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Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Unemployment, David A. Scott, Caroline Sumner, Taylor Roberson, Rachel Edwards
Unemployment, David A. Scott, Caroline Sumner, Taylor Roberson, Rachel Edwards
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Unemployment is a difficulty that millions of Americans face on a yearly basis. Unemployment is a multifaceted concern that impacts the individual, including their financial security, their family, and the larger community systems. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reported the unemployment rate at 4.1% in 2017, which is the lowest unemployment rate since 2000. Based on the BLS’s 2016 statistics, African Americans suffer with the highest unemployment rates, followed by Hispanics, Whites, and lastly, Asians. However, statistics only tell part of the story. According to the BLS, unemployment is classified as “people who are jobless, are actively seeking work …
Infant Speech Perception And Babbling, Brian Schanding
Infant Speech Perception And Babbling, Brian Schanding
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Much work in the study of early life speech perception centers on an infant’s ability to discriminate sounds. Studies rely on an infant’s reactions to spoken language, measured by various physical and biometric responses, as evidence of an infant’s ability to perceive distinct spoken sounds. Studies have identified a number of characteristics of human speech, termed cues, which infants have demonstrated they can recognize.
Early Stages Of Sociocultural Development, Lisa L. Persinger, Joey D. Persinger
Early Stages Of Sociocultural Development, Lisa L. Persinger, Joey D. Persinger
Essays in Developmental Psychology
We often think about the development of a person’s interpersonal skills, relationships, and identity as something that happens after birth, and certainly, it does. However, in practice, prenatal (before birth) interactions between caregivers and the fetus start the sociocultural developmental process that continues after a baby is born. Personality development, interpersonal style, and identity begin before birth and extend far into the life span. Caregivers provide interactions as well as physical care during pregnancy, and after birth, that influence these developments. This chapter will provide an overview of how interactions from conception through age two influence trust and attachment, emotional …
Memory Development, Suzanna L. Penningroth, Angel Munoz Gomez Andrade, Tesalee K. Sensibaugh
Memory Development, Suzanna L. Penningroth, Angel Munoz Gomez Andrade, Tesalee K. Sensibaugh
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Human memory shows amazing changes across infancy, childhood, and even through adulthood. But there are many different kinds of memory—each performing a specific function—and these different types show different patterns of change across the lifespan. Both age of onset and improvement rate can differ across memory systems. However, most types of memory show an “inverted U” pattern of development, with individuals showing low performance levels in the early years, increasing levels through young adulthood, and then lower levels again in middle age and old age
Memory Change In Old Age, Suzanna L. Penningroth, Tesalee K. Sensibaugh, Angel Munoz Gomez Andrade
Memory Change In Old Age, Suzanna L. Penningroth, Tesalee K. Sensibaugh, Angel Munoz Gomez Andrade
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Scientists who study aging usually define older adulthood as beginning at around age 65. Older adults show many differences in memory functioning compared to young adults, and these differences get progressively larger throughout older adulthood. Although many older adults are afraid of developing Alzheimer’s disease, the vast majority will not; only 7% of people age 90 or older develop this disease. With normal aging, memory systems show a complex pattern of changes: many types of memory decline, but a few show stability and even improvements.
Life Story Model Approach To Understanding Personality, Nile Stanley
Life Story Model Approach To Understanding Personality, Nile Stanley
Essays in Developmental Psychology
McAdams’s life story model of identity is a narrative approach to understanding personality which draws on the psychoanalytic writings of Eric Erikson and the personology theory of Henry A. Murray. Other influences include Jerome Bruner and Theodore R. Sarbin who introduced and popularized the term narrative psychology. McAdams, a professor from Northwestern University, believed understanding human behavior should be grounded in the knowledge that people make sense of their lives by constructing and internalizing stories. According to this model, individuals begin to organize their lives in terms of self-stories in late adolescence and young adulthood. People reconstruct their past and …
Cellular Theories Of Aging, Ashley R. Strong, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Cellular Theories Of Aging, Ashley R. Strong, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
There are multiple theories of aging, which include evolutionary, molecular, cellular, and systemic theories. The focus of this entry will be on the cellular theories of aging. There are two main categories of theories of cellular aging, error theories and programming theories. The error theories suggest that aging is a result of an accumulation of errors as an outcome of environmental insults that leads to damage at various levels of the cell. Error theories also propose that imperfect repair mechanisms are a factor that leads to cellular aging. The second category, programming theories, suggest that aging is a genetically programmed …
Behavioral Genetics, Ashley R. Strong, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Behavioral Genetics, Ashley R. Strong, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Behavioral genetics is a field of scientific research that aims to understand how much genetic and environmental factors contribute to variability in behavior. From a genetics standpoint, numerous genes are influenced by the environment, which results in complex behaviors. Additionally, the physiology and developmental history of an individual, along with its environment, can modify genes and neuronal circuits of the brain. Furthermore, evolution and natural selection shape behaviors to optimize survival of the individual. Behavioral genetics is an evolving field that involves a combination of experimental psychology, genetics, neuroscience, and ethology.
