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Articles 9811 - 9840 of 13617
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Characteristics Of Reduced Fat Milks As Influenced By The Incorporation Of Folic Acid, Kamalesh Achanta
Characteristics Of Reduced Fat Milks As Influenced By The Incorporation Of Folic Acid, Kamalesh Achanta
LSU Master's Theses
Folic acid plays an important role in the prevention of neural tube defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly, heart defects, facial clefts, urinary abnormalities and limb deficiencies. Milk and milk products serve as a potential source for folic acid fortification due to the presence of folate binding proteins which seem to be involved in the folate bioavailability. Though milk is a not a good source of folic acid, fortification could help in the prevention of the above mentioned defects. The objective of this study was to examine the physico-chemical characteristics of reduced fat milks fortified with folic acid. Reduced …
Yellow Fever In The Felicianas: The Epidemic Of 1878 And Its Effects Upon The Residents Of These Rural Parishes, Mary Jane Duke Russell
Yellow Fever In The Felicianas: The Epidemic Of 1878 And Its Effects Upon The Residents Of These Rural Parishes, Mary Jane Duke Russell
LSU Master's Theses
This research documents the spread of yellow fever across the rural Louisiana parishes of East Feliciana and West Feliciana in 1878 and examines the reactions and responses of the residents to medical, social and economic stresses produced by that epidemic. Descriptive details highlight the variability of individual ideas and mindsets at play against the backdrop of accepted paradigms, belief systems and current technology. In 1878 the Aëdes aegypti mosquito had not yet been identified as the vector of the arbovirus (arthropod borne virus) that causes yellow fever. A short history of yellow fever in the United States and a discussion …
The Saccharomyces Cerevisiae High Mobility Group Box Protein Hmo1 Contains Two Functional Dna Binding Domains, Edwin Kamau, Kevin T. Bauerle, Anne Grove
The Saccharomyces Cerevisiae High Mobility Group Box Protein Hmo1 Contains Two Functional Dna Binding Domains, Edwin Kamau, Kevin T. Bauerle, Anne Grove
Faculty Publications
High mobility group box (HMGB) proteins are architectural proteins whose HMG DNA binding domains confer significant preference for distorted DNA, such as 4-way junctions. HMO1 is one of 10 Saccharomyces cerevisiae HMGB proteins, and it is required for normal growth and plasmid maintenance and for regulating the susceptibility of yeast chromatin to nuclease. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we have shown here that HMO1 binds 26-bp duplex DNA with K d = 39.6 ± 5.0 nM and that its divergent box A domain participates in DNA interactions, albeit with low affinity. HMO1 has only modest preference for DNA with altered …
The Relative Influence Of Metal Ion Binding Sites In The I-Like Domain And The Interface With The Hybrid Domain On Rolling And Firm Adhesion By Integrin Α4Β7, Jian Feng Chen, Junichi Takagi, Can Xie, Tsan Xiao, Bing Hao Luo, Timothy A. Springer
The Relative Influence Of Metal Ion Binding Sites In The I-Like Domain And The Interface With The Hybrid Domain On Rolling And Firm Adhesion By Integrin Α4Β7, Jian Feng Chen, Junichi Takagi, Can Xie, Tsan Xiao, Bing Hao Luo, Timothy A. Springer
Faculty Publications
We examined the effect of conformational change at the β7 I-Iike/hybrid domain interface on regulating the transition between rolling and firm adhesion by integrin α4β7. An N-glycosylation site was introduced into the I-like/hybrid domain interface to act as a wedge and to stabilize the open conformation of this interface and hence the open conformation of the α4β7 headpiece. Wild-type α4β7 mediates rolling adhesion in Ca2+ and Ca2+/Mg2+ but firm adhesion in Mg2+ and Mn2+. Stabilizing the open headpiece resulted in firm adhesion in all divalent cations. The interaction between metal binding sites in the I-like domain and the interface with …
Toward A Systems Approach To Understanding Plant Cell Walls, Chris Somerville, Stefan Bauer, Ginger Brininstool, Michelle Facette, Thorsten Hamann, Jennifer Milne, Erin Osborne, Alex Paredez, Staffan Persson, Ted Raab, Sonja Vorwerk, Heather Youngs
Toward A Systems Approach To Understanding Plant Cell Walls, Chris Somerville, Stefan Bauer, Ginger Brininstool, Michelle Facette, Thorsten Hamann, Jennifer Milne, Erin Osborne, Alex Paredez, Staffan Persson, Ted Raab, Sonja Vorwerk, Heather Youngs
Faculty Publications
One of the defining features of plants is a body plan based on the physical properties of cell walls. Structural analyses of the polysaccharide components, combined with high-resolution imaging, have provided the basis for much of the current understanding of cell walls. The application of genetic methods has begun to provide new insights into how walls are made, how they are controlled, and how they function. However, progress in integrating biophysical, developmental, and genetic information into a useful model will require a system-based approach.
