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Optimization And Scale-Up Of Thiarubrine A Production From Hairy Root Cultures Of Ambrosia Artemisiifolia., Santosh G. Bhagwath Jan 1997

Optimization And Scale-Up Of Thiarubrine A Production From Hairy Root Cultures Of Ambrosia Artemisiifolia., Santosh G. Bhagwath

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Thiarubrine A (TA), a plant secondary metabolite synthesized by members of the family Asteraceae possesses antifungal and antiviral properties and is a potential pharmaceutical. The objective of the work was the optimization and scale-up of a bioprocess for the production of TA using hairy root cultures of Ambrosia artemisiifolia. At the inception of the work an established hairy root culture of the model system was used as inoculum in reactor experiments for the development of a protocol for the quantification of TA and in subsequent shake flask experiments to determine optimum culture conditions. TA accumulation closely paralleled growth and then …


The Organ Symphony: Its Evolution In France And Transformation In Selected Works By American Composers Of The Twentieth Century., Richard Edward Beckford Jan 1997

The Organ Symphony: Its Evolution In France And Transformation In Selected Works By American Composers Of The Twentieth Century., Richard Edward Beckford

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

During the mid to late nineteenth century organ building and organ music in France underwent radical change. The French organ of the early nineteenth century was still the instrument of the French Classical school, the instrument of Clicquot and his predecessors. These instruments were limited in manual and pedal compass, variety and power of stops, and in their ability to vary expression and nuance. The great organ builder Aristide Cavaille-Coll changed all this and introduced to France instruments that were capable of tremendous tonal variety, nuance, and expressions. His instruments introduced many tonal changes particularly harmonic stops and stops that …


New Developments In Portable Fast Gas Chromatography., Elena Ursula Ehrmann Jan 1997

New Developments In Portable Fast Gas Chromatography., Elena Ursula Ehrmann

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Currently commercially available portable gas chromatographs are suitable only for the analysis of volatile organic compounds, and do not include temperature programming capability. This dissertation presents the development of a novel direct at-column heater design and a pressure driven injection system that is compatible with semi-volatile analytes. The collinear and coaxial at-column heater designs incorporate heater and temperature sensing elements placed along the column. Resistive heating controls the column temperature via a feedback circuit and a software selected program. Linear temperature programming ramps up to 14$\sp\circ$C/s were obtained, with a total power consumption of less than 100 Watt. The accuracy …


Cellulose-Reinforced Composites And Srim And Rtm Modeling., Mohammad Fahrurrozi Jan 1997

Cellulose-Reinforced Composites And Srim And Rtm Modeling., Mohammad Fahrurrozi

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Structural reaction injection molding (SRIM) cellulosic/polyurethane composites were prepared from various forms of cellulosic mats, and elastomeric polyurea-urethane (PUU) and rigid polyurethane (PU) formulations. Mats (woven and non-woven) prepared from different sources of fibers with lignin content ranging from zero (cotton) to at least 10% (sugar cane and kenaf fibers) performed comparably in PUU/cellulosic composites. Young's modulus and tensile strength of PUU/cellulosic composites were doubled with 5% and 7% fiber loading respectively. Young's modulus and tensile strength of PU/cellulosic composites were improved by 300% and 30%, respectively, with 7% fiber loading, whereas their bending moduli and strengths were improved up …


Gravity-Assisted Tertiary Gas Injection Process In Water-Drive Oil Reservoirs., Bogdan Lepski Jan 1997

Gravity-Assisted Tertiary Gas Injection Process In Water-Drive Oil Reservoirs., Bogdan Lepski

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

In dipping, water-drive reservoirs, substantial incremental oil can be produced using gravity-assisted gas injection improved recovery processes. These processes include the Double Displacement Process (DDP) and the Second-Contact Water Displacement (SCWD). The efficiency of these processes depends, in part, on phase distribution in the pore space after gas injection which in turn depends on interfacial and surface tensions (IFT) of the phases involved. The research described here-in pertains to experimental work performed to investigate various aspects of the DDP and the SCWD in both homogenous and heterogeneous rock types with dead oil/nitrogen and recombined-oil/methane fluid systems. Additional work was performed …


