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The Effect Of X-Ray Irradiation Technology On Salmonella Spp. And Quality Parameters Of Ready-To-Bake Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough, Kala Grace Morris
The Effect Of X-Ray Irradiation Technology On Salmonella Spp. And Quality Parameters Of Ready-To-Bake Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough, Kala Grace Morris
Theses and Dissertations
Salmonella contamination in cookie dough poses a threat to consumers. This study investigated the effect of X-ray irradiation on Salmonella-inoculated ready-to-bake chocolate chip cookie dough and its impact on dough quality. A Salmonella cocktail (~10 log CFU/g) was prepared and inoculated into cookie dough samples (~6.5 log CFU/g) and then treated with X?ray irradiation (0.25, 0.5, and 1 kGy). Salmonella decreased by 1.15, 1.79, and 2.49 log CFU/g, at an exposure of 0.25, 0.5, and 1 kGy, respectively. Quality parameters (pH, aw, and colorimetry) were evaluated for two brands. No statistical difference (P>0.05) in pH was observed for Brand …
Evaluation Of Soybean (Glycine Max (L.) Merr.) Yield Potential Following Simulated Population Loss And Replant Strategies, William Paul O'Neal
Evaluation Of Soybean (Glycine Max (L.) Merr.) Yield Potential Following Simulated Population Loss And Replant Strategies, William Paul O'Neal
Theses and Dissertations
Soybean producers are often faced with challenges regarding stand loss situations that can be caused by many different things. Often, in a replant situation, producers must decide if it is best to keep the failed stand without replanting, keep the failed stand and replant at a lower rate, or terminate the failed stand and replant at a full rate. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to evaluate soybean yield potential following differing levels of simulated stand loss as well as to evaluate soybean yield potential following simulated stand loss with different levels of replant. Experiments were conducted in 2023 …
Large-Scale Reserve Constrained Alternating Current Optimal Power Flow Methods, Yehong Peng
Large-Scale Reserve Constrained Alternating Current Optimal Power Flow Methods, Yehong Peng
Theses and Dissertations
The Alternating Current Optimal Power Flow (ACOPF) problem seeks optimal operational planning for power systems with the lowest cost within the operational and physical constraints, ensuring higher efficiency and reliability for the power system. Meanwhile, the power reserve scheduling, which ensures an adequate backup capacity to compensate for demand and supply fluctuations, contingencies, and various unforeseen disruptions, plays a crucial role in power system reliability. As power systems become more stochastic and dynamic, the co optimization of energy and reserve becomes a significant trend among independent system operators (ISOs) and regional transmission organizations (RTOs), as it yields substantial benefit improvement …
Evaluation Of Broiler Performance And Processing Metrics Through Sodium Bisulfate Application To Litter And Varying Inclusions In Feed, Samantha Suzanne Plocher
Evaluation Of Broiler Performance And Processing Metrics Through Sodium Bisulfate Application To Litter And Varying Inclusions In Feed, Samantha Suzanne Plocher
Theses and Dissertations
Poultry producers must continuously evaluate current practices and determine new ones to further optimize broiler production. Sodium bisulfate (SB) is used as a poultry litter amendment (SBL), but also in human food to control pH; thus, initiating interest for SB in feed (SBF) for performance and gut health benefits. This thesis utilized common diets varying in SBF (Chapters II and III) and SBL (Chapter II; SBL1- d 0 and SBL2 – d 0 and 18) to optimize 40 d broiler performance, litter quality, and d 41 processing metrics. For Chapter II, d 0 SBL1 dramatically lowered litter pH, while minimally …
Cotton Development, Yield, And Boll Distribution Response To Row Pattern And Plant Density, William Joseph Rutland
Cotton Development, Yield, And Boll Distribution Response To Row Pattern And Plant Density, William Joseph Rutland
Theses and Dissertations
The effects of row pattern and plant density on the ability of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to compensate and sustain profitable yields has been evaluated by many studies. However, new varieties exhibiting more vigorous growth and more exaggerated row patterns have yet to be evaluated. Therefore, experiments were conducted in Starkville, MS and Stoneville, MS in 2021 and 2022 to evaluate the influence of 1x1 skip row patterns and plant density on cotton growth, development, yield, boll distribution, and profitability. In 2021 there was no yield response due to plant population. However, in 2022, yields increased as plant density increased. …
Evaluating The Efficiency And Effectiveness Of Drones For Monitoring Animals, Emma Ann Schultz