Genome Sequence Of Silicibacter Pomeroyi Reveals Adaptations To The Marine Environment, Mary Ann Moran, Alison Buchan, José M. González, John F. Heidelberg, William B. Whitman, Ronald P. Klene, James R. Henriksen, Gary M. King, Robert Belas, Clay Fuqua, Lauren Brinkac, Matt Lewis, Shivani Johri, Bruce Weaver, Grace Pai, Jonathan A. Elsen, Elisha Rahe, Wade M. Sheldon, Wenying Ye, Todd R. Miller, Jane Carlton, David A. Rasko, Ian T. Paulsen, Qinghu Ren, Sean C. Daugherty, Ribert T. Deboy, Robert J. Dodson, A. Scott Durkin, Ramana Madupu, William C. Nelson, Steven A. Sullivan, M. J. Rosovitz, Daniel H. Haft
Genome Sequence Of Silicibacter Pomeroyi Reveals Adaptations To The Marine Environment, Mary Ann Moran, Alison Buchan, José M. González, John F. Heidelberg, William B. Whitman, Ronald P. Klene, James R. Henriksen, Gary M. King, Robert Belas, Clay Fuqua, Lauren Brinkac, Matt Lewis, Shivani Johri, Bruce Weaver, Grace Pai, Jonathan A. Elsen, Elisha Rahe, Wade M. Sheldon, Wenying Ye, Todd R. Miller, Jane Carlton, David A. Rasko, Ian T. Paulsen, Qinghu Ren, Sean C. Daugherty, Ribert T. Deboy, Robert J. Dodson, A. Scott Durkin, Ramana Madupu, William C. Nelson, Steven A. Sullivan, M. J. Rosovitz, Daniel H. Haft
Faculty Publications
Since the recognition of prokaryotes as essential components of the oceanic food web1, bacterioplankton have been acknowledged as catalysts of most major biogeochemical processes in the sea. Studying heterotrophic bacterioplankton has been challenging, however, as most major clades have never been cultured2 or have only been grown to low densities in sea water3,4. Here we describe the genome sequence of Silicibacter pomeroyi, a member of the marine Roseobacter clade (Fig. 1), the relatives of which comprise ∼10-20% of coastal and oceanic mixed-layer bacterioplankton2,5,6,7. This first genome sequence from any major heterotrophic clade consists of a chromosome (4,109,442 base pairs) and …
Hucr, A Novel Uric Acid-Responsive Member Of The Marr Family Of Transcriptional Regulators From Deinococcus Radiodurans, Steven P. Wilkinson, Anne Grove
Hucr, A Novel Uric Acid-Responsive Member Of The Marr Family Of Transcriptional Regulators From Deinococcus Radiodurans, Steven P. Wilkinson, Anne Grove
Faculty Publications
The MarR family of transcriptional regulators comprises a subset of winged helix DNA-binding proteins and includes numerous members that function in environmental surveillance of aromatic compounds. We describe the characterization of HucR, a novel MarR homolog from Deinococcus radiodurans that demonstrates phenolic sensing capabilities. HucR binds as a homodimer to a single site within its promoter/operator region with Kd = 0.29 ± 0.02 nM. The HucR binding site contains a pseudopalindromic sequence, composed of 8-bp half-sites separated by 2 bp. The location of the HucR binding site in the intergenic region between hucR and a putative uricase suggests a mechanism …
Dominant-Negative Creb Inhibits Heparanase Functionality And Melanoma Cell Invasion, Rebecca Aucoin, Jane Reiland, Madhuchhanda Roy, Dario Marchetti
Dominant-Negative Creb Inhibits Heparanase Functionality And Melanoma Cell Invasion, Rebecca Aucoin, Jane Reiland, Madhuchhanda Roy, Dario Marchetti
Faculty Publications
Heparanase (HPSE-1) is an endo-β-D-glucuronidase involved in the degradation of cell-surface/extracellular matrix heparan sulfate (HS) in normal and neoplastic tissues. HPSE-1 represents the first example of purification and cloning of a mammalian HS-degradative enzyme. Elevated HPSE-1 levels are known to be associated with metastatic cancers, directly implicating HPSE-1 in metastatic events. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in modulating HPSE-1-mediated effects on human melanoma cell invasion. Highly invasive, brain-metastatic melanoma cells (70W) were transfected with the dominant-negative CREB (KCREB) and subsequently analyzed for changes in their HPSE-1 content, functionality, and …
Fragile Fiber3, An Arabidopsis Gene Encoding A Type Ii Inositol Polyphosphate 5-Phosphatase, Is Required For Secondary Wall Synthesis And Actin Organization In Fiber Cells, Ruiqin Zhong, David H. Burk, W. Herbert Morrison, Zheng Hua Ye
Fragile Fiber3, An Arabidopsis Gene Encoding A Type Ii Inositol Polyphosphate 5-Phosphatase, Is Required For Secondary Wall Synthesis And Actin Organization In Fiber Cells, Ruiqin Zhong, David H. Burk, W. Herbert Morrison, Zheng Hua Ye
Faculty Publications
Type II inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases (5PTases) in yeast and animals have been known to regulate the level of phosphoinositides and thereby influence various cellular activities, such as vesicle trafficking and actin organization. In plants, little is known about the phosphatases involved in hydrolysis of phosphoinositides, and roles of type II 5PTases in plant cellular functions have not yet been characterized. In this study, we demonstrate that the FRAGILE FIBER3 (FRA3) gene of Arabidopsis thaliana, which encodes a type II 5PTase, plays an essential role in the secondary wall synthesis in fiber cells and xylem vessels. The fra3 mutations caused a …
The Malic Enzyme Is Required For Optimal Photoautotrophic Growth Of Synechocystis Sp. Strain Pcc 6803 Under Continuous Light But Not Under A Diurnal Light Regimen, Terry M. Bricker, Shulu Zhang, Susan M. Laborde, Paul R. Mayer, Laurie K. Frankel, James V. Moroney
The Malic Enzyme Is Required For Optimal Photoautotrophic Growth Of Synechocystis Sp. Strain Pcc 6803 Under Continuous Light But Not Under A Diurnal Light Regimen, Terry M. Bricker, Shulu Zhang, Susan M. Laborde, Paul R. Mayer, Laurie K. Frankel, James V. Moroney
Faculty Publications
A mutation was recovered in the slr0721 gene, which encodes the decarboxylating NADP+-dependent malic enzyme in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, yielding the mutant 3WEZ. Under continuous light, 3WEZ exhibits poor photoautotrophic growth while growing photoheterotrophically on glucose at rates nearly indistinguishable from wild-type rates. Interestingly, under diurnal light conditions (12 h of light and 12 h of dark), normal photoautotrophic growth of the mutant is completely restored.
