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The Missouri Miner,December 8 , 2011 Dec 2011

The Missouri Miner,December 8 , 2011

The Missouri Miner Newspaper

No abstract provided.

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Pulmonary Diffusional Screening And The Scaling Laws Of Mammalian Metabolic Rates, Chen Hou, Michael Mayo Dec 2011

Pulmonary Diffusional Screening And The Scaling Laws Of Mammalian Metabolic Rates, Chen Hou, Michael Mayo

Biological Sciences Faculty Research & Creative Works

Theoretical considerations suggest that the mammalian metabolic rate is linearly proportional to the surface areas of mitochondria, capillary, and alveolar membranes. However, the scaling exponents of these surface areas to the mammals' body mass (approximately 0.9-1) are higher than exponents of the resting metabolic rate (RMR) to body mass (approximately 0.75), although similar to the one of exercise metabolic rate (EMR); the underlying physiological cause of this mismatch remains unclear. The analysis presented here shows that discrepancies between the scaling exponents of RMR and the relevant surface areas may originate from, at least for the system of alveolar membranes in …

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The Missouri Miner, December 1, 2011 Dec 2011

The Missouri Miner, December 1, 2011

The Missouri Miner Newspaper

No abstract provided.

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Winter 2011 E-Certi Newsletter, Center For Educational Research And Teaching Innovation Dec 2011

Winter 2011 E-Certi Newsletter, Center For Educational Research And Teaching Innovation

CAFE Faculty Newsletters

Hello S&T instructors! Congratulations on finishing another semester. Is it possible to go from dismal teaching evaluations to becoming an award-winning teacher? Find out how Greg Hilmas did it. Also in this issue, we congratulate 50+ award-winning faculty members, hear about why Chem 1 is going to a “buffet” model in the spring, and offer resources for teaching Millennials.

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Missouri S&T Magazine Winter 2011, Missouri S&T Marketing And Communications Department, Miner Alumni Association Dec 2011

Missouri S&T Magazine Winter 2011, Missouri S&T Marketing And Communications Department, Miner Alumni Association

Missouri S&T Magazine

No abstract provided.

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Link Activity Scheduling For Minimum End-To-End Latency In Multihop Wireless Sensor Networks, Maggie X. Cheng, Xuan Gong, Yibo Xu, Lin Cai Dec 2011

Link Activity Scheduling For Minimum End-To-End Latency In Multihop Wireless Sensor Networks, Maggie X. Cheng, Xuan Gong, Yibo Xu, Lin Cai

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

End-to-end delay is an important QoS metric in sensor networks as well as any application that involves transferring of small-sized files. in this paper, we address how to minimize the end-to-end delay in a multihop wireless network. End-to-end delay is defined as the total time it takes for a single packet to reach the destination. It is a result of many factors including the length of the routing path and the interference level along the path. in this paper we present a transmission scheduling scheme that minimizes the end-to-end delay along a given route. the link scheduling scheme is based …

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Wsrank: A Method For Web Service Ranking In Cloud Environment, Rong Hu, Wanchun Dou, Xiaoqing Frank Liu, Jianxun Liu Dec 2011

Wsrank: A Method For Web Service Ranking In Cloud Environment, Rong Hu, Wanchun Dou, Xiaoqing Frank Liu, Jianxun Liu

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

For services that have similar functionalities, if they are published by different cloud platforms, it is a challenge to evaluate them, for satisfying different end users' personal preferences. in view of this challenge, a method for web service ranking, named WSRank, is investigated in cloud environment in this paper. It aims at ranking different Web services published by different cloud platforms, taking advantage of Page Rank principle. at last, a case study and experiment are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the method. © 2011 IEEE.

