Digital Commons Network^™

Advancing Louisiana's Cropping Systems: Sustainable Bioenergy Production, Cover Crops, And Technology Integration, Pedro R. Carrillo

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The adoption of cover crops in Louisiana is lower than the national average, underscoring the need for region-specific research to address environmental challenges and demonstrate the short-term benefits of these practices within existing production systems. This research evaluated the integration of cover crops (CC) in energy cane (Saccharum spp.) and no-till cotton systems, focusing on their effects on soil health, nitrogen (N) management, and biomass production. Soil health indicators (SHIs), including enzymatic activities (β-glucosidase, β-glucosaminidase, and urease), protein N, inorganic N concentrations (nitrate and ammonium), soil organic matter (SOM), and microbial community composition assessed through ester-linked fatty acid …

Search For Light Sterile Neutrinos With Two Neutrino Beams At Microboone, C. Zhang, J. Zennamo, G. P. Zeller, H. W. Yu, L. E. Yates, T. Yang, E. Yandel, W. Wu, K. Wresilo, T. Wongjirad, S. Wolbers, A. J. White, H. Wei, M. Weber, J. Wang, B. Viren, T. Usher, M. A. Uchida, J. Tyler, Y. T. Tsai, A. Trettin, M. Toups, D. Totani, D. Torbunov, C. Thorpe, K. Terao, N. Taniuchi, A. M. Szelc, T. Strauss, J. St John, M. Stancari, J. Spitz, S. Söldner-Rembold

Faculty Publications

The existence of three distinct neutrino flavours, νe, νμ and ντ, is a central tenet of the Standard Model of particle physics^1,2. Quantum-mechanical interference can allow a neutrino of one initial flavour to be detected sometime later as a different flavour, a process called neutrino oscillation. Several anomalous observations inconsistent with this three-flavour picture have motivated the hypothesis that an additional neutrino state exists, which does not interact directly with matter, termed as ‘sterile’ neutrino, νs (refs. ^{3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8–9}). This includes anomalous observations from the Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector (LSND)³ experiment and …

Equity-Aware Natural Hazards Resilience Assessment And Improvement Of Road Networks, Naqib Mashrur

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

As climate change intensifies the frequency and severity of hurricanes, the resulting flood events pose escalating threats to transportation infrastructure and community well-being. This dissertation addresses the intersection of flood resilience, network connectivity, and social equity by integrating principles from network analysis, equity planning, and disaster resilience. The research begins by examining the social dimensions of accessibility loss during hurricane-induced flooding. Spatial and demographic analysis reveals that Native American and Hispanic populations in the case study region experience the most significant reductions in access to essential service facilities, highlighting inequities in systems.

Investigating a region southern Louisiana road network demonstrates …

Bridging Modalities: Enhancing Multimodal Sentiment Analysis For Social Media Networks, Misbah Ul Hoque

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Social media platforms like X (formerly Twitter) serve as rich sources of textual and visual information, making multimodal sentiment analysis essential for understanding complex human emotions. This dissertation aims to advance multimodal sentiment analysis by improving the semantic alignment and fusion of textual and visual features, thereby enabling more accurate and context-aware sentiment interpretation of social media content.

To address challenges in multimodal integration, this work proposes two complementary MSA approaches. The first approach introduces a similarity-based multi-layer attention neural network (SiMANN) that enhances modality integration through cosine-based similarity fusion and modality-specific attention to emphasize salient features in text and …

The Influence Of Reactive Iron On Organic Carbon Preservation In Sediment Of The Mississippi River-Influenced Shelf, Manab Kumar Dutta, Neha A. Ghaisas, Kanchan Maiti

Faculty Publications

Reactive iron is a key driver of organic carbon preservation in marine sediments, but its participation in organic carbon remineralization complicates efforts to mechanistically constrain its role in preservation. To address this, we investigated the dual role of iron in the Mississippi River-influenced shelf sediment during low discharge (August 2016) and high discharge (May 2017). Duplicate sediment cores (30 cm depth) were collected from two stations; one core served as a natural reference, while the other was used for an incubation experiment. In the natural cores, reactive iron concentrations in the upper 9 cm were lower in August 2016 than …