Altruism And Children, Brizel Trinidad, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Altruism And Children, Brizel Trinidad, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Altruism is the combination of willingly and spontaneously helping others. Many studies have focused on the origin of these traits, whether they are innate or learned. Researchers are examining inborn altruism and studying the influence of external forces, such as parental role modeling and prosocial tendencies, that have an influence on children's altruistic behavior (Clay, 2006). Altruism is often associated with altering levels of trust however, in children altruism takes on various forms and definitions with each developmental stage and as more complex interactions with others take place.
Age Discrimination, Ruth V. Walker, Jessica L. Spauldin
Age Discrimination, Ruth V. Walker, Jessica L. Spauldin
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Ageism refers to discrimination toward individuals due to their age. Although younger adults may experience ageism, researchers and governmental policies recognize ageism as discrimination toward older adults. Women define ageism as a societal fixation with youth in addition to discrimination against older adults. Ageism is unique from other “isms” because everyone who lives long enough may be subjected to this particular form of prejudice.
Aggression In Children, Emma C. Lathan, Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Jose Gonzales
Aggression In Children, Emma C. Lathan, Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Jose Gonzales
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Maladaptive aggression, defined by social psychologists as a set of behaviors intended to be verbally or physically harmful to others or objects, is unregulated and disinhibited, yet developmentally normative during certain stages of childhood (Connor, 2002). For example, for boys and girls, physical aggression increases at 18-months, peaks at 3.5 years, and declines with cognitive and emotional development (Teymoori et al., 2018). However, a small group of children continue to experience high levels of aggression that persist beyond developmentally appropriate behaviors. The current chapter will briefly: (i) review individual differences, including gender and age, that may affect forms of aggression …
Uta Frith, Morgan Uberti, Heidi Kloos
Uta Frith, Morgan Uberti, Heidi Kloos
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Uta Frith (born Aurnhammer on May 25, 1941) is a German psychologist best known for her work on autism. After graduating in experimental psychology from the University of Saarland, she pursued her PhD at the Institute of Psychiatry at the King’s College London, UK. It was during a course in abnormal psychology when she first encountered children diagnosed with autism. Experimental studies by Neil O’Connor and Beate Hermelin intrigued her, especially for applying an experimental perspective to the study of developmental disorders. Based on these experiences, Frith designed experiments that sought to shed light on atypical cognitive processes. Upon obtaining …
Lifelong Learning, Rachel Wu
Lifelong Learning, Rachel Wu
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Lifelong learning is regarded as an important component in maintaining cognitive functioning in older age and has been at the center of many educational policies and psychological interventions. However, since this concept is broad and multi-faceted, some researchers argue that lifelong learning cannot be attributed a single, all-encompassing definition, but instead can hold different meanings in various contexts. For instance, some researchers perceive it as a process that inherently occurs throughout the course of one’s life. This type of learning is said to be unique to each individual, because it is dependent on several factors, such as personal interests, environmental …
Parten's Play Experiment, C. Nathalie Yuen, Jonathan B. Santo
Parten's Play Experiment, C. Nathalie Yuen, Jonathan B. Santo
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Mildred Parten (1902-1970) observed 34 children playing in a preschool setting (Parten, 1933). The children's ages ranged from 2 to 4.5 years old. Parten observed the children for one minute each day to develop a greater understanding of play behaviors. The observations focused on type of group, activity, and play. The types of play were solitary, onlooker, parallel, associative, and cooperative.
