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Articles 661 - 690 of 10726
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Gifted Children, Justin Burgess, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Gifted Children, Justin Burgess, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Children can be gifted in a variety of different areas, including musical talent, athleticism, and artistic ability among others. The focus of this entry will be solely on those children who are gifted in intellectual ability and academic achievement. Identification of intellectual giftedness usually requires an individually administered intelligence test, achieving a Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) of 130 or higher, which is a threshold that dates back to Lewis Terman’s research at Stanford in the early to mid 20th century. Although this seems like an arbitrary score, an IQ score of 130 and above is where an individual scores two …
The Marshmallow Task, Laurel A. Brabson, Hannah M. Coffey, Mary Margaret Ruckle, Cheryl B. Mcneil
The Marshmallow Task, Laurel A. Brabson, Hannah M. Coffey, Mary Margaret Ruckle, Cheryl B. Mcneil
Essays in Developmental Psychology
To study the human systems of self-control during delayed gratification, Dr. Walter Mischel and colleagues developed what became the famous Marshmallow Test, published in Science in 1989. This study became a frontrunner in the field of psychology, laying the foundation for future studies in impulse control. Dr. Mischel was born in 1930 in Vienna, Austria. He was a professor at the University of Colorado, Harvard University, and Stanford University where he originally conducted the Marshmallow Test. Dr. Mischel currently holds a professorship at Columbia University.
Perception, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Perception, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Perception is the process through which humans are able to select, organize, and interpret sensory input from the external environment. This process of selection, organization, and interpretation of external sensory stimulation results in our internal representation of the outside world, as well as our conscious experience. Through the process of perception, we are able to gain information and knowledge about our environment, allowing us to safely and effectively navigate in the world.
Nutrition And Growth, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Nutrition And Growth, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
From a child’s embryonic development in the womb to adulthood, nutrition plays a key role in physical, mental, and social growth and development. Throughout the lifespan, proper nutrition and growth are essential to living a long, healthy life. Nutrition is particularly important in the developmental period.
Craik & Lockhart: Levels Of Processing, Macey Cartwright, Heidi Kloos
Craik & Lockhart: Levels Of Processing, Macey Cartwright, Heidi Kloos
Essays in Developmental Psychology
What is the nature of mental activity that allows a child to remember a past experience? Traditionally, the question of memory was answered with an exclusively static model: The mind was said to have storage bins to which represented experiences are added. Depending on the exact nature of the storage bin, the experience is remembered either for a short time (i.e., shortterm memory) or for a long time (i.e., long-term memory). Though widely familiar, this model of static storage bins falls notoriously short on explaining the nuance of memory findings. For example, short-term memory appears to have strict capacity limits …
Representative Sampling, Jessica Choe, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Representative Sampling, Jessica Choe, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The research process begins with an initial observation that scientists or researchers of various backgrounds want to engage in and understand, which prompts them to formulate theories and hypotheses, collect data, and use statistical procedures to organize, summarize, and interpret gathered data. Research conducted through questionnaires or surveys are often utilized to determine the nature of a population or the interests of members in a particular group.
Durable Power Of Attorney, Carolyn L. Carlson
Durable Power Of Attorney, Carolyn L. Carlson
Essays in Developmental Psychology
A power of attorney is a written document that authorizes an individual (an “agent” or “attorney-in-fact”) to act on behalf of another individual (the “principal”) in a fiduciary capacity related to matters specified within the power of attorney document. The agent does not have to be a licensed attorney in order to assume the role as agent, but must act with care and in good faith when dealing with the principal’s affairs. An agent’s power can be limited to a specific transaction, such as purchasing a specified piece of real estate, or the agent can be authorized to complete various …
Possible Selves, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Possible Selves, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Self-concept is an individual’s idea of who the individual was in the past, who the individual is at present, and who that individual has the potential to become in the future. When considering self-concept, group memberships and other social roles typically shape how an individual thinks about him- or herself. A strong self-concept helps an individual to make sense of his or her present situation, maintains positive feelings through difficult situations, make sensible predictions about the future, as well as helps to sustain motivation.
