ill-defined nature of conceptual design cannot easily be supported by computers. However, recent computational tools for conceptual design have leveraged the availability of hand-held computing devices for creating and sharing ideas. In order to provide computer support for collaborative ideation in a way that augments traditional media rather than imitates it, it is necessary to study the affordances made available by digital …

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The Thermomechanical Response Of Composite Energetic Materials Under High- And Low-Frequency Mechanical Excitations, Jacob Kress Miller Jan 2016

The Thermomechanical Response Of Composite Energetic Materials Under High- And Low-Frequency Mechanical Excitations, Jacob Kress Miller

Open Access Dissertations

The preferential generation of heat within hidden explosive materials would be highly valuable to currently-existing explosives detection technologies, due to the associated increase in vapor pressure and thus concentration of detectable vapors. In this work, the thermomechanics of plastic-bonded explosives, propellants, and surrogates thereof are investigated due to their widespread adoption in improvised explosive devices. These classes of material consist of energetic crystals held within an inert plastic binding material. Understanding the composite nature of the material, two methods of heat generation are investigated: low-frequency excitation with wavelengths on the structural-scale and ultrasonic excitation with wavelengths on the crystal-scale.

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Interactional Risks Associated With Parties To A Ppp Project, Rana Khallaf Jan 2016

Interactional Risks Associated With Parties To A Ppp Project, Rana Khallaf

Open Access Dissertations

Public private partnership (PPP) projects involve a variety of project governance structures. Common among all these varied structures is the long-term contractual period between multiple public and private entities. These entities include government, concessionaire and financier. The increased uncertainty of a long-term contract duration coupled with the involvement of multiple actors proves to be a challenge to developing risk mitigation strategies in PPP. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically collect, assess and frame the risks associated with these projects and explore associated dynamics.

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Defining The Regulatory Determinants In Substrate Catalysis By Biochemical, Biophysical, And Kinetic Studies For The Development Of Specific Small-Molecule Inhibitors Of Ubiquitin Specific Proteases 7 And 17, Nicole M. Hjortland Jan 2016

Defining The Regulatory Determinants In Substrate Catalysis By Biochemical, Biophysical, And Kinetic Studies For The Development Of Specific Small-Molecule Inhibitors Of Ubiquitin Specific Proteases 7 And 17, Nicole M. Hjortland

Open Access Dissertations

Ubiquitination is an important post-translational modification involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis by regulating many delicate cellular processes, including the cell-cycle, membrane protein trafficking, endocytosis and apoptosis. Ubiquitin Specific Proteases (USPs) remove ubiquitin modifications from protein substrates to reverse the signal imposed by the ubiquitination. Perturbations in the expression levels of USPs has been implicated in many types of cancers where patients show significant elevation in cellular levels of specific USPs. This suggests that targeting specific upregulated members of the USP family in specific disease states would be ideal for the development of personalized anti-cancer therapeutics.

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En Torno A Los Orígenes Del Español. Estudio Sobre Las Secuencias Con Dos Nasales En Castellano., César Gutiérrez Miguel Jan 2016

En Torno A Los Orígenes Del Español. Estudio Sobre Las Secuencias Con Dos Nasales En Castellano., César Gutiérrez Miguel

Open Access Dissertations

The evolution of Latin sequences [min] to Spanish [mbɾ] has traditionally been accounted for through a syncope of the unstressed vowel, the rhotacism of the alveolar nasal and the later epenthesis of the voiced labial stop. This relative chronology is based on written records from the Middle Ages, in which spellings such as , and are found. However, from a phonetic perspective both the sound change [mn] > [mɾ] and [mɾ] > [mbɾ] are questionable. First, since consonant lenition is cross-linguistically more prone to happen in weak positions (i. e., coda and intervocalic) than in strong positions (i. e., onset), the rhotacism …

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Nanoparticle Depot For Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Of Ovarian Cancer, Bo Sun Jan 2016

Nanoparticle Depot For Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Of Ovarian Cancer, Bo Sun