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Information Flow Security In Cyber-Physical Systems, Thoshitha Gamage, Ravi Akella, Thomas Roth, Bruce Mcmillin Dec 2011

Information Flow Security In Cyber-Physical Systems, Thoshitha Gamage, Ravi Akella, Thomas Roth, Bruce Mcmillin

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

Preserving the confidentiality of sensitive internal actions is a unique challenge in Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) due to the inherent external observability of such systems and the tight coupling between their cyber and physical domains. the far-reaching objective of this work is to develop a science of self-obfuscating systems based on the composition of simple building blocks. a model of Nondeducibility composes the building blocks under information flow security properties. to this end, this paper proposes fundamental theories on external observability for basic regular networks and the concept of "event compensation". Copyright © 2011 ACM.

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Alternative Crankshaft Mechanisms And Kinetic Energy Recovery Systems For Improved Fuel Economy Of Light Duty Vehicles, Alberto Boretti, Houshsng Masudi, Joseph Scalzo Dec 2011

Alternative Crankshaft Mechanisms And Kinetic Energy Recovery Systems For Improved Fuel Economy Of Light Duty Vehicles, Alberto Boretti, Houshsng Masudi, Joseph Scalzo

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The introduction of advanced internal combustion engine mechanisms and powertrains may improve the fuel conversion efficiency of an engine and thus reduce the amount of energy needed to power the vehicle. the paper presents a novel design of a variable compression ratio advanced spark ignition engine that also permits an expansion ratio that may differ from the induction stroke therefore generating an Atkinson cycle effect. the stroke ratio and the ratio of maximum to minimum in-cylinder volumes may change with load and speed to provide the best fuel conversion efficiency. the variable ratio of maximum to minimum in-cylinder volumes also …

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Surfactant Induced Reservoir Wettability Alteration: Recent Theoretical And Experimental Advances In Enhanced Oil Recovery, Yefei Wang, Huaimin Xu, Weizhao Yu, Baojun Bai, Xinwang Song, Jichao Zhang Dec 2011

Surfactant Induced Reservoir Wettability Alteration: Recent Theoretical And Experimental Advances In Enhanced Oil Recovery, Yefei Wang, Huaimin Xu, Weizhao Yu, Baojun Bai, Xinwang Song, Jichao Zhang

Geosciences and Geological and Petroleum Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Reservoir wettability plays an important role in various oil recovery processes. The origin and evolution of reservoir wettability were critically reviewed to better understand the complexity of wettability due to interactions in crude oil-brine-rock system, with introduction of different wetting states and their influence on fluid distribution in pore spaces. The effect of wettability on oil recovery of waterflooding was then summarized from past and recent research to emphasize the importance of wettability in oil displacement by brine. The mechanism of wettability alteration by different surfactants in both carbonate and sandstone reservoirs was analyzed, concerning their distinct surface chemistry, and …

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Assessment Of Corrosion Potential Of Coarse Backfill Aggregates For Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls, Anita Thapalia, David M. Borrok, Soheil Nazarian, Jose Garibay Dec 2011

Assessment Of Corrosion Potential Of Coarse Backfill Aggregates For Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls, Anita Thapalia, David M. Borrok, Soheil Nazarian, Jose Garibay

Geosciences and Geological and Petroleum Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The service life of mechanically stabilized earth walls depends on the rate of corrosion of the metallic reinforcements used in their construction. The assessment of corrosion potential requires an accurate evaluation of pH, resistivity, and sulfate and chloride concentrations of aqueous solutions in contact with the surrounding aggregate. Highway agencies tend to use larger aggregates that contain only a small amount of fine material (passing the Number 40 sieve) in the backfill. Evaluation of the electrochemical parameters of coarse aggregates is challenging because traditional evaluation methods call for the use of fine material. In this study, the suitability of traditional …

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Scaling Laws Of Key Predistribution Protocols In Wireless Sensor Networks, Wenjun Gu, Sriram Chellappan, Xiaole Bai, Honggang Wang Dec 2011

Scaling Laws Of Key Predistribution Protocols In Wireless Sensor Networks, Wenjun Gu, Sriram Chellappan, Xiaole Bai, Honggang Wang