Intersensory Redundancy, Macey Cartwright, Heidi Kloos
Intersensory Redundancy, Macey Cartwright, Heidi Kloos
Essays in Developmental Psychology
How does redundancy in the input affect the child’s attention? Consider, for example, a scenario in which the child is listening to a parent’s utterances, as well as watching the parent’s lips moving in synchrony with the speech. Intuitively, one might assume that there is an inherent advantage in such informational coherence. The match between sounds and visual input might help constrain attention in productive ways. Alternatively, a mismatch in intersensory information might affects attention negatively. The reality of how intersensory redundancy affects a child’s attention is more surprising than what intuition might suggest, as we discuss in this essay.
Psychomotor Speed In Old Age, Cheryl Chakranarayan, Nathan C. Weed
Psychomotor Speed In Old Age, Cheryl Chakranarayan, Nathan C. Weed
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Psychomotor ability is defined in terms of the relationship between cognitive functions and motor activities. It plays an important role in acquiring and carrying out a broad range of physical skills and coordinated behaviors, such as playing a sport, or in everyday activities like pouring a glass of milk or applying makeup. Psychomotor speed therefore is the rate at which a certain psychomotor behavior can be carried out. Because of the relevance of psychomotor speed to many areas of personal functioning, it has been extensively studied in a wide variety of applied contexts including sports performance, personnel selection within the …
Spirituality, Kimberly Diah, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Spirituality, Kimberly Diah, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The concept of spirituality is polysemic and adapts different meaning based on individual experiences, culture, and purpose. For many, spirituality means being a part of a structured religion such as attending church, going to a mosque or synagogue. For others, it is a personal journey that involves meditation, yoga, private worship with a higher power or God and reflection. Spirituality can also be a way of seeking meaning through connections with other people, or nature. Virtually, it is a broad concept that allows multiple perspectives to take hold. While the object or belief may differ, the commonality among spirituality suggests …
Adolescent Social Development, Randall E. Osborne
Adolescent Social Development, Randall E. Osborne
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Views about the manner and nature of human development have changed across time (Psyking.net 2016). Some of these views have been religious (e.g., creationism) and some of these views have been more biological (e.g., preformationism). Regardless of the focus of the view, how we believe human beings develop has a profound effect on our expectations for those beings. One early view of human development from a biological perspective was Preformationism. This is explained as, “A notion that was widespread among pioneer biologists in the 18th century was that the fetus, and hence the adult organism that develops from it, is …
The Concrete Operational Period Of Development, Rebecca Olson, Kelsey Eackles, Cassandra Kepple, Cheryl B. Mcneil
The Concrete Operational Period Of Development, Rebecca Olson, Kelsey Eackles, Cassandra Kepple, Cheryl B. Mcneil
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Jean Piaget was one of the first psychologists to systematically investigate the cognitive development of children. He believed that intelligence develops as a result of both biological and environmental reactions rather than being an unchangeable, inherited trait. He believed cognition develops in distinct stages from infancy to adulthood, which became the basis of Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory.
Sibling Relationships In Old Age, Ronald Okolichany, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Sibling Relationships In Old Age, Ronald Okolichany, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The relationship between siblings is unique among family relationships in that sibling relationships have a dimension of equality. In other words, they do not necessarily share the same obligations toward each other as a married partners or parents and child may, especially in Western cultures. Durkheim (1933) described sibling relationships as a “mechanical” bond rather than an “organic” bond, which would better characterize a complimentary relationship, such as that between married partners or a parent and child. This mechanical bond results in ambivalence and rivalry towards one another during childhood and early adulthood, as siblings are often forced to compete …
Speech (Building Blocks), Ronald Okolichany, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Speech (Building Blocks), Ronald Okolichany, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Nova Southeastern University The building blocks of language begin with the smallest distinguishable unit, the phoneme, and grow in complexity to convey meaning within a specific social context. The study of meaning is known as semantics. According to Kellogg (2003), the goal of semantic theories is to explain how individuals form mental representations of words and thus derive meaning from them. The smallest distinguishable unit of speech is the phoneme. A phoneme is essentially a unique speech sound, or phonological segment, that can alter the meaning of a word. For instance, if you examine the words “pat” and “cat” you …
Sensorimotor Period, Maria Munoz, Heidi Kloos
Sensorimotor Period, Maria Munoz, Heidi Kloos
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The developing mind does not merely follow a linear trajectory—say from knowing little to knowing more. Instead, the mind appears to actively organize information into coherent structures. According to Jean Piaget, these mental organizations – referred to as schemas – go through qualitatively distinct stages, the first of which is the sensorimotor period. Cognition at this stage is characterized by a reliance on reflexes and primary sense, rather than on symbolic or abstract thought. The argument is that children younger than 2 years base their cognition on immediate actions-perception loops, making distinctive mistakes when the task requires an ability to …
Cognitive Dissonance, Afton Nelson, Eric A. Goedereis
Cognitive Dissonance, Afton Nelson, Eric A. Goedereis
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Leon Festinger proposed the theory of cognitive dissonance in 1957, in which he extensively outlined the major derivations of dissonance, consonance, and justification (Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959). In short, cognitive dissonance occurs when one’s actions are inconsistent with previous beliefs about one’s self. The inconsistency in these beliefs creates conflict within the self. For example, an individual may think of herself as a good person, yet she breaks a law. In this example, there is inconsistency between one’s current action and prior beliefs about the self.