Alu Element Mutation Spectra: Molecular Clocks And The Effect Of Dna Methylation, Jinchuan Xing, Dale J. Hedges, Kyudong Han, Hui Wang, Richard Cordaux, Mark A. Batzer
Alu Element Mutation Spectra: Molecular Clocks And The Effect Of Dna Methylation, Jinchuan Xing, Dale J. Hedges, Kyudong Han, Hui Wang, Richard Cordaux, Mark A. Batzer
Faculty Publications
In primate genomes more than 40% of CpG islands are found within repetitive elements. With more than one million copies in the human genome, the Alu family of retrotransposons represents the most successful short interspersed element (SINE) in primates and CpG dinucleotides make up about 20% of Alu sequences. It is generally thought that CpG dinucleotides mutate approximately ten times faster than other dinucleotides due to cytosine methylation and the subsequent deamination and conversion of C→T. However, the disparity of Alu subfamily age estimations based upon CpG or non-CpG substitution density indicates a more complex relationship between CpG and non-CpG …
The Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Trt2 TrnaThr Gene Upstream Of Ste6 Is A Barrier To Repression In Matα Cells And Exerts A Potential Trna Position Effect In Mata Cells, Tiffany A. Simms, Elsy C. Miller, Nicolas P. Buisson, Nithya Jambunathan, David Donze
The Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Trt2 TrnaThr Gene Upstream Of Ste6 Is A Barrier To Repression In Matα Cells And Exerts A Potential Trna Position Effect In Mata Cells, Tiffany A. Simms, Elsy C. Miller, Nicolas P. Buisson, Nithya Jambunathan, David Donze
Faculty Publications
A growing body of evidence suggests that genes transcribed by RNA polymerase III exhibit multiple functions within a chromosome. While the predominant function of these genes is the synthesis of RNA molecules, certain RNA polymerase III genes also function as genomic landmarks. Transfer RNA genes are known to exhibit extra-transcriptional activities such as directing Ty element integration, pausing of replication forks, overriding nucleosome positioning sequences, repressing neighboring genes (tRNA position effect), and acting as a barrier to the spread of repressive chromatin. This study was designed to identify other tRNA loci that may act as barriers to chromatin-mediated repression, and …
Effects Of Cardiotrophin On Adipocytes, Sanjin Zvonic, Jessica C. Hogan, Patricia Arbour-Reily, Randall L. Mynatt, Jacqueline M. Stephens
Effects Of Cardiotrophin On Adipocytes, Sanjin Zvonic, Jessica C. Hogan, Patricia Arbour-Reily, Randall L. Mynatt, Jacqueline M. Stephens
Faculty Publications
Cardiotrophin (CT-1) is a naturally occurring protein member of the interleukin (IL)-6 cytokine family and signals through the gp130/leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) heterodimer. The formation of gp130/ LIFR complex triggers the auto/trans-phosphorylation of associated Janus kinases, leading to the activation of Janus kinase/STAT and MAPK (ERK1 and -2) signaling pathways. Since adipocytes express both gp130 and LIFR proteins and are responsive to other IL-6 family cytokines, we examined the effects of CT-1 on 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Our studies have shown that CT-1 administration results in a dose- and time-dependent activation and nuclear translocation of STAT1, -3, -5A, and -5B as …
Stat 5 Activators Can Replace The Requirement Of Fbs In The Adipogenesis Of 3t3-L1 Cells, William C. Stewart, James E. Baugh, Z. Elizabeth Floyd, Jacqueline M. Stephens
Stat 5 Activators Can Replace The Requirement Of Fbs In The Adipogenesis Of 3t3-L1 Cells, William C. Stewart, James E. Baugh, Z. Elizabeth Floyd, Jacqueline M. Stephens
Faculty Publications
The 3T3-L1 cells differentiate into fat cells that have many properties of native adipocytes including: substantial lipid accumulation, insulin sensitivity, and the ability to secrete endocrine hormones. A substantial expense in using these cells is fetal bovine serum (FBS), a critical component of efficient adipogenesis. Our recent studies on STAT 5 proteins have revealed that these transcription factors are phosphorylated and translocate to the nucleus immediately after the initiation of differentiation. Studies by several other laboratories also suggest that STAT 5 proteins can have pro-adipogenic properties. Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) are both potent activators of STAT 5A and …
Phosphonoformate: A Minimal Transition State Analogue Inhibitor Of The Fosfomycin Resistance Protein, Fosa, Rachel E. Rigsby, Chris L. Rife, Kerry L. Fillgrove, Marcia E. Newcomer, Richard N. Armstrong
Phosphonoformate: A Minimal Transition State Analogue Inhibitor Of The Fosfomycin Resistance Protein, Fosa, Rachel E. Rigsby, Chris L. Rife, Kerry L. Fillgrove, Marcia E. Newcomer, Richard N. Armstrong
Faculty Publications