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

Many key predistribution (KP) protocols have been proposed and are well accepted in randomly deployed wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Being distributed and localized, they are perceived to be scalable as node density and network dimension increase. While it is true in terms of communication/computation overhead, their scalability in terms of security performance is unclear. in this paper, we conduct a detailed study on this issue. in particular, we define a new metric called Resilient Connectivity (RC) to quantify security performance in WSNs. We then conduct a detailed analytical investigation on how KP protocols scale with respect to node density and …

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Improving The Efficiency Of Lpg Compression Ignition Engines For Passenger Cars Through Waste Heat Recovery, Alberto Boretti Dec 2011

Improving The Efficiency Of Lpg Compression Ignition Engines For Passenger Cars Through Waste Heat Recovery, Alberto Boretti

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The turbocharged direct injection lean burn Diesel engine is the most efficient now in production for transport applications with full load brake efficiencies up to 40 to 45% and reduced penalties in brake efficiencies reducing the load by the quantity of fuel injected. the secrets of this engine's performances are the high compression ratio and the lean bulk combustion mostly diffusion controlled in addition to the partial recovery of the exhaust energy to boost the charging efficiency. the major downfalls of this engine are the carbon dioxide emissions and the depletion of fossil fuels using fossil diesel, the energy security …

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Male Backlash, Bargaining, Or Exposure Reduction?: Women's Working Status And Physical Spousal Violence In India, Yoo-Mi Chin Dec 2011

Male Backlash, Bargaining, Or Exposure Reduction?: Women's Working Status And Physical Spousal Violence In India, Yoo-Mi Chin

Economics Faculty Research & Creative Works

Labor force participation of women is expected to decrease the risk of spousal violence by enhancing their bargaining power or diminishing their contacts with abusive partners. the opposite effect is predicted when female employment induces male backlash. I identify the effect of female employment on spousal violence by exploiting the exogenous variations in rural women's working status driven by rainfall shocks and the rice-wheat dichotomy. the instrumental variable regression result indicates that female employment significantly reduces the incidence of spousal violence. This result is mainly driven by the exposure reduction effect that dominates male backlash. There is, however, no evidence …

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Directional Limits On Persistent Gravitational Waves Using Ligo S5 Science Data, J. Abadie, Marco Cavaglia, For Full List Of Authors, See Publisher's Website. Dec 2011

Directional Limits On Persistent Gravitational Waves Using Ligo S5 Science Data, J. Abadie, Marco Cavaglia, For Full List Of Authors, See Publisher's Website.

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

The gravitational-wave (GW) sky may include nearby pointlike sources as well as stochastic backgrounds. We perform two directional searches for persistent GWs using data from the LIGO S5 science run: one optimized for pointlike sources and one for arbitrary extended sources. Finding no evidence to support the detection of GWs, we present 90% confidence level (C.L.) upper-limit maps of GW strain power with typical values between 2 - 20 x 10-50 strain2 Hz-1 and 5 - 35 x 10-49 strain2Hz-1sr-1 for pointlike and extended sources, respectively. The latter result is the …

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Efficient Uncertainty Quantification In Multidisciplinary Analysis Of A Reusable Launch Vehicle, Benjamin R. Bettis, Serhat Hosder, Tyler Winter Dec 2011

Efficient Uncertainty Quantification In Multidisciplinary Analysis Of A Reusable Launch Vehicle, Benjamin R. Bettis, Serhat Hosder, Tyler Winter

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The objective of this study was to apply a recently developed uncertainty quantification framework to the multidisciplinary analysis of a reusable launch vehicle (RLV). This particular framework is capable of efficiently propagating mixed (inherent and epistemic) uncertainties through complex simulation codes. the goal of the analysis was to quantify uncertainty in various output parameters obtained from the RLV analysis, including the maximum dynamic pressure, cross-range, range, and vehicle takeoff gross weight. Three main uncertainty sources were treated in the simulations: (1) reentry angle of attack (inherent uncertainty), (2) altitude of the initial reentry point (inherent uncertainty), and (3) the Young's …

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Prospects For Determination Of Thermal History After Inflation With Future Gravitational Wave Detectors, Sachiko Kuroyanagi, Kazunori Nakayama, Shun Saito Dec 2011