The Influence Of Violence Upon Academic Achievement Among African American First Time College Students., Diana F. Kelly Jan 1997

The Influence Of Violence Upon Academic Achievement Among African American First Time College Students., Diana F. Kelly

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

This study examined the relationship between early exposure to violence--both personal and community--and the later academic achievement of African American first time college students. The study incorporated several variables that were thought to impinge upon the academic achievement process. Specifically, those variables were divided into several groups: background factors (socioeconomic status, high school academic record, personal and community violence exposure), student characteristics (locus of control, educational aspirations and expectations), and university characteristics (campus safety, academic and social integration). Student achievement was measured by students' expected grade point average, as indicated on a student questionnaire. University administrators, professors, and researchers who …


Approach-Avoidance Behavior Of Consumers As Influenced By Existing And Supplemental Merchandise Display Lighting., Paulette R. Hebert Jan 1997

Approach-Avoidance Behavior Of Consumers As Influenced By Existing And Supplemental Merchandise Display Lighting., Paulette R. Hebert

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

This study explored the influence of lighting on consumer approach-avoidance behavior. A methodology was developed to empirically measure the approach-avoidance behavior of consumers. Supplemental lighting on merchandise displays in two non-urban retail stores was temporarily installed and manipulated On or Off to test for the effects on consumer behaviors of Time at Display, Number of Items Touched and Number of Items Picked Up. Video cameras were positioned to record consumers' actions at each display. Subjects consisted of an accidental sample of consumers who visited the field settings, a hardware store and a western/apparel feed store, during the two consecutive weekends …


Characterization Of Aminoalkylcarbamoyl Cellulosic And Chitosan Derivatives For Use In Cosmetic Formulation., Melissa Ann Manuszak Guerrini Jan 1997

Characterization Of Aminoalkylcarbamoyl Cellulosic And Chitosan Derivatives For Use In Cosmetic Formulation., Melissa Ann Manuszak Guerrini

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Polymer and surfactant interactions have been a subject of intense research due to industrial applications utilizing a polymer-surfactant system, such as cosmetic formulation. A series of aminoalkylcarbamoyl cellulose derivatives were prepared from the amidation of methylcarboxymethyl cellulose. These derivatives were quaternized with either iodomethane, or hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride, or epichlorohydrin and dimethylamine to yield polyquaternary ammonium salts. The focus of this dissertation is the characterization of a family of these compounds based on N,N$\sp\prime$,-dimethylethylene diamine. As these compounds are similar to Polyquaternium 10, a quaternized hydroxyethyl cellulose derivative, the solution properties have been characterized; antimicrobial activity and keratin affinity have …


Performance And Analysis Of Segmented Multiple Bus Systems., Jungjoon Kim Jan 1997

Performance And Analysis Of Segmented Multiple Bus Systems., Jungjoon Kim

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The dissertation introduces a new class of bus-based systems called the Segmented Multiple Bus System (SMBS). One of the unique characteristics of the SMBS is that it allows the exploitation of memory reference locality even though it is a bus-based nondirect network. This comes from the architectural interconnection feature that the SMBS can be viewed as a large-scale multiple bus system (MBS) that has been partitioned into smaller partitions called segments. Each such segment is in effect a small conventional MBS whose size is chosen so as to avoid bus loading problems. The SMBS overcomes the architectural limitations of bus-based …


Electrochemical And Spectroscopic Studies Of Boron And Sulfur Species In Nonaqueous Media., Jianzhong Liu Jan 1997

Electrochemical And Spectroscopic Studies Of Boron And Sulfur Species In Nonaqueous Media., Jianzhong Liu

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Room temperature molten salts have been of interest because of their unique properties such as aprotic nature and excellent Lewis acid-base adjustability. They provide a novel medium for fundamental studies and constitute a promising electrolyte for metal plating and secondary batteries. In the present study, the room temperature N-Butyl-pyridinium chloride (BPC)-boron trichloride (BCl$\sb3)$ and mixed BCl$\sb3$-AlCl$\sb3$-BPC melts have been prepared and characterized using reaction stoichiometries, electrochemistry and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). At normal atmosphere and room temperature, even when excess BCl$\sb3$ was added, BCl$\sb3$-BPC melts have a constant composition of 52:48 mole ratio BCl$\sb3$:BPC. SIMS studies confirmed previous Raman …