Evaluating The Efficiency And Effectiveness Of Drones For Monitoring Animals, Emma Ann Schultz
Theses and Dissertations
Accurate animal population estimates inform effective conservation and management strategies. Drones have become a common tool for animal monitoring. Typical drone flight planning involves image overlap to create an orthomosaic; however, this may lead to animal population estimate errors. To quantify this sampling error, I simulated a range of real-world monitoring scenarios for robust application in assessment of animal counts from drones using agent-based modeling. Scenarios investigated effects of 1) animal densities, 2) animal distributions, 3) animal movements, and 4) drone flight patterns. First, I investigated five animal densities (n = 4, 9, 25, 49, 100 animals/survey area) and three …
Costs And Challenges In The Mississippi Log Trucking Industry, James Tucker Shannon
Costs And Challenges In The Mississippi Log Trucking Industry, James Tucker Shannon
Theses and Dissertations
Challenges impacting Mississippi log trucking businesses include escalating production costs, labor shortages, aging ownership, and rising liability insurance premiums. These concerns are transmitted back to loggers, landowners, and the entire forest products industry, reducing their contributions to the state’s economy. Lack of current knowledge concerning the adaptation of Mississippi log trucking companies under adverse business conditions necessitated a statewide mixed-mode survey to determine the industry’s structure, the nature of liability insurance premiums, and business owner perceptions about driver hiring and profitability. Mississippi log trucking business owners and drivers were predominantly middle-aged, with fewer individuals under the age of 40. Log …
Design And Evaluation Of A 5g Testbed: Analyzing Security Solutions, Iq Sample Management, And Performance Visualization, Mohammed Saleh Shaik
Design And Evaluation Of A 5g Testbed: Analyzing Security Solutions, Iq Sample Management, And Performance Visualization, Mohammed Saleh Shaik
Theses and Dissertations
The evolution of 5G networks has introduced new opportunities for high-speed, low-latency wireless communication, supporting a wide range of applications from industrial automation to secure data transmission. However, as 5G networks become more complex, ensuring security and maintaining optimal performance present significant challenges. This thesis explores the development of a 5G testbed using Software-Defined Radios (SDRs) and open-source platforms to analyze signal behavior, security implementations, and performance. The testbed, built with the open source srsRAN software library and widely available SDR hardware, serves as a controlled environment for studying 5G communications security features and innovations. To evaluate transmission characteristics, in-phase/quadrature …
A Fine-Tined Bert Model For Improved Querying Of The Unmanned Aerial System Integration Safety And Security Technology Ontology, Minh Hong To
Theses and Dissertations
The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAS) in all industries is steadily increasing every year. To govern the use of UAS, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) seeks to provide a foundation of rules and regulations for UAS operation in the National Airspace System (NAS). The UAS Integration Safety and Security Technology Ontology (ISSTO) was developed using the Web Ontology Language (OWL) in 2023. In 2024, a query application was developed to search ISSTO for information about the safety and security of UAS operations. While the application is functional, the search results can be further fine-tuned to match what the user …
Combined Effect Of Chitosan And Lemon Essential Oil-Infused Slush Ice On The Shelf Life Of Channel Catfish, Dianna Wilson
Combined Effect Of Chitosan And Lemon Essential Oil-Infused Slush Ice On The Shelf Life Of Channel Catfish, Dianna Wilson
Theses and Dissertations
The objective of this research was to investigate the biopreservative effects of chitosan and lemon essential oil in slush ice treatments on the microbial shelf life of refrigerated catfish fillets. Catfish fillets were stored in slush ice treatments containing chitosan (CH), lemon essential oil (LO), a combination (CH+LO), water (CTRL), and no slush (NS) for three d at 4 C, then stored at 4C for twelve d post-slush. The growth of background microflora in catfish fillets treated with CH and CH+LO was reduced (P<0.05), maintaining total aerobic counts below 4.5 log CFU/g, while the control reached spoilage levels (>7 log CFU/g) by Day 6. Chitosan effectively extended the microbial shelf life but lowered pH, …
Effects Of Different Forms Of Dietary Zinc On Weaned Steers When Fed Prior To Weaning, Christopher Lane Addison
Effects Of Different Forms Of Dietary Zinc On Weaned Steers When Fed Prior To Weaning, Christopher Lane Addison