Memory Strategies, Tina M. Miyake, Erika K. Fulton
Memory Strategies, Tina M. Miyake, Erika K. Fulton
Essays in Developmental Psychology
If questioned, we can all probably describe a strategy we employed to try to remember relevant information (e.g., I rehearsed the definitions, I generated examples of the definitions) for some future event (e.g., a test). Essentially, memory strategies help manage encoding and retrieval demands given a particular memory task. In the example of a test, we must figure out how to remember all the material covered on the test. This task requires that our studying allow us to discriminate the information at test. Famous psychologist, Endel Tulving, demonstrated the Encoding Specificity Principle that posits that the more similar the retrieval …
John B. Watson, Afton Nelson, Amanda Kracen
John B. Watson, Afton Nelson, Amanda Kracen
Essays in Developmental Psychology
John B. Watson (1878 – 1958) was an influential American psychologist credited with advancing behaviorism, a psychological approach that considers all behavior to be a result of interactions with the external environment. Watson was born in South Carolina on January 9, 1878, where he lived throughout his childhood. Despite his rebellious adolescent years and poor academic performance, he graduated with a master’s degree from Furman University in South Carolina at the age of 21. He earned a Ph.D. in psychology in 1903 from the University of Chicago, where he studied animal behaviors for his doctoral dissertation. In 1908, Watson accepted …
Ethical Research, Stephanie Nguyen, Aya Shigeto
Ethical Research, Stephanie Nguyen, Aya Shigeto
Essays in Developmental Psychology
In the early history of empirical research, the ethical code of conduct was only loosely followed and not well regulated. Now, following a proper code of ethics is expected in research with committees from the institutional to the international level strictly regulating and holding researchers accountable for their work. Research ethics address questions, such as whether a study will produce the greatest good; who is intended to benefit from a study at the expense of others; and how research participants, especially those from vulnerable populations (e.g., pregnant women; minors; people in impoverished circumstances, with disabilities, or from minority groups), should …
Psychological Development During Childhood, Meg Milligan, Kanessa Miller Doss, Sherrionda H. Crawford
Psychological Development During Childhood, Meg Milligan, Kanessa Miller Doss, Sherrionda H. Crawford
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Childhood is a time of tremendous psychological development. Our personalities, cognitive capabilities, and emotions expand and transform us from infants to adolescents. In some ways we exhibit continuous development, while others are more accurately described as stages. The following pages present some of these significant changes that occur during early and middle childhood.
Intelligence In Adulthood, Shehroo B. Pudumjee, Nathan C. Weed
Intelligence In Adulthood, Shehroo B. Pudumjee, Nathan C. Weed
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The construct of intelligence has been extensively debated and ascribed many definitions. A typical example, provided by David Wechsler, defines intelligence as “the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with [one’s] environment.” While most intelligence theorists agree upon the existence of a “general intelligence” (often symbolized g), and agree upon the existence of narrower abilities, there is a great deal of disagreement about the nature and number of the narrower abilities. For example, Cattell proposed a model including crystallized intelligence, the ability to employ acquired skills and knowledge, and …
Muhammad Ibn Zakariya Razi, Mithra H. Pirooz, Jonathan B. Santo
Muhammad Ibn Zakariya Razi, Mithra H. Pirooz, Jonathan B. Santo
Essays in Developmental Psychology
A Persian physician, alchemist, philosopher, and polymath, Muhammad ibn Zakariya Razi was born near current-day Tehran, Iran in 854 CE and died in around 925 CE. Credited with more than 200 manuscripts, he contributed to numerous disciplines and is still celebrated to this day.