Technology In The English Composition Classroom: Freshman Composition Students Using The Internet To Plan Assignments And Conduct Research., Michael Allen Mccord Jan 1997

Technology In The English Composition Classroom: Freshman Composition Students Using The Internet To Plan Assignments And Conduct Research., Michael Allen Mccord

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The use of computer and electronic communication and network technology is becoming increasingly important not only in society in general, but also in the college-level English composition classroom. These technologies amount to what some researchers term "multilayered literacies" or "new grammars." However, there have been few systematic studies of how students actually use these technologies. The current research presents a descriptive/naturalistic study of how students both learn and use the new electronic technologies as they accomplish research for, and respond to, a college-level writing assignment. This study examines the use of computers and networks by eight case study participants in …


Academic Discipline, Mentoring, And The Career Commitment Of Women Faculty., Gloria Tara Nye Jan 1997

Academic Discipline, Mentoring, And The Career Commitment Of Women Faculty., Gloria Tara Nye

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Women continue to be underrepresented as faculty at U.S. universities, especially in the physical sciences and engineering. The belief that only women can adequately serve as role models and mentors for other women may be a roadblock to progress for women in disciplines where they are underrepresented. This study of women faculty investigates how female career commitment is influenced by academic discipline and mentoring. The survey responses of sixty-six tenure-track women faculty were used to obtain data for both science or engineering and non-science or engineering academic disciplines at three public Ph.D. granting research universities. The women faculty in science …


Performance Of Composite Piping Systems: Thermal, Fire Endurance, And Joining Characteristics., Michael Andre Stubblefield Jan 1997

Performance Of Composite Piping Systems: Thermal, Fire Endurance, And Joining Characteristics., Michael Andre Stubblefield

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Composite piping systems are becoming the "System of Choice" in many applications previously the domain of metallic piping systems. For full acceptability and usage of these composite piping systems, new innovative approaches must be developed. Three areas of development are addressed; (i) thermal efficiency, (ii) fire endurance, and (iii) joining techniques. In the development of the energy conserving composite pipe, the thermal contact resistance acts as an additional insulating layer. A model and device to predict and measure the contact resistance for a pipe system has been developed. A corrugated layer, which acts as an enhanced contact resistance layer, forms …


Photoemission Studies Of Magnetic Systems., Krishnan Subramanian Jan 1997

Photoemission Studies Of Magnetic Systems., Krishnan Subramanian

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

I have studied the electronic structure of thin films by photoelectron spectroscopy. My results show that even a monolayer film of Ni/Cu(001) exhibits bulk-like electronic structure and resembles that of bulk Ni. In order to better understand this result, I tracked the sp-band dimension at the Fermi surface of the Ni films for various coverages. For submonolayer coverages of Ni, the sp-band dimension was smaller than that of bulk Cu, but quickly reached that of bulk Ni by 1.2 ML Ni coverage. This continuous decrease implies a charge transfer from the Cu substrate to the Ni film, resulting in a …


Coupled Field Equations For Saturated Soils And Its Application To Piezocone Penetration And Shield Tunneling., Murad Yusuf Abu-Farsakh Jan 1997

Coupled Field Equations For Saturated Soils And Its Application To Piezocone Penetration And Shield Tunneling., Murad Yusuf Abu-Farsakh

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

An elasto-plastic coupled system of equations are formulated here in order to describe the time-dependent deformation of saturated cohesive soils. Formulation of these equations is based on the principle of virtual work and the theory of mixtures for inelastic porous media as proposed by Prevost (1980) and Kiousis and Voyiadjis (1988). The saturated soil is considered as a mixture consisting of two deformable media, the solid grains and the water. Each medium is regarded as a continuum and follows its own motion. The coupled equations are developed for large deformations with finite strains in an updated Lagrangian reference frame. The …