Rapid Microbial Activity In Marine Sediments Significantly Enhances Silica Cycling Rates Compared To Abiotic Processes, Panagiotis Michalopoulos, Jeffrey W. Krause, Rebecca A. Pickering, Eleni Rousselaki, Kanchan Maiti, Martial Taillefert, Christophe Rabouille, Rudolph Corvaisier

Faculty Publications

Silicon, earth’s second most abundant element, cycles via biogeochemical processes in terrestrial and oceanic environments. The marine sediment-water interface is thought to divide biological-dominated (water) from abiotic-dominated (sediment) silica cycling processes. Studies indicate marine extremophile bacteria induce silica precipitation, but the quantitative importance of microorganisms in broader sediment silica cycling remains unexplored. We hypothesize that microorganisms significantly influence sediment silica cycling, challenging the prevailing divide of microbial importance. Within hours, sediment microbes expedited silica sequestration through rapid coupled dissolution/reprecipitation processes in marine deltaic sediment experiments. Using radiotracer silicon-32, we reveal that microbial mediation enhanced silica uptake, surpassing abiotic uptake by …

Elucidating The Role Of Marine Benthic Carbon In A Changing World, Cristina Schultz, Jessica Y. Luo, Damian C. Brady, Robinson W. Fulweiler, Matthew H. Long, Colleen M. Petrik, Jeremy M. Testa, Heather M. Benway, David Burdige, Marta M. Cecchetto, Isa Elegbede, Natalya Evans, Alexandra Frenzel, Kayla Gillen, Lisa C. Herbert, Heidi K. Hirsh, Gennadi Lessin, Lisa Levin, Kanchan Maiti, Sairah Malkin, Sarah L. Mincks, Stanley Nmor, Anh Pham, James Pinckney, Christophe Rabouille, Shaily Rahman, Subhadeep Rakshit, Nicholas E. Ray, Dalton K. Sasaki, Samantha A. Siedlecki, Christopher Somes, Aron Stubbins, Olivier Sulpis

Faculty Publications

The ocean plays a major role in controlling atmospheric carbon at decadal to millennial timescales, with benthic carbon representing the only geologic-scale storage of oceanic carbon. Despite its importance, detailed benthic ocean observations are limited and representation of the benthic carbon cycle in ocean and Earth system models (ESMs) is mostly empirical with little prognostic capacity, which hinders our ability to properly understand the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle and climate change-related feedbacks. The Benthic Ecosystem and Carbon Synthesis (BECS) working group, with the support of the US Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry Program (OCB), identified key challenges limiting our …

Integrating Human And Natural Systems From A Global Systems Perspective, John W. Day, William H. Conner, Katherine C. Ewel, Rachael Hunter, G. Paul Kemp, Robert Lane, Jay Martin, William Mitsch, Victor H. Rivera-Monroy, John Rybczyk

Faculty Publications

During his long career, Howard Odum focused on both conceptual and theoretical issues such as maximum power and the development of energy circuit language as well as ecosystem-level studies of natural systems and human interactions with these systems. He and colleagues carried out large macrocosm studies on a variety of ecosystems. We review here studies initiated by Howard Odum as well as whole system studies carried out by a number of post docs, his students and their students. We focus on studies involving John Day, Katherine Ewel, and William Mitsch. Ewel and Mitsch worked on fertilized cypress systems in Florida. …

Hurricanes And Human Health In Louisiana: Insights From Hurricanes Laura, Delta, And Ida, Shobha Kumari Yadav, Robert V. Rohli, M. E. Betsy Garrison, Elisabeth Ponce-Garcia, Nazla Bushra, Charleen Mcneill

Faculty Publications

Louisiana is one of the most disaster-prone states, with hurricanes ranking among the most destructive hazards. Hurricanes impede sustainability by straining hospital infrastructure, overwhelming emergency departments, and disrupting continuity of care. Louisiana’s healthcare system, characterized by high uninsured rates, limited rural access, and notable racial and socioeconomic disparities, is particularly vulnerable during disasters. This research explores trends of mental and respiratory health in Louisiana surrounding Hurricanes Laura (2020), Delta (2020), and Ida (2021). Analysis reveals a substantial increase in admissions after landfall of all three storms, with mental health conditions showing a larger surge than respiratory ones in already-vulnerable communities. …