Job Dissatisfaction, David A. Scott, Dawn-Marie Farrell-Smith, Angela Garren, Hannah Wegley
Job Dissatisfaction, David A. Scott, Dawn-Marie Farrell-Smith, Angela Garren, Hannah Wegley
Essays in Developmental Psychology
We either have experienced or know someone who has experienced job dissatisfaction at some point in their life. Many factors can lead to job dissatisfaction, including horrible mangers, poor working conditions, irritating co-workers and even harassment. Job dissatisfaction is very common and can have an impact on a person’s overall health and relationships. Job dissatisfaction can also lead to people changing careers several times over their lifetime. A person would be considered very lucky to have a job they enjoy going to each and every day.
Love (Components), Zahra Sattaur, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Love (Components), Zahra Sattaur, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Several theories have emerged over the years to explain love. These theories have emerged in order to understand the nature of one’s experience of love in daily life. The two dominating theories on love are those proposed by John Alan Lee and Robert Sternberg. Lee’s model suggested a model which includes six styles of love, three which are primary, and three that are considered secondary. The primary styles of love are Eros or passionate love, Ludus or game-playing love, and Storge which is friendship-based love. The secondary styles of love are Pragma or practical love, Mania which is possessive love, …
Play And Gender, Mithra H. Pirooz, Jonathan B. Santo
Play And Gender, Mithra H. Pirooz, Jonathan B. Santo
Essays in Developmental Psychology
While children vary greatly in their play preferences, research has shown that gender differences in play tend to emerge fairly young. These gender differences may be influenced by a variety of sources. Parents, peers, teachers, and media all impact on children’s play. Such gender differences have been documented in North American and European countries, including those that are fairly gender-egalitarian, including Sweden.
Unemployment, David A. Scott, Caroline Sumner, Taylor Roberson, Rachel Edwards
Unemployment, David A. Scott, Caroline Sumner, Taylor Roberson, Rachel Edwards
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Unemployment is a difficulty that millions of Americans face on a yearly basis. Unemployment is a multifaceted concern that impacts the individual, including their financial security, their family, and the larger community systems. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reported the unemployment rate at 4.1% in 2017, which is the lowest unemployment rate since 2000. Based on the BLS’s 2016 statistics, African Americans suffer with the highest unemployment rates, followed by Hispanics, Whites, and lastly, Asians. However, statistics only tell part of the story. According to the BLS, unemployment is classified as “people who are jobless, are actively seeking work …
Wear And Tear Theory Of Aging, Zahra Sattaur, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Wear And Tear Theory Of Aging, Zahra Sattaur, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The wear and tear theory of aging is an idea proposed by German biologist, Dr. August Wiesmann, in 1882. The theory suggests that aging results from a gradual deterioration of the cells and tissues of the body via wear and tear, oxidative stress, exposure to radiation, toxins, or other deteriorative processes. It suggests that living organisms “wear out” over time with repeated use and increased stress on the body. This concept is similar to the idea that objects such as automobiles deteriorate or wear out as they are used repeatedly over time. Because people observe the wear and tear on …
Infant Speech Perception And Babbling, Brian Schanding
Infant Speech Perception And Babbling, Brian Schanding
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Much work in the study of early life speech perception centers on an infant’s ability to discriminate sounds. Studies rely on an infant’s reactions to spoken language, measured by various physical and biometric responses, as evidence of an infant’s ability to perceive distinct spoken sounds. Studies have identified a number of characteristics of human speech, termed cues, which infants have demonstrated they can recognize.
Charles Darwin, Michaela J. Santo, Jonathan B. Santo
Charles Darwin, Michaela J. Santo, Jonathan B. Santo
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Charles Robert Darwin was born February 12th, 1809 in Shropshire England, the fifth child of six to Robert and Susannah Darwin. Although Darwin is best known for his work as a naturalist, he had an early interest in medicine working with his father treating the poor in the village of his birth. Though he enrolled in medical school, he found the study of taxidermy more engaging than his medical studies. His interest soon shifted towards natural history, to the cataloging of beetles and eventually geology. He subsequently dropped the pursuit of medicine to finishing his coursework to become an Anglican …