Prospects For Determination Of Thermal History After Inflation With Future Gravitational Wave Detectors, Sachiko Kuroyanagi, Kazunori Nakayama, Shun Saito

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

Thermal history of the Universe between inflation and big-bang nucleosynthesis has not yet been revealed observationally. It will be probed by the detection of primordial gravitational waves generated during inflation, which contain information on the reheating temperature as well as the equation of state of the Universe after inflation. Based on the Fisher information formalism, we examine how accurately the tensor-to-scalar ratio and reheating temperature after inflation can be simultaneously determined with space-based gravitational wave detectors such as the DECI-hertz Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory and the Big-Bang Observer. We show that the reheating temperature is best determined if it is around …

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Thermal Correction To The Molar Polarizability Of A Boltzmann Gas, Ulrich D. Jentschura, Mariusz Puchalski, Peter J. Mohr Dec 2011

Thermal Correction To The Molar Polarizability Of A Boltzmann Gas, Ulrich D. Jentschura, Mariusz Puchalski, Peter J. Mohr

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

Metrology in atomic physics has been crucial for a number of advanced determinations of fundamental constants. In addition to very precise frequency measurements, the molar polarizability of an atomic gas has recently also been measured very accurately. Part of the motivation for the measurements is due to ongoing efforts to redefine the International System of Units (SI), for which an accurate value of the Boltzmann constant is needed. Here we calculate the dominant shift of the molar polarizability in an atomic gas due to thermal effects. It is given by the relativistic correction to the dipole interaction, which emerges when …

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Fluid Flow-Related Transport Phenomena In Steel Slab Continuous Casting Strands Under Electromagnetic Brake, Yufeng Wang, Lifeng Zhang Dec 2011

Fluid Flow-Related Transport Phenomena In Steel Slab Continuous Casting Strands Under Electromagnetic Brake, Yufeng Wang, Lifeng Zhang

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In the current study, a three-dimensional (3D) numerical model is built to investigate the effect of a local-type electromagnetic brake (EMBr) on the fluid flow, heat transfer, and inclusion motion in slab continuous casting strands. the results indicate that the magnetic force affects the jet characteristics, including jet angle, turbulent kinetic energy, and its dissipation rate. to reduce the top surface velocity and stabilize the top surface, the magnetic flux intensity should be larger than a critical value. with a 0.39 T magnetic flux intensity, the top surface velocity and its fluctuation can be well controlled, and less slag is …

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Grain Boundary Behavior In An Ultrafine-Grained Aluminum Alloy, P. S. De, R. S. Mishra Dec 2011

Grain Boundary Behavior In An Ultrafine-Grained Aluminum Alloy, P. S. De, R. S. Mishra

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The low-angle grain boundary (LAGB) stability in an ultrafine-grained (UFG) Al alloy during monotonic loading was investigated by orientation imaging microscopy (OIM). the experiments show that boundaries with misorientation below ∼2.5 deg are stable, while boundaries with misorientation between 2.5 and 15 deg are unstable. Similar results were observed during cyclic loading of UFG Al alloy. This behavior was rationalized using the nonequilibrium thermodynamics concept. on the other hand, it is postulated that the grain boundary behavior in microcrystalline alloy is different because of the larger dislocation mean free path. © 2011 the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM …

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Influence Of Grain Size And Texture On Hall-Petch Relationship For A Magnesium Alloy, W. Yuan, S. K. Panigrahi, J. Q. Su, R. S. Mishra Dec 2011

Influence Of Grain Size And Texture On Hall-Petch Relationship For A Magnesium Alloy, W. Yuan, S. K. Panigrahi, J. Q. Su, R. S. Mishra

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Friction stir processing was applied to a magnesium alloy to generate various grain sizes with the same intense basal texture. Subsequent tensile deformation along two orthogonal directions by easy activation or inhibition of basal slip follows the Hall-Petch relationship between yield stress and grain size in both directions. the Hall-Petch parameters are texture dependent. Easy activation of basal slip introduces lower values, while inhibition of basal slip leads to higher values. the Hall-Petch parameters are interpreted by texture and microstructural factors. © 2011 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Modeling Unbound Granular Materials Under Complex Stress Paths, Cheng Chen, Louis Ge Dec 2011