Dissimilar Global Record-Breaking Heatwave Exposure Driven By Divergent Population Projections Within Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, Leibin Wang, Robert V. Rohli, Qigen Lin, Yanzhao Zhou, Siyan Dong, Shikai Song, Qiang Liu, Xiaodong Yan

Faculty Publications

Exposure to record-breaking heatwaves represents a significant and growing challenge for human health and societal well-being in a changing climate. Comprehending the risks of future exposure to record-breaking heatwaves is vital for devising effective mitigation strategies. However, population data, a key determinant in projecting future exposure risks, has rarely been scrutinized for the uncertainty it introduces into these projections. This study investigates population exposure risks to record-breaking heatwaves from 2020 to 2 100 using four population datasets (ECNU, Lund, NASA SEDAC, and Tsinghua) under various IPCC AR6 shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs: 1–2.6, 2–4.5, 3–7.0, and 5–8.5). Results indicate that by …

Nonlinear Proudman Resonance Under Moving Atmospheric System, Chunyan Li

Faculty Publications

A nonlinear theoretical model with an exact solution is developed to critically examine the Proudman resonance problem. In this framework, a moving atmospheric pressure system forces a wave governed by the square of the wave Froude number (n=F²). Proudman’s classical linear solution, although widely cited, diverges to infinity at resonance (n=1), limiting its physical realism. This work extends the linear regime into the nonlinear by solving the governing equations exactly. The resulting solution remains finite at resonance. The first-order approximation recovers Proudman’s solution, while the second-order approximation already yields a finite resonant response—providing a more accurate and physically …

Ocean–Atmosphere–Land Interactions And Their Roles In Climate Change, Biyun Guo, Chunyan Li

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

On The Calculation Of Carbon And Nutrient Transport To The Oceans, Chunyan Li, John R. White

Faculty Publications

Correct estimations of sediment, carbon, and nutrient fluxes are crucial for understanding the impacts of land use, environmental change, and climate change. However, limited measurements—often restricted to surface data or aliased data, i.e., data without repeated observations throughout a tidal cycle—can lead to significant errors in transport calculations, particularly when different water masses interact. To address this issue, our study employed repeated, cross-sectional (cross-channel and through the vertical) measurements of water velocity and concentrations of sediment, carbon, and nutrients over the course of a tidal cycle. We observed substantial intra-tidal, lateral, and vertical variations in concentrations and fluxes, spanning orders …

Enhanced Water Transport When A Tropical Storm Meets An Atmospheric Cold Front, Chunyan Li, Robert V. Rohli, Wei Huang, Jorge A. Kurczyn

Faculty Publications

Weather systems that interact with one another can enhance coastal water transport, facilitating the movement of waterborne materials. In this study, we examine the influence of such weather interactions on water transport within a tidal pass along the coast of the northern Gulf of Mexico, focusing on the event when Tropical Storm Lee (2011) made landfall and merged with an atmospheric cold front, which was a leading edge of an advancing continental polar air mass. We conducted continuous surveys using an unmanned surface craft to measure water transport through a tidal pass. The transport was analyzed by calculating a regression-based …

Short-Term Impacts Of Cold Front Passage On Coastal Water Quality And Material Transport, Ankita Katkar, Padmanava Dash, Chunyan Li, Abduselam Mohammed Nur, Sankar M. Sasidharan

Faculty Publications

Amid growing attention to climate change, most coastal oceanographic studies have focused on long-term trends, with comparatively less emphasis on the impacts of short-lived synoptic weather systems, such as cold fronts, on coastal water quality. These transient events can drive rapid shifts in biogeochemical processes with significant ecological consequences. This study investigated the short-term variability of water quality parameters in the Louisiana Continental Shelf in response to wind-driven changes in coastal currents following a cold front. A vessel-based survey conducted in March 2021 involved repeated high-frequency sampling along a 30 km transect over a 36-hour period. Measurements included salinity, temperature, …