Fosfomycin [(1R,2S)-epoxypropylphosphonic acid] is a simple phosphonate found to have antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Early resistance to the clinical use of the antibiotic was linked to a plasmid-encoded resistance protein, FosA, that catalyzes the addition of glutathione to the oxirane ring, rendering the antibiotic inactive. Subsequent studies led to the discovery of a genomically encoded homologue in the pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The proteins are Mn(II)-dependent enzymes where the metal is proposed to act as a Lewis acid stabilizing the negative charge that develops on the oxirane oxygen in the transition state. Several simple phosphonates, including the …
Three Distinct Suppressors Of Rna Silencing Encoded By A 20-Kb Viral Rna Genome, Rui Lu, Alexey Folimonov, Michael Shintaku, Wan Xiang Li, Bryce W. Falk, William O. Dawson, Shou Wei Ding
Three Distinct Suppressors Of Rna Silencing Encoded By A 20-Kb Viral Rna Genome, Rui Lu, Alexey Folimonov, Michael Shintaku, Wan Xiang Li, Bryce W. Falk, William O. Dawson, Shou Wei Ding
Faculty Publications
Viral infection in both plant and invertebrate hosts requires a virus-encoded function to block the RNA silencing antiviral defense. Here, we report the identification and characterization of three distinct suppressors of RNA silencing encoded by the ≈20-kb plus-strand RNA genome of citrus tristeza virus (CTV). When introduced by genetic crosses into plants carrying a silencing transgene, both p20 and p23, but not coat protein (CP), restored expression of the transgene. Although none of the CTV proteins prevented DNA methylation of the transgene, export of the silencing signal (capable of mediating intercellular silencing spread) was detected only from the F 1 …
Glycine N-Methyltransferases: A Comparison Of The Crystal Structures And Kinetic Properties Of Recombinant Human, Mouse And Rat Enzymes, Svetlana Pakhomova, Zigmund Luka, Steffi Grohmann, Conrad Wagner, Marcia E. Newcomer
Glycine N-Methyltransferases: A Comparison Of The Crystal Structures And Kinetic Properties Of Recombinant Human, Mouse And Rat Enzymes, Svetlana Pakhomova, Zigmund Luka, Steffi Grohmann, Conrad Wagner, Marcia E. Newcomer
Faculty Publications
Glycine N-methyltransferases (GNMTs) from three mammalian sources were compared with respect to their crystal structures and kinetic parameters. The crystal structure for the rat enzyme was published previously. Human and mouse GNMT were expressed in Escherichia coli in order to determine their crystal structures. Mouse GNMT was crystallized in two crystal forms, a monoclinic form and a tetragonal form. Comparison of the three structures reveals subtle differences, which may relate to the different kinetic properties of the enzymes. The flexible character of several loops surrounding the active site, along with an analysis of the active site boundaries, indicates that the …
Evidence That D1 Processing Is Required For Manganese Binding And Extrinsic Protein Assembly Into Photosystem Ii, Johnna L. Roose, Himadri B. Pakrasi
Evidence That D1 Processing Is Required For Manganese Binding And Extrinsic Protein Assembly Into Photosystem Ii, Johnna L. Roose, Himadri B. Pakrasi
Faculty Publications
Photosystem II (PSII) is a large membrane protein complex that catalyzes oxidation of water to molecular oxygen. During its normal function, PSII is damaged and frequently turned over. The maturation of the D1 protein, a key component in PSII, is a critical step in PSII biogenesis. The precursor form of D1 (pD1) contains a C-terminal extension, which is removed by the protease CtpA to yield PSII complexes with oxygen evolution activity. To determine the temporal position of D1 processing in the PSII assembly pathway, PSII complexes containing only pD1 were isolated from a CtpA-deficient strain of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803. …
The Heme Oxygenase(S)-Phytochrome System Of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Rosalina Wegele, Ronja Tasler, Yuhong Zeng, Mario Rivera, Nicole Frankeinberg-Dinkel
The Heme Oxygenase(S)-Phytochrome System Of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Rosalina Wegele, Ronja Tasler, Yuhong Zeng, Mario Rivera, Nicole Frankeinberg-Dinkel
Faculty Publications
For many pathogenic bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa heme is an essential source of iron. After uptake, the heme molecule is degraded by heme oxygenases to yield iron, carbon monoxide, and biliverdin. The heme oxygenase PigA is only induced under iron-limiting conditions and produces the unusual biliverdin isomers IXβ and IXδ. The gene for a second putative heme oxygenase in P. aeruginosa, bphO, occurs in an operon with the gene bphP encoding a bacterial phytochrome. Here we provide biochemical evidence that bphO encodes for a second heme oxygenase in P. aeruginosa. HPLC, 1H, and 13C NMR studies indicate that BphO is …
Msba-Dependent Translocation Of Lipids Across The Inner Membrane Of Escherichia Coli, William T. Doerrler, Henry S. Gibbons, R. Christian, H. Raetz
Msba-Dependent Translocation Of Lipids Across The Inner Membrane Of Escherichia Coli, William T. Doerrler, Henry S. Gibbons, R. Christian, H. Raetz
