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Association Between Nutritional Status And Hypertension In A Rural Communty In Dang District, Gujarat, India, Sneh Shah Apr 2021

Association Between Nutritional Status And Hypertension In A Rural Communty In Dang District, Gujarat, India, Sneh Shah

Undergraduate Student Symposium

The relationship between overweight-obesity status and hypertension is well-known throughout the world, especially in low socioeconomic communities and developing countries. Both high blood pressure and obesity are preventable risk factors for noncommunicable disease, death, and disability. The prevalence of obesity-overweight status in India is increasing faster than the global average and diabetes in Southeast Asia has surged over the past few decades. There have been few systematic studies focusing on the public health development in rural communities of India like the Dang District. The objectives of this cross-sectional study are to examine the prevalence of hypertension and nutritional status among …


Bacteria Unearthed, Vijay Patel, Aysha Patel Apr 2021

Bacteria Unearthed, Vijay Patel, Aysha Patel

Undergraduate Student Symposium

With the era of antibiotics coming to a close, new sources of antibiotics need to be found to combat antibiotic resistance. The rise of infectious bacteria resistant to our drugs is creating an uphill battle in the fight against disease. In the search for new antibiotics, bacteria remain an effective and viable source. Programs, like Tiny Earth, aid researchers in looking for new strains of bacteria to determine if they can be harnessed for antibiotic discovery. A global community of researchers collaborate to collect and study bacteria from local soil samples. Our collegiate group obtained a soil sample from local …


Bilingualism Enhances Inhibitory Control, But Not Other Components Of Executive Functioning, Erika Cabrera Ranaldi, Maria Alejandra Chavez Apr 2021

Bilingualism Enhances Inhibitory Control, But Not Other Components Of Executive Functioning, Erika Cabrera Ranaldi, Maria Alejandra Chavez

Undergraduate Student Symposium

Humans effortlessly modify their behaviors to meet the ongoing demands of the environment. For instance, you are in the library reading a textbook and you receive an alert on your phone. You stop reading your textbook and shift your attention to your phone to read the alert. You then shift your attention back to the textbook and pick up where you left off. You don’t forget what you were doing or confuse the content of the alert with the content of the textbook. Similarly, people who speak more than one language switch between languages effortlessly and flawlessly to meet environmental …


Demystifying Hospital Charges For Hospital Readmissions In 2017 In The United States For Psychoses (Drg = 885), Japjot Singh Apr 2021

Demystifying Hospital Charges For Hospital Readmissions In 2017 In The United States For Psychoses (Drg = 885), Japjot Singh

Undergraduate Student Symposium

Existing research on hospital charges is focused on hospital admissions, but not on hospital readmissions. Literature review on hospital charges identifies several patient-specific, disease-specific, and hospital-specific variables as determinants of hospital charges. Given that there is a relative dearth of similar research focused on hospital readmissions, a federal agency – The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) has recognized this gap and developed the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) in 2015 which contains information on hospital readmissions data. “This database addresses a large gap in healthcare data - the lack of nationally representative information on hospital readmissions.” We …


Diet Analysis Of Offshore Istiophorid Billfishes In The Western Atlantic, Emily Salonia Apr 2021

Diet Analysis Of Offshore Istiophorid Billfishes In The Western Atlantic, Emily Salonia

Undergraduate Student Symposium

Istiophorid billfishes are apex predators found in epipelagic tropical and temperate waters worldwide. Managed internationally following population declines due to overfishing, these fishes continue to be targeted by recreational anglers and are caught as bycatch by offshore commercial fisheries targeting tunas, resulting in a slow population recovery. Despite their ecological importance, knowledge of Western Atlantic billfish diets is lacking; no information exists regarding roundscale spearfish (Tetrapturus georgii), for white marlin (Kajikia albida) information is extremely limited, and the last Western Atlantic sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) diet study was in 1977. To address this knowledge gap, Istiophorid diets …


Differences In Frontonasal Anomalies In Children With And Without An Autism, Matthew Arcona Apr 2021

Differences In Frontonasal Anomalies In Children With And Without An Autism, Matthew Arcona