The Fungal Microbiota Modulate Neonatal Oxygen-Induced Lung Injury, Isaac Martin, Mary Silverberg, Ahmed Abdelgawad, Kosuke Tanaka, Brian A. Halloran, Teodora Nicola, Erin D. Myers, Jay P. Desai, Catrina T. White, Ibrahim Karabayir, Oguz Akbilgic, Laura Tipton, Samuel J. Gentle, Namasivayam Ambalavanan, Brian M. Peters, Luan D. Vu, Viral G. Jain, Charitharth V. Lal, Stephania A. Cormier, Joseph F. Pierre, Tamás Jilling, Ajay J. Talati, Kent A. Willis

Division of Basic Science Faculty Publications

Background: The immature lungs of very preterm infants are exposed to supraphysiologic oxygen, contributing to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic lung disease that is the most common morbidity of prematurity. While the microbiota significantly influences neonatal health, the relationship between the intestinal microbiome, particularly micro-eukaryotic members such as fungi and yeast, and lung injury severity in newborns remains unknown. Results: Here, we show that the fungal microbiota modulates hyperoxia-induced lung injury severity in very low birth weight premature infants and preclinical pseudohumanized and altered fungal colonization mouse models. Instead of fungal communities dominated by Candida and Saccharomyces, the first stool …

A Big Data Approach To Mitigating The Maup In Measuring Excess Commuting, Cehong Luo, Yujie Hu, Fahui Wang

Faculty Publications

Excess commuting, defined as the inefficiency resulting from spatial mismatches between residential and employment locations, poses significant challenges for urban planning and transportation systems. This study uses big data from individual vehicle trips collected in Tampa, Florida, to quantify excess commuting more accurately than traditional zonal approaches. Through the application of Linear Programming (LP) and Integer Linear Programming (ILP) models, this research measures minimum and actual commuting patterns across different spatial scales—census tract, block group, and individual trip levels. The findings reveal a clear scale effect associated with the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP), as smaller spatial units consistently yield …

Louisiana Children's Trust Fund: Annual Report 2024-2025, Elizabeth Winchester, Jada Thomas-Smith, Quynh-Tram Tran, Aimee Moles, Judith L. F. Rhodes

Reports

LCTF makes annual grant awards to aid in the prevention of child abuse and neglect in the state. Grant awards fund programs and conferences, which are implemented in five LCTF identified areas of intervention, namely: 1) Teaching children personal safety and life skills; 2) Education and support services for parents; 3) Hospital and/or home visitation and support services to families; 4) Public awareness and education programs for adults; and 5) Training and education of teachers, professionals, and volunteers.

To ensure accountability for grant funding, an annual review of funded proposals assesses program planning, implementation, and evaluation. The annual review involves …

Sexual Selection Creates Status-Seeking Males And Unsustainable Economic Growth, Brian Snyder

Faculty Publications

The Neolithic Transition altered the social ecology of humans. Prior to the Neolithic Transition, individual males could not defend territories, but in its aftermath, farming and land ownership allowed for the development of male territoriality. This, coupled with the ability to inherit land, increased wealth inequality, increasing the variance in males as potential mates. This may have altered sexual selection by increasing the fitness payoff of female mate choice (or arranged marriages) based on male status. Here, I hypothesize that female preferences for status created a selective pressure on males favoring greater territoriality, competitiveness, and resource extraction and that this …

Contrasting Climate Oscillations Impacts On Phytoplankton In The Western And Eastern Tropical Pacific, Lina An, Edward A. Laws, Xin Liu, Ruiying Chen, Shanlin Wang, Shijian Hu, Yuchen Zhang, Yibin Huang, Feipeng Xu, Fei Chai, Bangqin Huang

Faculty Publications

Climate oscillations like the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation significantly impact marine ecosystems. Traditionally, warm events are thought to suppress nutrient availability, reduce phytoplankton biomass, and change community structure. However, using two decades of field observations, remote sensing, Copernicus reanalysis, and Earth system modeling, we find very different responses in the western tropical Pacific. During El Niño, chlorophyll concentrations and diatom contributions increase, while La Niña reverses that trend. The further amplification of these El Niño-Southern Oscillation-driven contrasts by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation can be attributed to its effects on regional circulation, including the enhancement of eddy activity …

Forecasting Coastal Hypoxia Using A Blend Of Mechanistic And Artificial Intelligence Models, Yanda Ou, Z. George Xue, Supratik Mukhopadhyay, Magesh Rajasekaran, Dylan Wichman