Theses and Dissertations
Zinc (Zn) is crucial for many life sustaining processes within the body. Additional Zn is known to be beneficial during certain periods of increased stress. Weaning is one of the most stressful periods of beef calves’ lives. Due to this it was hypothesized that additional zinc in an organic form would increase weight gain and immune response compared to additional zinc in an inorganic form or no added zinc. No differences were found for ADG, Th score, IgG concentration, or mineral concentration among treatments. However, there was a novel and unexpected finding when there was no difference found in preweaning …
Empowering Patients With Health Insights: Development And Utilization Of Knowledge Graphs For Comprehensive Patient Medical Journey Mapping And Analytics, Hassan Saadeddine Al Khatib
Empowering Patients With Health Insights: Development And Utilization Of Knowledge Graphs For Comprehensive Patient Medical Journey Mapping And Analytics, Hassan Saadeddine Al Khatib
Theses and Dissertations
Healthcare advancements require advanced solutions to process and understand complex patient data. This dissertation outlines a detailed framework for mapping patient journeys with knowledge graphs (KGs), which begins by analyzing existing Patient-Centric Knowledge Graphs (PCKGs) literature to identify current research gaps in the representation and analysis of patient journeys. Our research proposes solutions to these gaps through three main contributions. First, we introduce the Patient Journey Ontology (PJO), which enables systematic encoding of patient encounters, diagnoses, treatments, and outcomes into a semantic knowledge structure designed for interoperability. The construction of patient journey knowledge graphs (PJKGs) is based on this foundational …
Global Attractivity Of Positive Solutions Of Higher Order Nonlinear Difference Equations And Its Applications, Abdulaziz Almaslokh
Global Attractivity Of Positive Solutions Of Higher Order Nonlinear Difference Equations And Its Applications, Abdulaziz Almaslokh
Theses and Dissertations
Difference equations play an effective role in many mathematical models that represent some phenomena in different fields such as physics, economics, engineering and biology. From this perspective, studying and analyzing such equations are interesting issues for the advancement of scientific research. In particular, studying the asymptotic behavior of positive solutions of some population models that are a system of difference equations has become a necessity. In this dissertation, we examine the global attractivity of positive solutions of certain higher order nonlinear difference equations and apply these results to some population models.
Promoting Collaboration And Multi-Directional Reliance By Sharing Mental Model Information For Effective Multi-Agent Teaming, Audrey L. Aldridge
Promoting Collaboration And Multi-Directional Reliance By Sharing Mental Model Information For Effective Multi-Agent Teaming, Audrey L. Aldridge
Theses and Dissertations
Successful human-agent teaming requires teammates to form and maintain a shared or common understanding of several attributes regarding taskwork and teamwork. With enhanced information sharing, mental model development, and team functionality, teammates (human, autonomous) can learn to anticipate each others' behaviors, preferences, and needs as well as understand their capabilities and limitations. In designing a framework to support this type of cooperative teaming, there is a need to determine how sharing knowledge, mental models, and common understandings impacts teaming dynamics and performance. By incorporating each individual's understanding into a human-agent interface, this research enables better team coordination and performance through …
The Teaching Experiences Of Black Women Faculty In Educator Preparation Providers Licensure Programs At Predominantly White Institutions, Tiffiney M. Atterberry
The Teaching Experiences Of Black Women Faculty In Educator Preparation Providers Licensure Programs At Predominantly White Institutions, Tiffiney M. Atterberry
Theses and Dissertations
Understanding the experiences that Black women faculty encounter in instructional spaces of Educator Preparation Providers licensure programs (hereafter referred to as EPPs) at predominantly White institutions are important for institutional change and reform to occur. In spaces of EPPs, Black women faculty are forced to cope and deal with racialized issues such as feelings of social isolation, a lack of inclusion, acts of microaggression from students, disrespectful acts, and students challenging their knowledge and credentials. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore how Black women faculty narrate their teaching experiences in EPPs at PWIs. The use of Collins’ …
Adjuvants To Improve Pre- And Postemergence Weed Control In Soybean, Sydney Baker