Undergraduate Student Symposium

Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorders can vary by case; however, the core features consist of social and communication deficits, and restrictive or repetitive behaviors. Most research on the etiology of ASD focus on genetic factors and how chromosomal copy number variants (CNVs) affect neurocognitive development. There is much less research on how developmental disturbances could play a role in neurocognitive disorders, such as ASD. Research suggests that due to the synchronous and adjacent development of the frontonasal features and anterior brain, disturbances in one of these pathways affect the other. Frontonasal anomalies such as ear formation, forehead prominence, and eye …


Dreaming In Reverse, Arleene Perez-Sifontes, Schneider Camport Jean-Pierre, Jacob Meshel Apr 2021

Dreaming In Reverse, Arleene Perez-Sifontes, Schneider Camport Jean-Pierre, Jacob Meshel

Undergraduate Student Symposium

“Dreaming in Reverse” is a short film about a young woman who is dealing with a recurring dream. In this dream, she sees a man whom she believes is in danger. Despite many efforts to forget the dream, she convinces herself that she must be the one to save him. Upon finding the man, she realizes that the dream wasn’t quite how she envisioned it. The film is directed and written by Arleene Perez-Sifontes, Graciel Quezada, Schneider Camport Jean-Pierre, and Jacob Meshel. The film is edited by Schneider Camport Jean-Pierre.


Drunken Parasites: Morphological Distortions Associated With Chemical Fixatives In Two Monogenetic Flatworms, Wamika Shoukat Apr 2021

Drunken Parasites: Morphological Distortions Associated With Chemical Fixatives In Two Monogenetic Flatworms, Wamika Shoukat

Undergraduate Student Symposium

Fixation is the first step in the identification of animal parasites: its primary purpose is to kill the parasite and prevent or delay decomposition via autolytic enzymes. In the lab, parasitologists typically use ethanol (primarily 70%), formalin, or combinations of the two (e.g. AFA: glacial acetic acid, formalin, and ethanol), but there is little consensus on which best preserves the morphological characters used for parasite identification. Furthermore, parasitologists working in the field and/or internationally are often constrained in their choice of fixative: for example, ethanol can be difficult to obtain in countries that prohibit the sale of alcohol. Instead, various …


Ecological Analyses Of Socio-Economic Food Deserts In Broward County, Annie Goyanes Apr 2021

Ecological Analyses Of Socio-Economic Food Deserts In Broward County, Annie Goyanes

Undergraduate Student Symposium

“Food desert” refers to an area where citizens lack access to fresh, affordable, nutritious food. Food deserts are generally in low-income urban neighborhoods or rural towns and can be considered environmental or economic injustice. South Florida and Broward County have been documented as having a high food insecurity rate, indicative of households having difficulty putting food on the table. Given the high rate of food insecurity, it was hypothesized that a lack of access to food and the presence of socio-economic food deserts was at least partially responsible. Data was collected by visiting three supermarkets in each of the 13 …


Effect Of Hdac Inhibitor On Mesenchymal To Epithelial Transition (Met) In Non-Small Lung Cancer Cells (Nsclc), Sanjana Mody, Grace Waldron Apr 2021

Effect Of Hdac Inhibitor On Mesenchymal To Epithelial Transition (Met) In Non-Small Lung Cancer Cells (Nsclc), Sanjana Mody, Grace Waldron

Undergraduate Student Symposium

The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a highly dynamic process. It is also involved in enhancing the tumor invasiveness and metastasis of the cancer cells. Therefore, the generation of tumor cells with stem cell properties plays a significant role in developing resistance to cancer treatment. The reversal of EMT to MET (mesenchymal to epithelial transition) is poorly understood at the present time. Increased mesenchymal marker levels have been associated with increased lung cancer risk. We hypothesized that suberoyl-anilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA, also known as Vorinostat) might promote MET through epigenetic modification such as acetylation and methylation. We analyzed both …


Effect Of Saha And Uc2288 On Epithelial To Mesenchymal Transition In P53 Wild/Mutant Types Of Lung Cancer Cells, Tanha Rahman, Naziba Akther Nuha Apr 2021

Effect Of Saha And Uc2288 On Epithelial To Mesenchymal Transition In P53 Wild/Mutant Types Of Lung Cancer Cells, Tanha Rahman, Naziba Akther Nuha