Modeling Unbound Granular Materials Under Complex Stress Paths, Cheng Chen, Louis Ge

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Developing reliable and versatile constitutive models for geomaterials has been challenging tasks for nonlinear finite element analysis of geotechnical engineering systems. the fuzzy set plasticity theory has been developed to account for the nonlinear soil stress-strain response under complex stress paths. the theory in many ways resembles the bounding surface plasticity, where the plastic modulus is a function of the distance between the current and image stress states in the stress space. based on the concept of fuzzy set theory in mathematics, a membership function whose value ranges from 1 and 0 is introduced in the Fuzzy Set Plasticity Theory …

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Application Of Threshold Concepts To Improve A Design-Focused Course In Transportation Engineering, Dan Cernusca, Ghulam Bham Dec 2011

Application Of Threshold Concepts To Improve A Design-Focused Course In Transportation Engineering, Dan Cernusca, Ghulam Bham

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Design is an integral part of engineering courses. to address its associated problems, however, is a challenging task in instruction because of design's open-endedness and complexity. in this study, two theoretical models were implemented in an introductory transportation engineering course to address the challenges associated with design of a highway. First, the theoretical framework proposed by the threshold concepts model was used to identify a candidate concept for the instructional redesign process. Two major characteristics of threshold concepts, integrativity and transformativity, were used to identify horizontal alignment as a candidate concept for the highway design process. Second, concept mapping was …

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Characterization Of Crushed Rock-Concrete Interface Behavior Through The Parallel Gradation Technique, Domenica Cambio, Xin Kang, Louis Ge Dec 2011

Characterization Of Crushed Rock-Concrete Interface Behavior Through The Parallel Gradation Technique, Domenica Cambio, Xin Kang, Louis Ge

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The response of a soil-structure system subjected to monotonic or cyclic loading is influenced significantly by the mechanical behavior of soil-structure interface. in this paper, the friction characteristics of the crushed rock-concrete interface and the role of the crushed rock deformability were examined through a series of monotonic and cyclic direct shear tests. the physical modeling technique of parallel gradation was adopted where two parallel gradation curves of the crushed rocks were prepared and used in the tests. the tests were carried out in dry condition and with two initial void ratios representing both loose and dense states. Two concrete …

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Measuring Global Response Of A Wind Turbine To Simulated Earthquake Shaking Assisted By Point Tracking Videogrammetry, Ian Prowell, Tim Schmidt, Ahmed Elgamal, Chia Ming Uang, Hal Romanowitz, J. Edward Duggan Dec 2011

Measuring Global Response Of A Wind Turbine To Simulated Earthquake Shaking Assisted By Point Tracking Videogrammetry, Ian Prowell, Tim Schmidt, Ahmed Elgamal, Chia Ming Uang, Hal Romanowitz, J. Edward Duggan

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Experiments investigating earthquake response of structures traditionally use conventional wired instruments such as strain gauges, displacement transducers, and accelerometers deployed at key areas of interest throughout structure. for wind turbines the rotor is one of these key areas, but due to rotation it is not possible to use wired instruments without a special slip ring. in a recent experiment conducted using the Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) Large High Performance Shake Table (LHPOST) at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) the global response of a full scale 65-kW turbine (22 m hub height) was monitored using a novel …

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Work In Progress - Exercises In Squeak Smalltalk For Pre-College Education, Steve Eugene Watkins, Nicolette Kowalewski, Kathryn N. Rodhouse, Benjamin Cooper Dec 2011

Work In Progress - Exercises In Squeak Smalltalk For Pre-College Education, Steve Eugene Watkins, Nicolette Kowalewski, Kathryn N. Rodhouse, Benjamin Cooper