Adjuvants To Improve Pre- And Postemergence Weed Control In Soybean, Sydney Baker
Theses and Dissertations
Cover crops provide soybean producers with multiple benefits; however, cover crop residue can impose a physical barrier for herbicide spray droplets and hinder the deposition and performance of soil-applied residual herbicides. Adjuvants are routinely mixed with herbicides to improve weed control performance and may provide a way to help the spray droplets overcome the barrier that the cover crops impose. This research evaluated the effectiveness of several soil applied herbicide-adjuvant combinations to control Amaranthus spp. L., Sida spinosa L., and [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.] in soybean and the effectiveness of two surfactants for improving preemergence herbicide efficacy in a …
An Investigation Of Non-Persistence Of Second And Third Year Engineering Students At A Midsize Research University In The South, Kimberly Elizabeth Ball
An Investigation Of Non-Persistence Of Second And Third Year Engineering Students At A Midsize Research University In The South, Kimberly Elizabeth Ball
Theses and Dissertations
Approximately 25% of engineering students drop out during their 1st year of school, with nearly that many leaving during their second or third years. A meta-analysis of engineering non-persistence literature led to the development of an Engineering Non-persistence Model, which incorporates both quantitative and qualitative factors. While previous research primarily focused on factors of non-persistence of engineering students as a whole, this study aims to fill the gap in existing literature by examining factors within the model that contribute to non-persistence among 2nd- and 3rd-year engineering students. The goal is to provide tailored support to second and third year students …
The Influence Of Nature On Design: A Focus On The Flora And Fauna Influence On 18th And 19th Century Decorative Arts, Rachel Ann Bozeman
The Influence Of Nature On Design: A Focus On The Flora And Fauna Influence On 18th And 19th Century Decorative Arts, Rachel Ann Bozeman
Theses and Dissertations
This study aims to assist interior designers and preservationists in enhancing interior decoration by appreciating decorative arts in a historically accurate and visually appealing manner. It places a strong emphasis on the profound influence of nature on design. For centuries, creatives have drawn inspiration from nature, leading to the creation of unique design elements and decorative objects. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, naturalists produced floral and faunal prints that reflected this inspiration. Nature's impact on design extends beyond aesthetics; it also affects how individuals feel within a space. The environment one person inhabits influences his or her state of …
An Approach To Expanding The Industrial Training And Assessment Center To The Residential Sector, Cailee Addison Bush
An Approach To Expanding The Industrial Training And Assessment Center To The Residential Sector, Cailee Addison Bush
Theses and Dissertations
The Industrial Training and Assessment Center (ITAC) conducts no-cost energy audits for small and medium sized industrial and commercial buildings across the United States, with a goal to train students in energy optimization and cost reduction, while helping companies to reduce inefficiencies and waste. Expanding this program to the residential sector can reduce energy usage across the United States, largely due to this sector contributing to 15% of America’s energy usage. This research examines the development of a procedure to transition the ITAC into including the residential sector. To ensure a seamless introduction of this sector, the procedure must contain …
Evaluating Simulated Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper (Hemiptera: Membracidae) Damage In Cotton (Malvales: Malvaceae) And Identifying Conducive Environments, Reece Starnes Butler
Evaluating Simulated Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper (Hemiptera: Membracidae) Damage In Cotton (Malvales: Malvaceae) And Identifying Conducive Environments, Reece Starnes Butler
Theses and Dissertations
This research evaluated the effects of simulated threecornered alfalfa hopper (TCAH), Spissistilus festinus (Say), damage in cotton and aimed to identify environments that may contribute to an increase in TCAH injury. During the 2023 and 2024 growing season, simulated TCAH damage was imposed at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% at the three and six leaf growth stage. Agronomic data included plant heights, node counts, and plant mapping, which was collected throughout the growing season, while lint yield was recorded at harvest. Damaged plants exhibited reduced plant heights and node counts, with an increase in nodes above cracked boll …