An Integrated Gps-Gis Methodology For Performing Travel Time Studies., Cesar A. Quiroga Jan 1997

An Integrated Gps-Gis Methodology For Performing Travel Time Studies., Cesar A. Quiroga

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

This dissertation describes a methodology for conducting travel time studies based on global positioning system (GPS) receivers and geographic information system (GIS) technology. Compared to traditional approaches, the new methodology provides consistency, automation, finer levels of resolution, and better accuracy in measuring travel time and speed. These characteristics enable the detection of localized traffic effects much more efficiently than with traditional techniques. The new methodology automates the data collection and data reduction procedures, and provides improved procedures for documenting and analyzing travel time and speed data. As a result, large amounts of reliable travel time and speed data can be …


A Theory Of Cortical Neural Processing., David Timothy Young Jan 1997

A Theory Of Cortical Neural Processing., David Timothy Young

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

This dissertation puts forth an original theory of cortical neural processing that is unique in its view of the interplay of chaotic and stable oscillatory neurodynamics and is meant to stimulate new ideas in artificial neural network modeling. Our theory is the first to suggest two new purposes for chaotic neurodynamics: (i) as a natural means of representing the uncertainty in the outcome of performed tasks, such as memory retrieval or classification, and (ii) as an automatic way of producing an economic representation of distributed information. We developed new models, to better understand how the cerebral cortex processes information, which …


Land/Water Interface Delineation Using Neural Networks., Rajabhushanam Cherukuri Jan 1997

Land/Water Interface Delineation Using Neural Networks., Rajabhushanam Cherukuri

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The rapid decline in acreage of land areas in wetlands caused by frequent inundations and flooding has brought about an increased awareness and emphasis on the identification and inventory of land and water areas. This dissertation evaluates three classification methods--Normalized Difference Vegetation Index technique, Artificial Neural Networks, and Maximum-Likelihood classifier for the delineation of land/water interface conditions using Landsat-TM imagery. The effects of three scaling algorithms, including resampling by aggregation, Gaussian smoothing, and local variance analysis, on the classification accuracy are analyzed to determine how the delineation, quantification and analysis of land/water boundaries relate to problems of mixed pixels, scale …


The Sugar Masters: Slavery, Economic Development, And Modernization On Louisiana Sugar Plantations, 1820-1860., Richard J. Follett Jan 1997

The Sugar Masters: Slavery, Economic Development, And Modernization On Louisiana Sugar Plantations, 1820-1860., Richard J. Follett

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

In this dissertation, I contend that sugar planters in the antebellum South managed their estates progressively, efficiently, and with a capitalist political economy and ideology. By embracing slavery, technology, and a host of improvements, sugar planters strove to create integrated units producing, manufacturing, and marketing sugar on an agro-industrial scale. Despite a century of historiographical debate, historians remain divided over the incompatibility of slavery with industrial and agricultural innovation. Whether they look to Adam Smith or Karl Marx, most historians deem free labor a necessity for technology and growth. This, however, appears inaccurate, as antebellum sugar planters confidently advocated improvement …


Stochastic Techniques For The Solution Of Electrostatic Problems With Applications To Electron Optics., Elias Kougianos Jan 1997

Stochastic Techniques For The Solution Of Electrostatic Problems With Applications To Electron Optics., Elias Kougianos

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

We apply stochastic techniques towards the solution of the two-dimensional Laplace's equation in boundary value problems encountered in the calculation of electrostatic potentials in electron lenses and deflectors. The justification of these techniques arises from an astonishingly simple but far-reaching principle, which has been known for a long time but has been rarely used: the potential at any point in the interior of a charge-free region can be calculated by performing random walks starting at this point and terminating at the boundary of the region--the potential is then the average of the potential boundary values (assumed known) over the random …


The Rainbow Portrait And The Faery Queen: Emblem, Imagination And The Arthurian Gentleman., Robert Gibson Robinson Iii Jan 1997

The Rainbow Portrait And The Faery Queen: Emblem, Imagination And The Arthurian Gentleman., Robert Gibson Robinson Iii