Undergraduate Student Symposium

Lung cancer is one of the most lethal cancers and encompasses over 30% of cancer-related deaths among men and women globally. Cancer progression is marked by the downregulation of epithelial markers and upregulation of mesenchymal markers, which causes solid tumors to become malignant and increase their invasiveness and metastatic properties. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is facilitated through complex molecular pathways that include epigenetic and posttranslational modifications. In this regard, DNA as well as Histone methyltransferases are suspected to be involved within the EMT process. In our study, we analyzed the markers of EMT in H460 and HCC827 lung cancer cells …


English Language Proficiency And Overall Verbal Ability: A Comparison Between Bilingual And Monolingual College Students, Samruddhi Ayachit, Erika Cabrera Ranaldi Apr 2021

English Language Proficiency And Overall Verbal Ability: A Comparison Between Bilingual And Monolingual College Students, Samruddhi Ayachit, Erika Cabrera Ranaldi

Undergraduate Student Symposium

Assessment of linguistic abilities of non-native English speakers reveals that Spanish/English bilinguals do not perform as well as English monolinguals on tests that require naming of common objects. Similarly, tests of English language proficiency reveal weaker performance in Spanish/English bilingual groups relative to monolinguals. One important limitation of some of these studies is that the language groups are different on educational attainment, which impacts linguistic abilities. Moreover, there are few studies evaluating overall verbal ability in these linguistically diverse groups. To fill these gaps in the research, we tested English monolingual (n=109) and Spanish/English bilingual (n=152) college students with similar …


Great Plains Prehistoric Megadrought Findings As Potential Indicators For Impending Climate Change-Related Catastrophes, Melanie Vasquez, Madelyn Rinka, Emma Hoffstein, Drew Tozer, Elena Kampian Apr 2021

Great Plains Prehistoric Megadrought Findings As Potential Indicators For Impending Climate Change-Related Catastrophes, Melanie Vasquez, Madelyn Rinka, Emma Hoffstein, Drew Tozer, Elena Kampian

Undergraduate Student Symposium

Determining details of extreme climate events on the environment is necessary to predict the future effects of global climate change. Researchers studying the northern Great Plains dune systems have found evidence of prolonged prehistoric droughts (megadroughts) that occurred due to climate anomalies. However, the timing, severity, and regional extent of these megadroughts remain controversial. Our previous work supports the interpretation that the White River Badlands (WRB) and the Nebraska Sand Hills (NSH) dune systems reactivated three times in the past 10,000 years in response to global climate change. This study investigates the hypothesis that these dune systems are linked, that …


Healthy Happens Here- A Wellness Program To Support Oral Health, Nutrition And Physical Activity, In An Elementary School, Matthew Calaigian Apr 2021

Healthy Happens Here- A Wellness Program To Support Oral Health, Nutrition And Physical Activity, In An Elementary School, Matthew Calaigian

Undergraduate Student Symposium

Dental caries and childhood obesity remain a national public health concern in the United States. Poor dietary practices, including low consumption of fruits and vegetables and high consumption of sugary drinks increase the risk of dental caries and obesity in children. Healthy Happens Here is a cultural competence wellness program to support oral health, nutrition and physical activity, in an elementary school in Miami, FL. The three-month educational program was a collaboration between Nova Southeastern University, and the Horeb Christian School. Parents/Guardians were notified of the study via flyers posted at the school and with an informational letter sent via …


How Maternal Education Impacts Child Health In Food-Insecure Households In Peru, Sydney Sansone Apr 2021

How Maternal Education Impacts Child Health In Food-Insecure Households In Peru, Sydney Sansone

Undergraduate Student Symposium

Children living in food-insecure homes in poor areas of Peru experience poor health outcomes at greater rates than their counterparts with higher socioeconomic status. The factors that contribute to poor health outcomes can be viewed through the levels of the Socioecological Model. At the interpersonal level, mothers play a unique role in determining the health outcomes of their child(ren). This systematic review aims to synthesize findings from mixed methods studies conducted in poor areas of Peru to determine how maternal education impacts child health. Using data from ten exemplar studies, the level of education of mothers, child health, resources readily …