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Computer programming education helps to prepare pre-college students to function in a technology-based society and to promote technical careers. However, opportunities are limited for pre-college students to learn computer programming and effective programming instruction can be difficult. A set of introductory, self-paced tutorials in Squeak Smalltalk has been developed for students in high school and middle school. This work describes two supplementary exercises that address the needs of new learners, especially those at younger ages. Students are given tools for drawing and image manipulation. The optional exercises integrate basic concepts while allowing more interactivity and customization through creative "play." © …

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Work In Progress - Virtual Facilitation And Procedural Knowledge Education, Ray Luechtefeld, Steve Eugene Watkins Dec 2011

Work In Progress - Virtual Facilitation And Procedural Knowledge Education, Ray Luechtefeld, Steve Eugene Watkins

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Engineering students acquire both conceptual and procedural knowledge as part of their education. While conceptual knowledge, such as understanding why certain design practices are required or having knowledge of the general principles of engineering development, is essential, procedural knowledge to enact specific engineering practices is also needed. This kind of knowledge, such as balancing chemical equations, solving calculus problems, or finding Thevenin-Norton equivalents, is usually taught through rote problem solving, sometimes with the guidance of teaching assistants or aid from the instructor if students find themselves "stuck". However, a Virtual Facilitator, designed to help students develop team skills, can also …

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Simulations Of Pulse Signals With X-Parameters, Nick K.H. Huang, Lijun Jiang Dec 2011

Simulations Of Pulse Signals With X-Parameters, Nick K.H. Huang, Lijun Jiang

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Nonlinearity is becoming increasingly important to IC technologies. From the PHD formalism, X-parameter models provide an accurate frequency-domain method under large-signal operating points to characterize their nonlinear behaviors. In this work, X-parameter models are investigated to handle time-domain pulse signals which is critical to IC signal integrity but was not studied before. Two representative circuits, an analog LNA and a digital CMOS buffer, were employed to characterize the X-parameter performance. The results obtained in this paper provide the first hand data for pulse signal responses of X-parameters in signal integrity modelings. © 2011 IEEE.

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Optofluidic Glucose Sensor Utilizing An Epoxy-Based, Transparent Dry Film Resist, Zhan Gao, Sijia Gong, Chang Soo Kim, David B. Henthorn Dec 2011

Optofluidic Glucose Sensor Utilizing An Epoxy-Based, Transparent Dry Film Resist, Zhan Gao, Sijia Gong, Chang Soo Kim, David B. Henthorn

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

An enzymatic, fluorescent glucose sensor was constructed with a novel epoxy-Based, optically transparent dry film resist (PerMX 3000 series, DuPont). This material was utilized as the main active material for fluidic structure and optical interrogation. This sensor was based on the enzymatic reaction of glucose oxidase (GOD) and utilized a ruthenium complex fluorophore as the reporting agent. Both the oxygen-sensitive ruthenium complex and GOD were incorporated into poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)-Based hydrogel materials, which were lithographically patterned and embedded inside the PerMX fluidic channel after wafer-bonding process. the optofluidic sensing platform with this embedded sensing elements exhibited a wide dynamic …

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Eigenvalue Distributions Of Mimo Rayleigh-Product Channels With Arbitrary-Power Co-Channel Interference And Noise, Yongpeng Wu, Shi Jin, Xiqi Gao, Chengshan Xiao, Matthew R. Mckay Dec 2011

Eigenvalue Distributions Of Mimo Rayleigh-Product Channels With Arbitrary-Power Co-Channel Interference And Noise, Yongpeng Wu, Shi Jin, Xiqi Gao, Chengshan Xiao, Matthew R. Mckay

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper studies the eigenvalue distributions of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Rayleigh-product channels in the presence of both co-channel interference and thermal noise. We first present exact expressions for the marginal ordered eigenvalue distributions of the channel Gram matrix when multichannel beamforming is employed, from which we obtain exact results of the outage probability on each eigenmode. Our results apply to a wide class of multichannel systems which transmit on the eigenmodes of the MIMO channel, allowing for transmission on any numbers of eigen subchannels, with any numbers of antennas, any numbers of scatterers in the environment, and any numbers of …

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