The Role Of Institutional Image In First-Generation Student Choice To Attend A Rural Southern Community College, Megan Caves Clark
The Role Of Institutional Image In First-Generation Student Choice To Attend A Rural Southern Community College, Megan Caves Clark
Theses and Dissertations
As higher education continues to become more competitive with each passing year, research indicates that a favorable image perception of an institution can be achieved through strategic social media presence. With previous literature primarily discussing the impacts of institutional image at a university level, this dissertation explores the role of institutional image in first-generation student choice to attend a rural Southern community college. Using photo elicitation, this qualitative study sought to understand how a rural community college’s social media influences rural, first-generation student’s perception of the college. Results indicated that institutional image perception through social media may play a role …
The Teaching Self-Efficacy Of Agriculture Faculty At Community Colleges In The Southern United States, Allison Rachel Coley
The Teaching Self-Efficacy Of Agriculture Faculty At Community Colleges In The Southern United States, Allison Rachel Coley
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to assess the teaching self-efficacy of agriculture teachers at community colleges in the southern United States. The accessible population consisted of all current faculty who teach agriculture at community colleges within the southern United States (N=102) with 102 surveys being distributed and 39% completing the survey. This descriptive study utilized a causal-comparative research design and a purposive sampling technique to select faculty to participate in the study. Means were used to determine how strongly teachers felt about their perceived teaching self-efficacy. Standard deviations helped to determine how the responses varied. Frequencies and percentages determined …
Real-Time Enhanced Tornado Warning Product Guidance Based On Tornado Debris Signature Height And Population Density, Alexander Cooke
Real-Time Enhanced Tornado Warning Product Guidance Based On Tornado Debris Signature Height And Population Density, Alexander Cooke
Theses and Dissertations
This research aims to develop an operational program for enhancing real-time tornado warning capabilities by integrating tornado debris signature (TDS) analysis with population impact assessment. The proposed Python-based tool will ingest Level II radar data to identify and analyze TDS, estimating tornado intensity based on maximum TDS height. For high-intensity tornadoes, the program will project the potential impact area using storm motion vectors and integrate this with population density data. The system will assess whether the situation meets National Weather Service criteria for enhanced warning products, providing forecasters with rapid, objective guidance for critical warning decisions. The program’s performance will …
Evaluating The Feeding Value Of Almond Hulls And The Supplementation Of Carbohydrases On Performance, Egg Quality, Nutrient Digestibility And Intestinal Health In Lsl-Lite Hens, Nelly Giovanna Cribillero Chuquihuaccha
Evaluating The Feeding Value Of Almond Hulls And The Supplementation Of Carbohydrases On Performance, Egg Quality, Nutrient Digestibility And Intestinal Health In Lsl-Lite Hens, Nelly Giovanna Cribillero Chuquihuaccha
Theses and Dissertations
Almond hulls (AH) are a by-product of the almond nut processing rich mainly in insoluble fiber. Addition of fiber in the diet has been shown positive results in performance in poultry. However, scientific literature on the use of AH in poultry is limited. The objective of this dissertation was to determine the effect of the supplementation of ground AH and cellulase-xylanase carbohydrase enzyme (E) inclusions on performance, egg quality, ileal nutrients digestibility, jejunum gene expression and ceca microbiota of Lohmann LSL-Lite pullets and laying hens from 0 to 70 weeks of age. Chapter I describe the knowledge on the composition …
Neural Signatures Of Adhd: A Fast Periodic Visual Stimulation Eeg Study, Haleigh Brielle Davidson
Neural Signatures Of Adhd: A Fast Periodic Visual Stimulation Eeg Study, Haleigh Brielle Davidson
Theses and Dissertations
Fast Periodic Visual Stimulation (FPVS) offers an objective approach for investigating neural responses to emotional stimuli. This study explores the use of FPVS to identify neurophysiological markers associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) by comparing brain responses between ADHD and Non-ADHD participants. EEG data were collected while participants viewed sequences of neutral faces mixed with emotional oddball expressions (Angry, Fear, Happy, and Sad). Frequency-domain analyses were performed to compute Baseline-Corrected Amplitudes (BCA) and Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNR) across occipitoparietal, occipitotemporal, parietal, and frontal regions of interest. Results revealed significantly reduced BCA and SNR values in ADHD participants, particularly in the …