Faculty Publications
MsbA is an essential ABC transporter in Escherichia coli required for exporting newly synthesized lipids from the inner to the outer membrane. It remains uncertain whether or not MsbA catalyzes trans-bilayer lipid movement (i.e. flip-flop) within the inner membrane. We now show that newly synthesized lipid A accumulates on the cytoplasmic side of the inner membrane after shifting an E. coli msbA missense mutant to the non-permissive temperature. This conclusion is based on the selective inhibition of periplasmic, but not cytoplasmic, covalent modifications of lipid A that occur in polymysin-resistant strains of E. coli. The accessibility of newly synthesized phosphatidylethanolamine …
Finishing The Euchromatic Sequence Of The Human Genome, Zahra Abdellah, Alireza Ahmadi, Shahana Ahmed, Matthew Aimable, Rachael Ainscough, Jeff Almeida, Claire Almond, Andrew Ambler, Karen Ambrose, Kerrie Ambrose, Robert Andrew, Daniel Andrews, Neil Andrews, Dan Andrews, Eva Apweiler, Hazel Arbery, Beth Archer, Gareth Ash, Kevin Ashcroft, Jennifer Ashurst, Robert Ashwell, Deborah Atkin, Andrea Atkinson, Barry Atkinson, John Attwood, Keith Aubin, Katherine Auger, Terry Avis, Anne Babbage, Sarah Babbage, Joanne Bacon, Claire Bagguley, Jonathan Bailey, Andrew Baker, Ruby Banerjee, Simon Bardill, Darren Barker, Gary Barker, Daniel Barker, Karen Barlow, Laurent Baron, Anika Barrett, Rebecca Bartlett, David Bashman, Victoria Basham, Alex Bateman, Karen Bates, Caroline Baynes, Lisa Beard, Susan Beard, David Beare, Alastair Beasley, Helen Beasley, Oliver Beasley, Stephen Beck, Emma Bell, Damian Bellerby, Tristram Bellerby, Richard Bemrose, James Bennett, David Bentley, Andrew Bentley, Mary Berks, Michael Berks, Graeme Bethel, Christine Bird, Ewan Birney, Helen Bissell, Suzanne Blackburne-Maze, Sarah Blakey, Christel Bolton, James Bonfield, Ralph Bonnett, Richard Border, Amanda Bradley, Nicola Brady, Jason Bray, Sarah Bray-Allen, Anne Bridgeman, Jonathan Brook, Shane Brooking, Andrew Brown, Clive Brown, Jacqui Brown, Margaret Brown, Mary Brown, Richard Bruskiewich, Jackie Bryant, David Buck, Veronica Buckle, Claire Budd, Sarah Buller, Jill Burberry, Deborah Burford, Joanne Burgess, Wayne Burrill, Christine Burrows, John Burton, Christine Burton, Phil Butcher, Adam Butler, Murray Cairns, Nick Camm, Christopher Campbell, Bruno Canning, Carol Carder, Paul Carder, Nigel Carter, Tamara Cavanna, Shani Chalk, Ka Chan, Joanna Chapman, Rachel Charles, Neil Chillingworth, Tom Chothia, Connie Chui, Rob Clack, Michele Clamp, Anthea Clark, Graham Clark, Kevin Clark, Sarah Clark, Sue Clark, Richard Clark, Betty Clarke, Eddie Clarke, Kay Clarke, Adrian Clarke, Laura Clarke, Chris Clee, Shelia Clegg, Karen Clifford, Julia Coates, Victoria Cobley, Alison Coffey, Penelope Coggill, Lotte Cole, Rachael Collier, Simon Collings, John Collins, Philip Collins, Louise Colman, Anthony Connolly, Richard Conner, Jennie Conquer, Donald Conroy, Doug Constance, Leanna Cook, Jonathan Cooper, Rachel Cooper, Robert Cooper, Maria Coppola, Teresa Copsey, Nicole Corby, Linda Cornell, Ruth Cornell, Christine Cornell, Amanda Cottage, Alan Coulson, Gez Coville, Anthony Cox, Tony Cox, Robert Coxhill, Matthew Craig, Tom Crane, Matt Crawley, Victor Crew, James Cuff, Karl Culley, Auli Cummings, Kirsti Cummings, Paul Cummings, Adam Curran, Valery Curwen, Jeffrey Cutts, Rachael Daniels, Lucy Davidson, Jonathon Davies, Joy Davies, Nicholas Davies, Robert Davies, John Davis, Jayne Davis, Matthew Davis, Elisabeth Dawson, Rebecca Deadman, Peter Dean, Simon Dear, Frances Dearden, Marcos Delgado, Panos Deloukas, Janet Dennis, Pawandeep Dhami, Catherine Dibling, Ruth Dobbs, Richard Dobson, Catherine Dockree, Daniel Doddington, Steven Dodsworth, Norman Doggett, Thomas Down, Andrew Dunham, Ian Dunham, Anne Dunn, Matthew Dunn, Richard Durbin, Jillian Durham, Ireena Dutta, Ruth Dwyer, Lauren Dyer, Mark Earthrowl, Timothy Eastham, Emma Eastham, Carol Edwards, Karen Edwards, Andrew Ellington, David Elliot, Matthew Ellwood, Becky Emberson, Helen Errington, Gareth Evans, John Evans, Katie Evans, Richard Evans, Eduardo Eyras, Louisa Faulkner, Charlotte Fellingham, Theresa Feltwell, Stephen Fennell, Robert Finn, Tina Flack, Claire Felming, Kerry Fleming, Jonathan Flint, Mark Flint, Yvonne Floyd, Simon Footman, John Fowler, Deborah Frame, Matthew Francis, Stephen Francis, Adam Frankish, John Frankland, Audrey Fraser, David Fraser, Lisa French, David Fricker, Daniel Frost, Jackie Frost, Lorna Frost, Carole Frost, Liam Fuller, Kathryn Fullerton, Alison Gardner, Patrick Garner, Jane Garnett, Leigh Gatland, Lindsay Gatland, Jilur Ghori, Ben Gibbs, Diane Gibson, Elizabeth Gibson, James Gilbert, Lisa Gilby, Christopher Gillson, Rebecca Glithero, April Gooderham, Matthew Gorton, Darren Grafham, Michael Grant, Susan Grant, Lain Gray, Emma Gray, Lisa Green, James Greenhalgh, Joe Greenhill, Sam Griffiths-Jones, Philippa Gregg, Simon Gregory, Susan