Influence Of Growth Efficiency, Bacterial Density, And Metabolism On Antibiotic Resistance Across Different Drug Classes, Gabriela Diaz Tang, Estefania Marin Meneses Apr 2021

Influence Of Growth Efficiency, Bacterial Density, And Metabolism On Antibiotic Resistance Across Different Drug Classes, Gabriela Diaz Tang, Estefania Marin Meneses

Undergraduate Student Symposium

Antibiotic resistance has become a prevailing issue in the health care system due to increased hospital costs and mortality. Moreover, the discovery of new antibiotics has slowed significantly. Thus, there is a dire need to understand the general mechanisms by which bacteria resist antibiotics towards extending the usefulness of existing drugs. Recently, the effect of metabolism on drug efficiency has revealed that when bacterial metabolism is more active, antibiotics become more lethal. Accordingly, we chose to study how the inoculum effect, where the initial density of bacteria determines the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of drug required, is impacted by bacterial …


Interlimb And Intralimb Coordination During Speed Running In American Football Players Training For The Nfl Draft, Emily Udvardy, Madison Allen Apr 2021

Interlimb And Intralimb Coordination During Speed Running In American Football Players Training For The Nfl Draft, Emily Udvardy, Madison Allen

Undergraduate Student Symposium

Speed is integral to players seeking to be drafted into the National Football League (NFL). To increase speed, coaches promote running symmetry and coordination. Coordination during running is assessed by graphing the relative temporal and spatial patterns of the hip, knee, and ankle, and visually inspecting the resulting angle-angle plots for linearity (in-phase, anti-phase, decoupled). Though qualitative, this method is sophisticated as it examines movement patterns versus discrete points. Therefore, we sought to describe intralimb and interlimb coordination during speed running in elite American football players undergoing a 6-week NFL draft preparation camp. Twelve participants (age, 21.8±0.8 yrs; ht, 1.8±0.05 …


Investigating Differences In Eye-Movement Between Children With Asd And Children With Neurotypical Development, Sruthi Kundur Apr 2021

Investigating Differences In Eye-Movement Between Children With Asd And Children With Neurotypical Development, Sruthi Kundur

Undergraduate Student Symposium

Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) have deficits in social skills; nonetheless, research suggests that a pet can help reduce stress and negative outcomes. Evidence from the literature suggests that there is a correlation between the ability to demonstrate emotion and the ability to understand other’s intentions in order to make the correct assumptions. However, children with ASD lack the ability to understand social cues and make better predictions. This study investigates the eye movement of children with ASD in comparison to children with neurotypical development. Eye-tracking data, including heat maps and eye-movement time-lapses were collected from children with ASD …


Mantequilla, Julian Glasthal Apr 2021

Mantequilla, Julian Glasthal

Undergraduate Student Symposium

“Mantequilla” is a short film about two construction workers stumbling across their strange coworker. One worker forgets his car keys, and so the men trail back to the construction site to find them. They stumble across this peculiar fellow who comes off as weird and maybe even a threat; however, as the saying goes, “Never judge a book by its cover.” This is a story about an outcast of outcasts, a young man who is looked at negatively and never given the time of day, who in reality is a man of heart and kindness. This film aims to destroy …


Mindfulness Training During A Pandemic: Can Online Mindfulness Training Reduce Distress?, Aysha D. Patel, Catherine Weber, Mamiko Swanson, Sharan Sankar Apr 2021

Mindfulness Training During A Pandemic: Can Online Mindfulness Training Reduce Distress?, Aysha D. Patel, Catherine Weber, Mamiko Swanson, Sharan Sankar

Undergraduate Student Symposium

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a number of negative outcomes, including economic, psychological, and physical health concerns (Gruber et al., 2020; Fine, Reichle, & Lord, 2020). Levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety have appeared to be higher during the pandemic than they were prior to the pandemic (O’Connor et al. 2020). Mindfulness meditation training has been shown to reduce the impact of stress on cognitive functioning and anxiety. Reductions in depressive symptomatology have also been shown to occur following mindfulness training. Although mindfulness-based interventions often consist of eight weeks of training with one weekly in-person session, the current study …