Faculty Publications

Daily fluctuations in coastal hypoxia significantly impact marine ecosystems, requiring forecasts that balance efficiency and accuracy. Statistical models are computationally efficient but often fall short in prediction performance, while mechanistic models are accurate yet resource-intensive. Here, we present a lightweight artificial intelligence (AI) model for daily hypoxia forecasting on the Louisiana–Texas shelf, trained and validated using a 14-year mechanistic ROMS hindcast. The AI model integrates observed riverine nutrient loads and 2-day hydrodynamic forecasts and achieves strong predictive performance: median (± 1 s.d.) accuracy of 0.85 ± 0.07 and F1 score of 0.72 ± 0.18 against the hindcast test set, and …

Light Cues Drive Community-Wide Transcriptional Shifts In The Hypersaline South Bay Salt Works, Margaret M. Weng, Benjamin Klempay, Jeff S. Bowman, Luke Fisher, Cyprien Camplong, Peter T. Doran, Susan Rundell, Jennifer B. Glass, Avishek Dutta, Alexandra Pontefract, Douglas H. Bartlett, Britney Schmidt, Sarah Stewart Johnson

Faculty Publications

The transition from day to night brings sweeping change to both environments and the organisms within them. Diel shifts in gene expression have been documented across all domains of life but remain understudied in microbial communities, particularly those in extreme environments where small changes may have rippling effects on resource availability. In hypersaline environments, many prominent taxa are photoheterotrophs that rely on organic carbon for growth but can also generate significant ATP via light-powered rhodopsins. Previous research demonstrated a significant response to light intensity shifts in the model halophile Halobacterium salinarum, but these cycles have rarely been explored in situ. …

Bringing Weak Transitions To Light, Yu He, Xiao Min Tong, Shuyuan Hu, Gergana D. Borisova, Hao Liang, Maximilian Hartmann, Veit Stooß, Chunhai Lyu, Zoltán Harman, Christoph H. Keitel, Kenneth J. Schafer, Mette B. Gaarde, Christian Ott, Thomas Pfeifer

Faculty Publications

Weak transitions between quantum states are of fundamental importance for a broad range of phenomena from analytical biochemistry to precision physics, but generally challenge experimental detection. Due to their small cross sections scaling with the absolute square of their transition matrix elements, spectroscopic measurements often fail in particular in the presence of competing background processes. Here we introduce a general concept to break this scaling law and enhance the transition probability by exploiting a stronger laser-coupled pathway to the same excited state. We demonstrate the concept experimentally by attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy in helium atoms. The quasi-forbidden transitions from the …

Reducing Classical Communication Costs In Multiplexed Quantum Repeaters Using Hardware-Aware Quasi-Local Policies, Stav Haldar, Pratik J. Barge, Xiang Cheng, Kai Chi Chang, Brian T. Kirby, Sumeet Khatri, Chee Wei Wong, Hwang Lee

Faculty Publications

Future quantum networks will have nodes equipped with multiple quantum memories, allowing for multiplexing and entanglement distillation strategies for long-distance entanglement distribution. In this work, we focus on quasi-local policies for multiplexed quantum repeater chains. In fully-local policies, nodes use the knowledge of only their own states, whereas more efficient global policies use knowledge of the entire network state. The classical communication costs of using this knowledge have not been explored in existing literature. We show that quasi-local policies not only obtain improved performance over local policies, but also reduce classical communication costs considerably. Our policies also outperform the widely …

Activity Of The Mammalian Dna Transposon Piggybat From Myotis Lucifugus Is Restricted By Its Own Transposon Ends, Alison B. Hickman, Laurie Lannes, Christopher M. Furman, Christina Hong, Lidiya Franklin, Rodolfo Ghirlando, Arpita Ghosh, Wentian Luo, Parthena Konstantinidou, Hernán A. Lorenzi, Anne Grove, Astrid D. Haase, Matthew H. Wilson, Fred Dyda