Gribble, Coline Griffiths, Ed Griffiths, Mark Griffiths, Russell Grocock, Ian Guthrie, Rhian Gwilliam, Rebekah Hall, Karen Halls, Gretta Hall-Tamly, John Hamlett, John Hamlett, Sian Hammond, Julie Hancock, Adam Harding, Joanne Harley, David Harper, Georgina Harper, Patrik Harper, Grant Harradence, Charlene-Lou Harrison, Elliot Harrison, Ruth Harrison, Elizabeth Hart, Daniel Hassan, Natalie Hawkins, Kellie Hawley, Kerry Hayes, Paul Heath, Rosemary Heathcott, Cathy Hembry, Carl Henderson, Tim Herd, Stephen Hewitt, Douglas Higgs, Guy Hillyard, Russell Hinkins, Sara-Jane Ho, David Hodgson, Michael Hoffs, Jane Holden, Janet Holdgate, Ele Holloway, Ian Holmes, Sarah Holmes, Simon Holroyd, Alison Hooper, Lucy Hopewell, Ben Hopkins, Gary Hornett, Geoff Hornsby, Tony Hornsby, Sharon Horsley, Roger Horton, Philip Howard, Philip Howden, Kevin Howe, Gareth Howell, Timothy Hubbard, Elizabeth Huckle, Jaime Hughes, Jennifer Hughes, Louisa Hull, Holger Hummeric, Sean Humphray, Matthew Humphries, Adrienne Hunt, Paul Hunt, Sarah Hunt, Giselle Hunter, David Hyde, Michael Ince, Judith Isherwood, Vivek Iyer, Janet Izatt, Monica Izmajlowicz, Niclas Jareborg, Bijay Jassal, Grant Jeffery, Kim Jeffery, Colin Jeffrey, Kerstin Jekosch, Lee Jenkins, Tina Johansen, Cheryl Johnson, Christopher Johnson, David Johnson, Keith Jolley, Abigail Jones, Claire Jones, Juliet Jones, Matthew Jones, Michael Jones, Steven Jones, Shirin Joseph, Ann Joy, Linsey Joy, Victoria Joy, Gillian Joyce, Mark Jubb, Kanchi Karunaratne, Michael Kay, Danielle Kaye, Lyndal Kearney, Stephen Keenan, Simon Kelley, Joanna Kershaw, Ross Kettleborough, Cathy Kidd, Peter Kierstan, Andrew Kimberley, Andrew King, Simon Kingsley, Colin Kingswood, Gillian Klingle, Andrew Knights, 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Gabisi, Marvin Garcia, Ricardo M. Garcia Iii, Toni T. Garner, Melissa Garza, Laura Gay, Stephanie L. Gench, Sayantan Ghose, Richard A. Gibbs, Rachel Gill, Guillermo B. Gonzalez, Michelle L. Grady, William Guerra, Whitney V. Guevara, Preethi Gunaratne, Brett Lynn Hall, Brittany Hall, Cerissa Hamilton, Keelan A. Hamilton, Vincent A. Hanak, Brandy A. Harbes, Paul Havlak, Alicia C. Hawes, Ebere Sylvia Onyirioha Hawkins, Nicholas Henderson, Judith Hernandez, Omar Hernandez, Allyson Herseim, Sandra Hines, Matthew Edward Hitchens, Anne V. Hodgson, Marilyn E. Hogues, Mara Hollaway, Barbara Hollins, Deana K. Homsi, Farah J. Homsi, Amber Hornsby, Stephanie R. Howard, Latoya Lynette Howell, Sally Lucinda Howells, Mei Huang, James W. Huber, Steven Hulyk, Jennifer Hume, Michael Hunt, Devincent G. Idlebird, Kelvin C. Imo, Laronda R. Jackson, Leni Susan Jacob, Alberto Jimenez, Bennie Johnson, Rudy Johnson, Angela Jolivet, Ryan Kagan, Shayna P. Kelly, Susan H. Kelly, Umer F. Khan, Ziad Mohid Khan, Divya Khurama, Laquisha Monique King, Haika Kisamo, Christie L. Kovar, Larissa Kulish, Belita Leal, Heather Lebow, Cherie Jenae Lee, Kenneth Lee, Fitzherbert Henderson Legall Iii, Jaclyn M. Levan, Ernest K. Lewis, Lakeshia C. Lewis, Lora R. Lewis, Jane Li, Zhangwan Li, Jing Liu, Wen Liu, Yih-Shin Liu, Dhammika Liyanage, Pamela London, John Lopez, Lora Lopez, Lorna M. Lorensuhewa, Hermela Loulseged, Demetria A. Lovett, Ryan J. Lozado, Xiuhua Lu, Yue Lu, Alice Lucier, Raymond L. Lucier, Jie Ma, Xiaohui Ma, Renita C. Madu, Manjula Maheshwari, Mathew Mahindartne, Kevin Malloy, Brian Mangum, Patricia Mapua, David Mareth, Kirt Martin, Ashley D. Martindale, Evangelina Martinez, Elizabeth Massey, Sterling D. Matthews, Samantha Mawhiney, Michael P. Mcleod, John D. Mcpherson, Michael G. Meador, Sylvia Mendez, Christian Mercado, Iracema C. Mercado, Christina E. Merritt, Michael Lee Metzker, Mason W. Mileur, George R. Miner, Emmanuel Minja, Teresa Mitchell, Farida Mohabbat, Khatera Mohabbat, Julie Montemayor, Baize Montgomery, Niki Moore, Margaret B. Morgan, Sidney Morris, Mala Munidasa, Matthew B. Murphy, Debra Dianne Murray, Donna Marie Muzny, Latha Nair, Seema R. Nair, Amit N. Nanavati, Colin E. Nankervis, Lynne V. Nazareth, Dearl D. Neal, Robin Ngoc Ngo, Bao-Viet Nguyen, Natalie M. Nguyen, Ngoc Bich Nguyen, Elizabeth Nickerson, Sarah Louise Norris, Ogechi O. Nwaokelemeh, Stanley Nwokenkwo, Melissa Obregon, Maryann Oguh, Geoffrey O. Okwuonu, Kenneth C. Okwuonu, Alisa Olarnpunsagoon, Njideka Oragunye, Jerry Orantes, Rodolfo J. Oviedo, Araceli C. Pace, Shane Pahlavan, Vladimir Panasenko, David Neil Parker, Kenya L. Parks, Shiran Pasternak, Bella Mayurkumar Patel, Jalpa N. Patel, Vishal V. Patel, James Patrick, Heidie A. Paul, Brett A. Payton, Agapito Perez, Lesette M. Perez, William Perrin, Leonard G. Peters, Adam Pickens, Natasha Pieper, Farah Jo Homsi Plopper, Alan Poindexter, Nima M. Pourrajabi, Eltrick L. Primus, Ling-Ling Pu, Maria Puazo, Xiang Qin, Miyo M. Quiles, Juana B. Quiroz, Dina Rabata, Eric K. Rachlin, Kacy Reeves, Richard A. Reigh, Yanru Ren, Stephen Richards, Catharine M. Rives, Travis L. Rodkey, Alberto Rojas, Erica M. Ruiz, San Juana Ruiz, Moazzam Mohammad Sana, Wendi Sanders, Jireh