Minor Changes With Large Implications: Modeling Amino Acid Mutations In Sars-Cov Monoclonal Antibodies (80r And 362) Towards The Design Of More Universal Antibodies, Christo Manikkuttiyil, Carolina Alzamora, Carol Manikkuttiyil Apr 2021

Minor Changes With Large Implications: Modeling Amino Acid Mutations In Sars-Cov Monoclonal Antibodies (80r And 362) Towards The Design Of More Universal Antibodies, Christo Manikkuttiyil, Carolina Alzamora, Carol Manikkuttiyil

Undergraduate Student Symposium

SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, has led to over 100 million cases and over 2 million deaths worldwide. Two anti-SARS-CoV monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) 80R and 362 are known to bind to epitopes on the spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD), with 80R binding to SARS-CoV-1 and 362 binding to both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. To investigate this further and hypothesize structures for a potentially more effective antibody, undergraduate students participated in the CREST (Connecting Researchers, Educators, and STudents) Program and studied the binding interactions between the antibodies and their respective spike proteins. At the binding interface between these antibodies and the …


Navigating Covid-19-Based Challenges To Global Education, Research, And Management In Healthcare And Stem, Stephanie Autore, Jessica Hallett, Michelle Hoang Apr 2021

Navigating Covid-19-Based Challenges To Global Education, Research, And Management In Healthcare And Stem, Stephanie Autore, Jessica Hallett, Michelle Hoang

Undergraduate Student Symposium

The Coronavirus Infectious Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected most nations at all levels of functioning, individual to governmental. This study provides a comprehensive review of the global consequences of the pandemic on key socioeconomic sectors – healthcare management, and education and research in healthcare as well as science, technology, education, and mathematics (STEM). COVID19 halted face-to-face classes and meetings in schools and colleges worldwide, necessitating virtual instruction as academic institutions sought to continue education safely, yet effectively. This adversely impacted every field of learning, especially STEM and healthcare education since STEM degrees entail rigorous curricula integrating lectures and laboratory exercises …


Numerical Representation Of Amino Acid Sequences, Naziba Akther Nuha Apr 2021

Numerical Representation Of Amino Acid Sequences, Naziba Akther Nuha

Undergraduate Student Symposium

Amino acid substitution matrices attempt to quantify the rates at which the different amino acid residues in proteins are functionally substituted by other amino acid residues with similar biochemical properties. Currently, the most widely utilized substitution matrices comprise BLOSUM-62, PAM-120 and PAM250 among others. Percent recognized mutation (PAM) matrices list the probability of transition from one amino acid to another during evolution of homologous protein sequences and are therefore based on monitoring protein evolutionary origins. In comparison, the amino acid substitution matrices of the blocks (BLOSUM) are based on scoring substitutions observed over a number of cycles of evolution. Traditionally, …


Online Social Environment Impacts Feelings Of Social Connection In Older Adults During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Jade Kushner, Brittany Derynda, Mary Goodyear Apr 2021

Online Social Environment Impacts Feelings Of Social Connection In Older Adults During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Jade Kushner, Brittany Derynda, Mary Goodyear

Undergraduate Student Symposium

Evidence suggests that nearly one-third of older adults’ experience loneliness and/or social isolation; an increase in these rates during the current pandemic is anticipated. The Lifelong Learning Institute (LLI) at Nova Southeastern University (NSU) in South Florida has worked to engage seniors in fun learning activities and social opportunities since 1977. When “stay at home” orders went into effect in March 2020 the LLI moved to online program delivery via Zoom. To understand the implementation of zoom among LLI members, NSU students, researchers and LLI member advisory committee developed a cross-sectional research study using an online survey that was administered …


Periodically Distrubing The Spatial Structure Of A Microbial Community Composed Of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa And Staphylococcus Aureus Determines Its Composition, Camryn Pajon, Brandon Toscan, Taniya Mariah Apr 2021

Periodically Distrubing The Spatial Structure Of A Microbial Community Composed Of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa And Staphylococcus Aureus Determines Its Composition, Camryn Pajon, Brandon Toscan, Taniya Mariah