Physiological Changes In Old Age, Rachel Zachar, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Physiological Changes In Old Age, Rachel Zachar, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Beginning in the third and fourth decades of life, subtle physiological changes start to occur with progressive decline as age increases. Some changes are visible such as wrinkling of the skin or whitening of hair, but the majority of physiological changes due to aging are internal. Many changes occur within the cardiovascular system. Boss and Seegmiller (1981) explain that with aging, cardiac output decreases as diastolic and systolic myocardial stiffness increases. These changes have been associated with increased blood pressure in older adults, leading to hypertension. This age-related change can be safely managed by antihypertensive therapy that is monitored regularly. …
Self-Concept From A Developmental Perspective, C. Nathalie Yuen, Jonathan B. Santo
Self-Concept From A Developmental Perspective, C. Nathalie Yuen, Jonathan B. Santo
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Self-concept refers to individuals' perceptions of who they are (Marsh & Shavelson, 1985). Conceptually distinct from self-esteem, self-concept addresses how individuals describe themselves in specific areas whereas self-esteem addresses how individuals generally feel (positively or negatively) about themselves. Self-concept is multifaceted and consists of individuals' beliefs about themselves academically, socially, emotionally, and physically. Self-concept refers to both how people think about themselves in general and in specific areas (Swann et al., 2007).
Stephen J. Ceci, Rachel Zachar, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Stephen J. Ceci, Rachel Zachar, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Stephen J. Ceci was born on March 22, 1950, and while not much information is available on his early years, his life’s work has focused on studies surrounding the validity of children’s courtroom testimony, gender studies, and intelligence. Ceci received his bachelor’s degree in general psychology from the University of Delaware in 1973, earning his master’s degree in developmental psychology two years later in 1975 from the University of Pennsylvania. He completed his doctoral degree in developmental psychology in 1978 at the University of Exeter in England.
Brain Plasticity, Rachel Wu
Brain Plasticity, Rachel Wu
Essays in Developmental Psychology
For decades, it was assumed that people are born with a certain number of neurons in the brain, and these neurons slowly died off with age. However, scientific studies have shown that the infant brain goes through very dramatic changes in the first few months and years of life (including adding additional neurons), and the brain can recover (although perhaps not fully) after a traumatic brain injury or stroke. Very recently, it has even been shown that new neurons can grow in the healthy adult brain. Brain plasticity involves long-lasting changes due to generation of new neurons, as well as …
Learning Disabilities Summary, Michael L. Woodward, Lisa L. Persinger
Learning Disabilities Summary, Michael L. Woodward, Lisa L. Persinger
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Learning Disabilities are the most prevalent category of special education within the United States. Recent U.S. Department of Education statistics indicate over 2.3 million school-aged (ages 6-21) students are currently eligible for special education services under the category of a Specific Learning Disability. These students encompass 3.5% of the U.S. school-aged population, and nearly 40% of all students eligible for special education services.
Leisure Activities, Rachel Wu
Leisure Activities, Rachel Wu
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Many studies in the past few decades have examined how participation in leisure activities, such as playing a musical instrument, gardening, and reading the newspaper, can positively influence the aging process. For instance, studies have found an association between leisure activities and a reduced risk of amnestic mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and/or Alzheimer’s disease. In addition to positive cognitive outcomes, leisure activities also have been associated with a variety of other benefits, such as improved quality of life, mental health, life satisfaction, self-reports of happiness, and overall well-being. This entry provides a brief overview of the definition of leisure activities, …
Intelligence Testing, Holly Van Duzer, Donna Devaughn Kreskey
Intelligence Testing, Holly Van Duzer, Donna Devaughn Kreskey
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Intelligence tests are tools used by psychologists to objectively measure an individual’s cognitive ability and prior knowledge. The administration, scoring and interpretation of intelligence tests are conducted by trained professionals to ensure standardized administration and appropriate use of the resulting test scores. Intelligence testing measures an individual’s current intellectual functioning, to diagnose an intellectual disability, and to diagnose specific learning disabilities, among other reasons. However, societal concerns and controversies surround the acceptance and use of intelligence testing.
Occupational Choice, Gregory John Vitale
Occupational Choice, Gregory John Vitale
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Occupational choice is a multi-determined decision with influences from psychological traits, socioeconomic status, and cultural background. In addition, what a person ultimately does for a living is influenced by what they are capable of, what they like doing, what society requires, and what they can make a living doing. In other words, it is the combination of skill, enjoyment, societal need, and monetary return. This combination, if attained in harmony, is what the Japanese call “ikigai,” or “a reason for being.” Most people grow up thinking this harmony exists for them in some capacity; however, most people must make sacrifices …
Blended Families, Brizel Trinidad, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Blended Families, Brizel Trinidad, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Blended families are more common than ever. Recent statistics show that more than half of marriages end in divorce, with the eventual merge of two new families. The families go through several stages to create their new family structure. Several models resemble the integration of family members into the newly defined family. In 2001, Braithwaite and his colleagues identified five developmental pathways or trajectories that blended families followed as they become a family: accelerated, prolonged, stagnating, declining, and high-amplitude turbulent.