Santibanez, Glenford G. Savery, Steven Edward Scherer, Matthew Schnabl, Graham Scott, Hua Shen, Ida Sisson, Erica Sodergren, Titilola Sonaike, Xing-Zhi Song, Richard P. Sorelle, Anastasia L. Sparks, David Steffen, Angelica E. Sutton, Amanda F. Svatek, Jessica Svetz, Leah Anne Svetz, Paul E. Tabor, Kavitha S. Tamerisa, Aparna Tamirisa, Hongli Tang, Jennifer Tansey, Christina C. Taylor, Tineace R. Taylor, Ethan Brett Telford, Nicole Thomas, Shereen Thomas, Rachel Diane Thorne, Ly Thanh Tran, Zulma Y. Trejos, Brenda Kaye Trevino, Ogechi Nkemdirim Ukegbu, Jeremy B. Urban, Kamran Usmani, Ruben E. Valas, Charles E. Vargo, Lydia I. Vasquez, Virginia A. Vera, Daniel Verduzco, Donna M. Villasana, Lenee Waldron, Davian L. Walker, Randy E. Wall, Natalie Walsham, Jie Wang, Ling Wang, Qiaoyan Wang, Suzhen Wang, Stephanie Ward-Moore, James T. Warren, Xuehong Wei, George Weinstock, Mary Melissa Wesley, David A. Wheeler, Flower White, Manosha I. Wickremasinghe, Gabrielle A. Williams, Angela L. Williamson, Regina Wleczyk, Hailey S. Wooden, Steven H. Wooden, Kim Carlyle Worley, Rita A. Wright, Jiaqian Wu, Syed Yakub, Jennifer Yen, Lillienne Yoon, Vivienne Yoon, Fuli Yu, Ye Yuan, Jingkun Zhang, Shaojie Zhang, Zhengdong Zhang, Jianling Zhou, Sara E. Zorrilla, Yoshiyuki Sakaki, Masahira Hattori, Asao Fujiyama, Todd Duane Taylor, Atsushi Toyoda, Yasushi Totoki, Hidemi Watanabe, Tetsushi Yada, Yoko Kuroki, Hideki Noguchi, Katsuhiko Murakami, Tomoyuki Aizu, Rie Arai, Fumio Ejima, Tomoko Hasegawa, Etsuko Hashimoto, Wakako Hashimoto, Naomi Inagaki, Shuuji Inoue, Hinako Ishizaki, Emi Isozaki, Noriko Ito, Mariko Iwatate, Mikiko Iwatsu, Kaoru Kaida, Takako Kato, Moe Kimura, Miho Kiyooka, Kayo Maruyama, Ayuko Motoyama, Hiroko Morita, Maho Naka, Saori Nakagawa, Aki Nishida, Etsuko Ogawara, Reina Okumura, Nao Ohta, Ritsuko Ozawa, Ryoko Sakai, Noriko Shiino, Minami Shoji, Keiko Takahashi, Nobuhiro Takano, Yoriko Terada, Miwako Tochigi, Iori Tomizawa, Yumi Tsukamoto, Rina Tsuzuki, Nozomi Uyama, Noriko Yamamoto, Yuko Yamamoto, Yasue Yamashita, Miho Yonezawa, Satoru Yoshida, Hiromi Wada, Michiru Fujioka, Rintaro Fukawa, Takehiko Itoh, Takujiro Katayama, Chiharu Kawagoe, Syunsuke Nagao, Nobuhiro Oomori, Kenshiro Ooshima, Hidetsugu Shimizu, Jiu Qin Sun, Takashi Tahara, Rajinder Kaul, Maynard V. Olson, Will Gillet, Eric Haugen, Chris Raymond, Yang Zhou, Anthony Palmeiri, Channakhone Saenphimmachak, Sandhya Subramanian, Zaining Wu, Karen Phelps, Roland Heilig, Ralph Eckenberg, Jean-Louis Petit, Núrua Fonknechten, Corinne Da Silva, Laurence Cattolico, Michaël Levy, Valérie Barbe, Véronique De Berardinis, Abel Ureta-Vidal, Eric Pelletier, Virginie Vico, Véronique Anthouard, François Artiguenave, Catherine Robert, Corinne Cruaud, Thomas Brüls, Philippe Brottier, Béatrice Ségurens, Sylvie Samain, Hervé Crespeau, Claude Scarpelli, Gábor Gyapay, Patrick Wincker, William Saurin, Jean Weissenbach, Fumihiko Matsuda, Nobuyoshi Shimizu, Shinsei Minoshima, Jun Kudoh, Shuichi Asakawa, Kazuhiko Kawasaki, Kazunori Shibuya, Takashi Sasaki, Atsushi Takayanagi, Atsushi Shimizu, Ai Shintani, Eriko Nakato, Susumu Mitsuyama, Satoru Yamazaki, Izumi Obayashi, James Schmeits, Masafumi Ohtsubo, Michiyo Okui, Yuji Murayama, Meng K. Lim, Saho Ohno, Kentaro Nagamine, Yimin Wang, Jun Wang, Aiko Shiohama, Norie Aoki, Nobuaki Shindoh, Hideto Maeda, Katsuhiro Hosono, Hao Yang, Tomohiro Izumiyama, Miho Tatsuyama, Nori Sawada, Yoshitaka Matsushita, Sabine K. Ishikawa, Mio Mejima, Tamami Adachi, Teruyo Asakawa, Mie Furuhashi, Misuzu Osada, Kyoko Ohmori, Etsuko Nakamura, Naoko Sanuki, Masayo Nakagawa, Naoko Togashi, Junko Hamada, Meishan Shen, Mai Kobayashi, Junko Onoda, Aki Mitsui, Saki Watanabe, Akemi Miyazawa, Shinobu Iwakawa, Akiko Ishibashi, Kei Hosoda, Shuko Matsumoto, Kazuyasu Kojima, Hiromi Tsuruoka, Yali Xuan, Fumiaki Ito, Yoshiko Shimizu, Stylianos E. Antonarakis, John Battles, Patrick Cahill, David Camire, Lynn Doucette-Stamm, Kim Fechtel, Erik Gustafson, Jennifer Horne, Christopher Hynds, Arnold Kana, Hong-Mei Lee, Minh Nguyen, Andrea Rogosin, Marc Rubenfield, Douglas R. Smith, Lisa Standring, Bill Torcaso, Jason Tsolas, Jennifer Walsh, Ying Wang, Keith Weinstock, Brian Birditt, Scott Bloom, Leroy Hood, Amardeep Kaur, Ryan Nesbitt, Lee Rowen, Matthias Platzer, Cornelia Baumgart, Silke Förste, Petra Galgoczy, Gernot Glöckner, Yvonne Görlich, Ivonne Heinze, Niels Jahn, Dorothee Lagemann, Rüdiger Lehmann, Elke Meier, Evelyn Michaelis, Uta Petz, Kathrin Reichwald, Markus Schilhabel, Kathleen Seitz, Roman Siddiqui, Stefan Taudien, Gaiping Wen, Daniela Werler, Jingyue Bao, Qiyu Bao, Weidong Bao, Shihua Bi, Xuemeng Bian, Lars Bolund, Tianjing Cai, Zhen Cai, Ting Cao, Yuzhu Cao, Baoxian Chen, Chong Chen, Cong Chen, Jianlong Chen, Jie Chen, Junbao Chen, Lixia Chen, Shu Chen, Tong Chen, Xiaoyun Chen, Xinyi Chen, Yanjiong Chen, Yiyu Chen, Zhu Chen, Zhihua Cheng, Cheng Chi, Hongjuan Cui, Jinhui Cui, Peng Cui, Bin Cong, Li Dai, Yajun Deng, Hao Ding, Hui Dong, Wei Dong, Xiaojia Dong, Yutao Du, Hongyuan