Undergraduate Student Symposium

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus can co-occur in chronic and hard-to-treat infections. They interact through several small diffusible molecules and enzymes which increase their virulence, growth rates, and antibiotic resistance. Previous work has shown that the spatial structure of microbial communities in continuously mixed environments and completely undisturbed environments affects bacterial interactions. These extreme cases fail to fully represent a natural environment where the spatial structures developed by the microbes are periodically disturbed. The objective of this study is to determine how periodic perturbations to spatial structures affects the interaction and co-existence of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus in co-culture. …


Propofol And The Renin-Angiotensin System, Giovanna Gnozzo Apr 2021

Propofol And The Renin-Angiotensin System, Giovanna Gnozzo

Undergraduate Student Symposium

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has become a more popular subject of research due to its role in regulating homeostasis within the body as a whole, and regulation of cerebral blood flow, memory consolidation, and etiology of various neurological diseases within the local nervous system RAS. The main effector of the system is Angiotensin (Ang) II, through the activation of the AT1 or AT2 receptor subtypes. Overactivation of the AT1 subtype leads to inflammation and hypertension within the body and an increase in neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress within the nervous system. Propofol, a commonly used anesthetic in general surgery, has …


Restricted, Caitlyn Khan Apr 2021

Restricted, Caitlyn Khan

Undergraduate Student Symposium

“Restricted” is a short film about a daughter who is struggling through her daily life due to the acts of overbearing parents. Trying her best to keep all the pieces of her life together, the daughter succumbs to the pressures surrounding her. The film is directed by Caitlyn Khan. Other crew members and actors include Sebastian Stam, Chantal Nosievici, Lisa Arneaud, and Marcus Arneaud.


Summer To Autumn Population Of Wild Eumaeus Atala On The Ft. Lauderdale Campus Of Nova Southeastern University, Alexandra Lens Apr 2021

Summer To Autumn Population Of Wild Eumaeus Atala On The Ft. Lauderdale Campus Of Nova Southeastern University, Alexandra Lens

Undergraduate Student Symposium

Eumaeus atala is an endangered tropical butterfly native to the Caribbean and some parts of Florida, USA. Following population reductions primarily due to habitat loss, Eumaeus populations are now increasing due to conservation efforts of its cycad host plants, especially Zamia integrifolia (coontie). The purpose of this study was to observe, document, and measure the population of wild Eumaeus on the Ft. Lauderdale, Florida campus of Nova Southeastern University where landscaping use of host plants supports a natural population of Eumaeus. Forty-four host plants located in two different sites were observed for 14 weeks. One site (Baseball Field) possessed …


Survival And Development Of Zebra Longwing, Heliconius Charithonia, On Native And Non-Native Passion Vines, Passiflora Sp., In South Florida, Madelyn Rinka, Cassidy Loucks, Celina Nelson-Jordan Apr 2021

Survival And Development Of Zebra Longwing, Heliconius Charithonia, On Native And Non-Native Passion Vines, Passiflora Sp., In South Florida, Madelyn Rinka, Cassidy Loucks, Celina Nelson-Jordan

Undergraduate Student Symposium

Zebra longwing butterflies (Heliconius charithonia) are distributed throughout the southernmost regions of the United States to South America and are abundant across Florida. These heliconian butterflies not only consume nectar, but are also known to feed on pollen, resulting in a longer lifespan than most butterflies. In their larval stage, H. charithonia feed exclusively on Passiflora sp., however larval performance and survival across the diversity of Passion vine species is not well documented. We examined these criteria of zebra longwings from egg to adulthood on two passion vines native to Florida, corky stem (Passiflora suberosa) and …


Synthesis Of Metal-Binding Polymers For Water Purification Via Raft, Blanch Khouri Sader, Sneha Polam Apr 2021

Synthesis Of Metal-Binding Polymers For Water Purification Via Raft, Blanch Khouri Sader, Sneha Polam

Undergraduate Student Symposium

Water, one of the most precious resources on our planet, makes up roughly two thirds of the earth’s surface. Despite the abundance of water, access to clean water has become increasingly difficult. Decades of neglect for the environment have contributed to water pollution. Common pollutants include heavy metals, which are toxic and carcinogenic to humans and to aquatic life. Removal of heavy metal contaminants is a critical part of water purification. While several methods exist, the use of polymers to bind heavy metals offers many advantages over comparable methods, such as improved efficiency and elimination of harmful byproducts. The goal …