A Framework For Modular Knowledge Composition In Network Intrusion Detection Systems, Patrick L. Day
A Framework For Modular Knowledge Composition In Network Intrusion Detection Systems, Patrick L. Day
Theses and Dissertations
Autonomic Intrusion Detection Systems (AIDS) are sophisticated software systems designed to autonomously and adaptively identify and respond to security threats and intrusions in computer networks or systems. One of the fundamental challenges in intrusion detection research lies in the limited availability and scope of publicly available datasets. The proposed research aims to address data-related gaps with autonomic and traditional intrusion detection systems by describing a comprehensive approach to investigate the impact and potential of data augmentation. The goal is to explore various data augmentation techniques, assess their effectiveness in introducing variability, and evaluate their impact on the performance of neural-based …
Evaluating The Efficacy Of Functional Feed Additives In Broilers With Or Without A Live Coccidiosis Vaccine Challenge, Dalton Gerard Dennehy
Evaluating The Efficacy Of Functional Feed Additives In Broilers With Or Without A Live Coccidiosis Vaccine Challenge, Dalton Gerard Dennehy
Theses and Dissertations
Functional feed additives, such as probiotics, prebiotics, and phytogenics, have seen increased usage in commercial poultry production due to their ability to improve growth performance, meat yield, and overall health status. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of functional feed additives in broilers with or without an enteric challenge induced via a live coccidiosis vaccine (LCV). In the first study (Chapter II), broilers were raised on used litter without an LCV challenge and fed varying levels of a multi-strain Bacillus-based probiotic in the starter phase (1x or 2x dose). Reduced performance was observed in early …
Lateral Control Of Autonomous Vehicle Using Deep Cnn And Ampc, Iffat Ara Ebu
Lateral Control Of Autonomous Vehicle Using Deep Cnn And Ampc, Iffat Ara Ebu
Theses and Dissertations
Autonomous functionalities are pivotal for the advancement of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), driving towards collision-free and environmentally sustainable transportation. This thesis presents two distinct studies addressing critical aspects of autonomous vehicle control: lane centering via deep learning and lateral vehicle control using model predictive control. The first study explores end-to-end learning f or autonomous s teering command generation, focusing on lane centering. A convolutional neural network (CNN) model, inspired by NVIDIA’s PilotNet, is employed to directly map raw camera pixel inputs to steering commands, eliminating the need for intermediate feature engineering. The model is trained and validated using datasets …
Multi-Modal Sensor Fusion Of Radar And Lidar For Enhanced Navigation In Obstacle-Occluded Environments, Kyler Ashton Farrar
Multi-Modal Sensor Fusion Of Radar And Lidar For Enhanced Navigation In Obstacle-Occluded Environments, Kyler Ashton Farrar
Theses and Dissertations
Multi-sensor fusion is a practical and well-researched methodology to combine a variety of incoming sensory data into an enhanced digital representation of a real-world environment. A typical use-case for multi-sensor fusion is the combination of LiDAR and RADAR data to obtain simultaneous 3D positioning and velocity measurements for a particular RoI (Region of Interest). This study investigates LiDAR/RADAR sensor fusion for enhanced navigation information when placed in obstacle-occluded environments such as highly vegetated areas. Specifically, a novel fusion-map approach is designed and evaluated for use with a LiDAR/RADAR sensor suite to produce a fused cost map to determine optimal and …
Assessment Of Water Quality And Remediation Of Heavy Metals In A Coastal System, Christiana Fumnanya Eziashi
Assessment Of Water Quality And Remediation Of Heavy Metals In A Coastal System, Christiana Fumnanya Eziashi
Theses and Dissertations
This research focuses on a three-part study to assess water quality in a coastal system and evaluate the absorption capacity of modified biochar and algae to remediate cadmium (Cd). The first chapter introduces the hypothesis and objectives, and the second chapter provides a detailed literature review. The third chapter focuses on the first study, where surface water samples and water quality data collected from a manned boat and a novel autonomous surface vessel (ASV) in the Western Mississippi Sound (WMS) in the summer of 2021 and 2022 were analyzed and the interrelationship between the nutrient, trace metals, salinity, and chlorophyll-a …