Open Access Dissertations

Intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy is a promising post-surgical therapy of ovarian cancer, with the full potential yet to be proven. To facilitate IP chemotherapy of ovarian cancer, we have developed a nanoparticle depot for IP chemotherapy consisted of paclitaxel (PTX) nanocrystals (PNC) and hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel (HA gel). PNC with a size of ~310 nm was produced by nonsolvent and temperature-induced crystallization. Dissolution kinetics of PNC could be determined by the light scattering method rather than the dialysis method due to drug reprecipitation caused by diffusion barrier. PTX release profiles from PNC-gel and PTX precipitate-gel (PPT-gel) were estimated in both sink- …

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Laser Mobile Mapping Standards And Applications In Transportation, Steven D. Johnson, James S. Bethel, Chisaphat Supunyachotsakul, Scott Peterson Jan 2016

Laser Mobile Mapping Standards And Applications In Transportation, Steven D. Johnson, James S. Bethel, Chisaphat Supunyachotsakul, Scott Peterson

JTRP Technical Reports

This report describes the work that was done to support the development of a chapter for the INDOT Survey Manual on Mobile Mapping. The work includes experiments that were done, data that was collected, analysis that was carried out, and conclusions that were drawn about accuracy of Mobile Terrestrial Laser Scanning (MTLS) systems. The resulting Manual chapter, located in the appendix, defines standards and procedures for preparing, collecting, editing, delivering, exploiting, and archiving electronic mapping data that is created for Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT). The purpose of the standards and procedures within this manual is to obtain statewide uniformity …

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Lack Of Data For Predicting Storm Water Pollutant Removal By Post-Construction Best Management Practices, Andrew J. Whelton, Jeffrey Gill, Li Song, Bryce Froderman, Mahboobeh Teimouri, Hua Cai Jan 2016

Lack Of Data For Predicting Storm Water Pollutant Removal By Post-Construction Best Management Practices, Andrew J. Whelton, Jeffrey Gill, Li Song, Bryce Froderman, Mahboobeh Teimouri, Hua Cai

JTRP Technical Reports

The project objective was to conduct a detailed literature review of storm water pollutants and mitigation technologies and synthesize the information so that INDOT can implement project results into standards. Because it is a municipal separate storm sewer system (MS4), INDOT is required to minimize storm water pollution. A literature review was carried-out to gauge pollutants examined by other transportation agencies, the pollutant’s relevance to Indiana roadways, and the effectiveness of storm water pollution minimization best management practices (BMP). A cost benefit analysis was also conducted for a few BMP devices used in Indiana. Results showed that a variety of …

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Efficient Load Rating And Quantification Of Life-Cycle Damage Of Indiana Bridges Due To Overweight Loads, Hun Cha, Boyuan Liu, Arun Prakash, Amit H. Varma Jan 2016

Efficient Load Rating And Quantification Of Life-Cycle Damage Of Indiana Bridges Due To Overweight Loads, Hun Cha, Boyuan Liu, Arun Prakash, Amit H. Varma

JTRP Technical Reports

In this study, a computational approach for conducting durability analysis of bridges using detailed finite element models is developed. The underlying approach adopted is based on the hypothesis that the two main factors affecting the life of a bridge structure are the level of repetitive loading it sustains and the natural condition of the bridge that may be thought of as a combined effect of both, physical processes in the environment that cause deterioration and any maintenance activity undertaken to thwart such processes. Detailed finite element models of representative bridges are developed and subjected to a set of representative traffic …

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Midwest Vegetable Trial Report For 2015, Elizabeth Maynard Jan 2016

Midwest Vegetable Trial Report For 2015, Elizabeth Maynard

Midwest Vegetable Trial Reports

This is a compilation of 19 research trial reports from six land-grant universities in the midwestern United States. Crops include bok choy, cantaloupe, cucumber, pepper, pumpkin, sweet corn, squash, tomato, and watermelon. Several crops were evaluated in high tunnels or hoophouses. Most trials evaluated different cultivars or varieties, including one investigating cantaloupe variety influence on cucumber beetle presence and incidence of bacterial wilt. Four reports addressed specific growing practices: the use of poly-coated urea to supply nitrogen to sweet corn, biochar use in a high tunnel bag culture system, use of cereal rye cover crop in butternut squash, and pollinizer …

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