Faculty Publications

Members of the piggyBac superfamily of DNA transposons are widely distributed in host genomes ranging from insects to mammals. The human genome has retained five piggyBac-derived genes as domesticated elements although they are no longer mobile. Here, we have investigated the transposition properties of piggyBat from Myotis lucifugus, the only known active mammalian DNA transposon, and show that its low activity in human cells is due to subterminal inhibitory DNA sequences. Activity can be dramatically improved by their removal, suggesting the existence of a mechanism for the suppression of transposon activity. The cryo-electron microscopy structure of the piggyBat transposase pre-synaptic …

Rapid Decline And Mortality Of A Pleistocene-Aged Forest Now Submerged In The Northern Gulf Of Mexico, Usa, Grant L. Harley, Kristine L. Delong, Marcus Lofverstrom, Carl Andy Reese, Ellen V. Bergan, Samuel J. Bentley, Kehui Xu, Kelli Moran, Karen E. King, Alicia Caporaso

Faculty Publications

The Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plains of the southern United States are characterized by a wide continental shelf that was subaerially exposed for ca. 80,000 years during glacial-interval marine regressions and transgressions. Given their present submergence, little is known about the vegetation dynamics, particularly at annual time scales, of these formerly terrestrial sites due to erosional processes associated with marine transgressions. Here, we present an annually resolved and well-replicated 489-year tree-ring chronology from macrobotanical specimens—anatomically identified as Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.—collected in situ from a recently exposed submerged forest in 18 m water depth in the northern Gulf of Mexico. …

Cultural Synthesis In Iranian Graphic Design: A Fusion Of Tradition And Modernity, Maryam Mehrabadi

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This thesis examines Iranian graphic design as a politically embedded and semiotically charged field wherein visual form operates as a site of ideological negotiation, cultural memory, and symbolic resistance. Focusing on the works of Ghobad Shiva and Morteza Momayez, the study situates graphic design within the sociopolitical constraints of the Pahlavi monarchy and the post-1979 Islamic Republic. It argues that Iranian design practices cannot be understood outside the country’s enduring identity crisis—shaped by the unresolved tension between three coexisting cultural strata: ancient Persian heritage, Islamic civilizational identity, and Western modernity. Drawing on the work of Edward Said, the thesis also …

Population Dynamics, Host Range, And Impact Of The Naturalized Weevil Ochyromera Ligustri: A Potential Biological Control Agent Of Invasive Ligustrum Sinense, Brandi H. Misiaszek

LSU Master's Theses

Invasive woody plants have become dominant components of many forest understories in the southeastern United States. These species can displace native species, disrupt ecosystem processes, and reduce biodiversity. Chinese privet (Oleaceae: Ligustrum sinense Lour.) is an invasive shrub distributed through the Southeastern United States. The ligustrum weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Ochyromera ligustri Warner) is a non-native insect that was first found in the U.S. on Ligustrum in 1959. This weevil is considered a potential fortuitous biological control agent of invasive Ligustrum spp. in the U.S. The objectives of this study were to evaluate O. ligustri as a potential biological control agent …

Exploring The Recognition Of Internalizing Problems Among Black Students: Delving Into The Youth Mental Health Help-Seeking Pathway, Marketta A. Adams

LSU Master's Theses

The mental health of Black adolescents is a growing concern, with high prevalence rates of internalizing disorders such as anxiety and depression. National studies report that nearly 47% of Black adolescents experience a mental health disorder by age 18, with over 60% reporting moderate to severe depressive symptomology. Despite these alarming rates, Black youth underutilize mental health services, often due to cultural stigma, limited access to culturally competent care, and under-recognition of their mental health needs. This study aimed to explore problem recognition as a key component in the mental health help-seeking pathway for Black adolescents in school settings. Grounded …

Effects Of Photo-Oxidized Crude Oil On Gulf Killifish Early Life Stages, Charles Campbell

LSU Master's Theses

Photo-oxidation of spilled crude oil generates polar compounds that can heighten toxicity to marine fish embryos. We investigated the effects of photo-oxidized crude oil on early life stages of Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) by exposing embryos under flow-through conditions to water-accommodated fractions of four oil treatments: fresh oil unexposed to either sunlight or weathering referred to as dark control (DC), a UV-light oxidized whole oil (LT), the polar fraction extracted from LT (Pol) and the remnants after extracting the Pol from LT (NP). Oil loadings of 0.38–3.00 g oil/kg water were tested. Total PAH concentrations and chemical profiles …