Trait Stability, Gregory John Vitale
Trait Stability, Gregory John Vitale
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Trait stability is the concept that personality structures largely remain consistent over time. Traits, like many concepts in psychology, tend to be considered one part nature and one part nurture; that is, individuals are born with some qualities and learn to employ others based on their environment. Psychologists have taken the concept of innate traits and made inferences about how they may or may not be related to some psychological disorders, especially personality disorders, and have found mixed results. This has immense developmental implications. For one, despite a child’s temperament traits at an early age, the environment can change them. …
Cohabitation, Shanna K. Williams, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Cohabitation, Shanna K. Williams, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Cohabitation is defined as the act of an unmarried romantic couple (of any sexual orientation) residing together under one roof. The concept of cohabitation is not new and the rates with which it is occurring have been growing throughout the United States over the past several decades. The idea to live as unmarried romantic partners first became popular in Scandinavian countries where, for a variety of reasons, cohabitation remains an accepted and even valued option.
Death Anxiety, Shanna K. Williams, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Death Anxiety, Shanna K. Williams, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Just as humans are sentient creatures, aware of their beingness in this world, they are also cognizant of their eventual and inevitable death. With this knowledge comes the natural dread and anxiety associated with being aware that on any given day one will cease to exist. Indeed, one of the fundamental existential conflicts, or causes for existential angst, is the tension caused when an individual is aware of their inevitable death while also yearning for their continued life. Just as anxiety is a natural emotion, so too, is the anxiety surrounding death and its associated existential conflict. In this context, …
Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Overview, Harry Voulgarakis, Jessica Scher Lisa
Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Overview, Harry Voulgarakis, Jessica Scher Lisa
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by pervasive deficits in social communication and interaction, alongside patterns of restricted, repetitive, stereotyped behaviors and interests (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The causes, as well as neurobiological and genetic bases for ASD is still unknown, yet there is developing research in these areas. Although diagnosis does not necessarily need to be made in early childhood, it is important to establish a developmental history consistent with such symptoms, in order to distinguish such deficits from those associated with trauma or other adverse impacts later in life. Beyond the main diagnostic criteria, there …
Sexual Stereotypes In Older Adulthood, Ruth V. Walker, Emily L. Bohnert, Kaitlyn B. Demoss
Sexual Stereotypes In Older Adulthood, Ruth V. Walker, Emily L. Bohnert, Kaitlyn B. Demoss
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The most prevalent stereotype about sexuality in older adulthood is that older adults do not have or want to have sex. This is often due to ageist attitudes whereby older adult sexuality is viewed with disgust. The reality is that older adults continue to engage in sexual activity, and broaden their conceptualization of sexual behavior, into their 70s, 80s, and beyond. In fact, sexual activity is often reported as an integral part of the lives of older adults.
Zine-Making As Site Of Research Brave Space: From Ethical Challenges To Transformative Opportunities In The Study Of Digital Sexual Intimacies, Rachele Reschiglian, Cosimo Marco Scarcelli
Zine-Making As Site Of Research Brave Space: From Ethical Challenges To Transformative Opportunities In The Study Of Digital Sexual Intimacies, Rachele Reschiglian, Cosimo Marco Scarcelli
The Qualitative Report
This paper presents zine-making workshops as sites of Research Brave Spaces (RBS), a methodological posture for scholars within transformative worldviews. Positioned within queer research methodologies, the paper argues that zine-making offers a creative and multimodal method that enhances participant engagement and reflexivity, challenging some limitations of traditional research methods. By framing research as a “brave space,” the paper shifts from the notion of “safe spaces,” emphasising the importance of embracing discomfort, vulnerability, and critical reflection throughout the research process in all the subjects involved. The methodology incorporates elements of care, collaboration, and adaptability, addressing the specific needs of marginalised participants, …
Utilization Of Zinc As A Supplemental Treatment To Prostate Cancer, Cony Cs Chow, Vishal Ahuja, Luis Mangiafico
Utilization Of Zinc As A Supplemental Treatment To Prostate Cancer, Cony Cs Chow, Vishal Ahuja, Luis Mangiafico
Department of Nutrition Student Projects
Prostate cancer remains as a significant contributor to mortality among men worldwide, and despite advancements in treatment, there is still a need for adjunct therapies that could assist in mitigating the progression of this disease. Zinc is an essential trace element which plays a crucial role in the function of the prostate and has shown signs of influencing the development of prostate cancer. This prospective study will aim to evaluate the effects of zinc supplementation on the progression of prostate cancer through a controlled experimental design. Participants will include patients who are diagnosed with prostate cancer (stages 1-3) and will …