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

This work re-interprets the symbolism of the emblematic "Rainbow" portrait (c. 1600) of Elizabeth I. The traditional title comes from the identification of the rainbow in the portrait as that of Genesis 9:13. In fact, this work demonstrates, it is the philosophers' rainbow, a cryptonym for the colors--black, red, white--of the three stages of alchemic transmutation: purification, illumination, perfection. Elizabeth is represented as the Faery Queen, the alchemical monarch--historically the pre-Homeric Hecate--who transmutes not only the brazen world of her subjects but their brassy selves as well. In the text the portrait is therefore designated the "Alchemists' Rainbow" portrait, the …


Waterborne Materials Exchange Between Marshes And Open Water Of The Barataria Bay Estuary Of Louisiana, United States Of America., Ronald John Rovansek Jan 1997

Waterborne Materials Exchange Between Marshes And Open Water Of The Barataria Bay Estuary Of Louisiana, United States Of America., Ronald John Rovansek

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The exchange of carbon, sediment, and water between brackish marshes and a shallow, fine-grained bay of the Barataria Bay Estuary were examined in order to quantify the production, transport, and storage of carbon in the Barataria Basin. Factors controlling these exchanges were identified and measured. Flux of suspended sediments through a tidal bayou connecting marshes and open waters were measured throughout the year and during a variety of weather events. Discharge of porewater from the marsh substrate to surrounding waters via subsurface flows and surficial drainage channels were measured. Constituent concentrations in the marsh runoff were monitored and used to …


The Evolution Of Landscapes And Lineages In Pitcher Plants And Their Moths., Margaret Ellen Oard Jan 1997

The Evolution Of Landscapes And Lineages In Pitcher Plants And Their Moths., Margaret Ellen Oard

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Pitcher plants and pitcher plant moths exhibit two prominent themes in the long evolutionary history between plants and insects. These themes are carnivory and herbivory. In pitcher plants, the leaf has been modified into an elegant pitfall trap enabling these plants to subsist at both the producer and consumer trophic levels. Of the numerous insect species intimately associated with pitcher plants, pitcher plant moths are the only inquilines which have evolved the capacity to disrupt both the carnivore and photosynthetic functions of the host plant. The carnivorous habit, considered an adaptation for nutrient deficient environments, has contributed to species radiations …


Chemical Vapor Deposition Of Copper Films., Narendra Shamkant Borgharkar Jan 1997

Chemical Vapor Deposition Of Copper Films., Narendra Shamkant Borgharkar

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

We have studied the kinetics of copper chemical vapor deposition (CVD) for interconnect metallization using hydrogen (H$\sb2$) reduction of the Cu(hfac)$\sb2$ (copper(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate) precursor. Steady-state deposition rates were measured using a hot-wall microbalance reactor. For base case conditions of 2 Torr Cu(hfac)$\sb2$, 40 Torr H$\sb2$, and 300$\sp\circ$C, a growth rate of 0.5 mg cm$\sp{-2}$ hr$\sp{-1}$ (ca. 10 nm min$\sp{-1}$) is observed. Reaction order experiments suggest that the deposition rate passes through a maximum at partial pressure of 2 Torr of Cu(hfac)$\sb2$. The deposition rate has an overall half-order dependence on H$\sb2$ partial pressure. A Langmuir-Hinshelwood rate expression is used to …


A Computer Automated, Hydraulically Integrated Serial Turbidostat Algal Reactor (Histar): Mathematical Modeling And Experimental Analysis., Chandra Sekhar Theegala Jan 1997

A Computer Automated, Hydraulically Integrated Serial Turbidostat Algal Reactor (Histar): Mathematical Modeling And Experimental Analysis., Chandra Sekhar Theegala

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Conceptually, the Hydraulically Integrated Serial Turbidostat Algal Reactor (HISTAR) has two components: (1) sealed turbidostats for producing a high quality algal inoculum, and (2) a series of unprotected inter-connected continuous flow stirred tank reactors (CFSTRs) for mass producing algae under approximated plug flow conditions. The hydraulic retention time of each individual CFSTR ($\theta\sb{\rm n})$ is set low enough (dilution is set high) that any suspended organisms (both contaminants and desired algae) entering the CFSTR would be washed to the next CFSTR well within their doubling time. However, as the turbidostats are employed to inoculate the first CFSTR on an almost …


A Study Of The Effect Of Energetic Flux Bombardment On Intensified Plasma-Assisted Processing., Albert Amatey Adjaottor Jan 1997

A Study Of The Effect Of Energetic Flux Bombardment On Intensified Plasma-Assisted Processing., Albert Amatey Adjaottor

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

An investigation of the plasma nitriding mechanism under intensified conditions (average particle energy up to 1200 eV) was carried out using a triode configuration. The significance of the different physical processes taking place during intensified plasma nitriding, such as sputtering, implantation, defect generation, redeposition and diffusion were investigated experimentally, while theoretical predictions were obtained by using the TRIM (transport of ions in matter) code. A titanium-base alloy was selected as the substrate material. Sputtering yield in an inert atmosphere was found to exhibit three regimes as a function of incoming particle energy. The low energy and high energy regimes were …


The Impact Of Technological Change On The Economic Viability Of Individual Production Centers: The Case Of The 1840-1880 British Ocean-Going Iron And Steam Shipbuilding Industry., Daniel Stephen Allen Jan 1997

The Impact Of Technological Change On The Economic Viability Of Individual Production Centers: The Case Of The 1840-1880 British Ocean-Going Iron And Steam Shipbuilding Industry., Daniel Stephen Allen

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

This dissertation examines the relationship between technological change and spatial industrial restructuring through a case study of the 1840-1880 British ocean-going iron and steam shipbuilding industry. The study tests the hypothesis that a shipbuilding center's share of the national British shipbuilding market was associated with its ability to generate or rapidly adopt technological change. The study begins by establishing iron steamship technological changes introduced by British shipbuilders and the industry's attendant spatial restructuring It then develops two site-specific variables: industrial viability and innovative ability. Data for both variables are obtained from the Lloyds Register of British and Foreign Shipping. The …


The Effects Of The Louisiana Systemic Initiative Project On Two Rural School Districts In Louisiana., Tanya Maria Jones Jan 1997

The Effects Of The Louisiana Systemic Initiative Project On Two Rural School Districts In Louisiana., Tanya Maria Jones

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

This study provides a description and analysis of the effects of a mathematics reform initiative on classrooms in two rural communities. It describes the sites, details interactions that take place in the classroom, and enumerates teachers' perceptions of the change. A mixed methodology was used to support the findings. Qualitative data were collected through classroom observations and interviews and quantitative data were gathered through questionnaires. Quantitative results indicated that teachers who participate in the training have the opportunity to learn more about new teaching strategies in mathematics and are likely to change their teaching practices in mathematics. Findings reflected that …


Teacher Conceptions And The Curriculum: A Longitudinal, Multicase Study Of College Chemistry Teaching., Charles J. Killebrew Jan 1997

Teacher Conceptions And The Curriculum: A Longitudinal, Multicase Study Of College Chemistry Teaching., Charles J. Killebrew

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Strategic innovations and interventions to reform college science teaching will be required to promote the retention and achievement of those students who might otherwise elect to defect at the entry-level courses. The extent to which this can be achieved will depend upon educational research into ways that the science curriculum can be restructured to accomplish the dual function of enhancing science literacy while promoting recruitment to scientific careers. To explore these issues, four introductory college chemistry classes were observed over a period of two years. The classes were designated either as traditional or conceptual. Selection into these categories was based …


Feedback Linearizing Control Strategies For Chemical Engineering Applications., Michael James Kurtz Jan 1997

Feedback Linearizing Control Strategies For Chemical Engineering Applications., Michael James Kurtz

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Two widely studied control techniques which compensate for process nonlinearities are feedback linearization (FBL) and nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC). Feedback linearization has a low computational requirement but provides no means to explicitly handle constraints which are important in the chemical process industry. Nonlinear model predictive control provides explicit constraint compensation but only at the expense of high computational requirements. Both techniques suffer from the need for full-state feedback and may have high sensitivities to disturbances. The main work of this dissertation is to eliminate some of the disadvantages associated with FBL techniques. The computation time associated with solving a …