Fan, Keke Fan, Jianqiu Fang, Guodong Feng, Haiyan Feng, Jie 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Yongxiang Lu, Chunqing Luo, Gang Lv, Cheng Ma, Jiao Ma, Qingmei Ma, Shanshan Meng, Feng Mu, Lin Ni, Yuxin Niu, Jiaofeng Pan, Sisu Pan, Qiuhui Qi, Xiaohua Qi, Xufang Qian, Zengmin Qian, Boqin Qiang, Zhenyong Qiao, Shuangxi Ren, Li Rong, Chunyan Shao, Yufen Shao, Fengye Shen, Yan Shen, Guibin Shi, Hongfang Shi, Michael Smith, Liping Song, Shuping Song, Xiaohu Su, Jiajia Sun, Jiandong Sun, Min Sun, Tao Sun, Wei Sun, Yongqiao Sun, Yu Sun, Yue Sun, Xinyu Tan, Xiangjun Tang, Ran Tao, Chaoguang Tian, Wei Tian, Yan Tian, Yong Tian, Yuqing Tian, Jingli Tong, Yuefeng Tu, Ma Wan, Dong Wang, Feng Wang, Guangxin Wang, Guihai Wang, Hongjuan Wang, Hongwei Wang, Huanjie Wang, Huifeng Wang, Jian Wang, Jingqiang Wang, Juan Wang, Jun Wang, Li Wang, Lijie Wang, Lijuan Wang, Lijun Wang, Liqun Wang, Shifen Wang, Shu Wang, Wenjun Wang, Xiaoling Wang, Xiaoning Wang, Xuefei Wang, Xuegang Wang, Yan Wang, Ying Wang, Yuanyuan Wang, Shulin Wei, Gane K-S Wong, Chungen Wu, Dongying Wu, Qingfa Wu, Ruiming Wu, Xiao Wu, Xiaojing Wu, Yan Xi, Yingying Xi, Fei Xie, Yuqing Xiong, Jing Xu, Ruqin Xu, Shuhua Xu, Wei Xu, Yan Xu, Yuning Xu, Zuyuan Xu, Zhenyu Xuan, Rui Xue, Shudong Yang, Xiaonan Yang, Yongkui Yang, Zhijian Yao, Chen Ye, Haifeng ., Yin ., Bo You, Bing Yu, Jun Yu, Kaiwen Yuan, Yida Yuan, Shujie Yue, Yixin Zeng, Dong Zhai, Bo Zhang, Caimin Zhang, Fengmei Zhang, Guangyu Zhang, Guohua Zhang, Haiqing Zhang, Hongbo Zhang, Jingjing Zhang, Jiuchun Zhang, Guohua Zhang, Haiqing Zhang, Hongbo Zhang, Jingjing Zhang, Jiuchun Zhang, Lanzhi Zhang, Li Zhang, Meihua Zhang, Meng Zhang, Ming Zhang, Ruhua Zhang, Tiezhen Zhang, Wei Zhang, Xianglin Zhang, Xiaoliang Zhang, Xiuqing Zhang, Wei Zhang, Yan Zhang, Yi Zhang, Yilin Zhang, Ying Zhang, Yuansen Zhang, Yuzhi Zhang, Hongmei Zhao, Lijian Zhao, Zhijing Zhao, Zhicheng Zhen, Haibo Zheng, Ming Zhong, Haixia Zhou, Nannan Zhou, Xinfeng Zhou, Yan Zhou, Yi Zhou, Bingying Zhu, Bofeng Zhu, Fenghua Zhu, Genfeng Zhu, Miao Zhu, Ning Zhu, Yongge Zhu, Zhen Zhu, Shitao Zhuang, Weidong Bao, Bin Chen, Chong Chen, Lihong Chen, Zhu Chen, Peng Cui, Keyue Ding, Wei Dong, Gang Fu, Wenyi Gu, Wei Huang, Jia Jia, Wei Li, Boyong Liu, Chunqing Luo, Gang Lv, Yuxin Niu, Xiaohua Qi, Shuangxi Ren, Li Rong, Yan Shen, Haihui Sheng, Liping Song, Xinyu Tan, Chaoguang Tian, Yuefeng Tu, Huifeng Wang, Jian Wang, Jing Wang, Jingqiang Wang, Jinhua Wang, Jun Wang, Qingfa Wu, Hui Xiong, Jing Xu, Huanming Yang, Zhijian Yao, Xiaonan Yang, Jun Yu, Haiqing Zhang, Li Zhang, Xianglin Zhang, Yilin Zhang, Genfeng Zhu, Zhu Chen, Gang Fu, Jun Gu, Wei Huang, Jiayang Li, Zaiping Li, Qian Liu, Boqin Qiang, Yan Shen, Guihai Wang, Jian Wang, Xinlai Xu, Zhihong Xu, Huanming Yang, Jun Yu, Guoping Zhan, Ralf Sudbrak, Alfred Beck, Alia Benkahla, Katja Borzym, Donald Buczek, Verena Gimmel, Katja Heitmann, Steffen Hennig, Sven Klages, Anna Kosiura, Michael Kube, Ines Müller, Hans Lehrach, Siliva Schmoger, Marie-Laure Yaspo, Richard Reinhardt, Helmut Blöcker, Ansgar Conrad, Martin Czubayko, Klaus Hornischer, Doris Järke, Michael Jarek, Gerhard Kauer, Tschong-Hun Löhnert, Gabriele Nordsiek, Maren Scharfe, Oliver Schön, Stephanie Thies, Ellson Chen, Jungshing Road, Primo Babayan, Chun-Nan Chen, Cheryl Heiner, Peter Ma, Massimo Zollo, Lin Zuo, R. 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Finishing The Euchromatic Sequence Of The Human Genome, Zahra Abdellah, Alireza Ahmadi, Shahana Ahmed, Matthew Aimable, Rachael Ainscough, Jeff Almeida, Claire Almond, Andrew Ambler, Karen Ambrose, Kerrie Ambrose, Robert Andrew, Daniel Andrews, Neil Andrews, Dan Andrews, Eva Apweiler, Hazel Arbery, Beth Archer, Gareth Ash, Kevin Ashcroft, Jennifer Ashurst, Robert Ashwell, Deborah Atkin, Andrea Atkinson, Barry Atkinson, John Attwood, Keith Aubin, Katherine Auger, Terry Avis, Anne Babbage, Sarah Babbage, Joanne Bacon, Claire Bagguley, Jonathan Bailey, Andrew Baker, Ruby Banerjee, Simon Bardill, Darren Barker, Gary Barker, Daniel Barker, Karen Barlow, Laurent Baron, Anika Barrett, Rebecca Bartlett, David Bashman, Victoria Basham, Alex Bateman, Karen Bates, Caroline Baynes, Lisa Beard, Susan Beard, David Beare, Alastair Beasley, Helen Beasley, Oliver Beasley, Stephen Beck, Emma Bell, Damian Bellerby, Tristram Bellerby, Richard Bemrose, James Bennett, David Bentley, Andrew Bentley, Mary Berks, Michael Berks, Graeme Bethel, Christine Bird, Ewan Birney, Helen Bissell, Suzanne Blackburne-Maze, Sarah Blakey, Christel Bolton, James Bonfield, Ralph Bonnett, Richard Border, Amanda Bradley, Nicola Brady, Jason Bray, Sarah Bray-Allen, Anne Bridgeman, Jonathan Brook, Shane Brooking, Andrew Brown, Clive Brown, Jacqui Brown, Margaret Brown, Mary Brown, Richard Bruskiewich, Jackie Bryant, David Buck, Veronica Buckle, Claire Budd, Sarah Buller, Jill Burberry, Deborah Burford, Joanne Burgess, Wayne Burrill, Christine Burrows, John Burton, Christine Burton, Phil Butcher, Adam Butler, Murray Cairns, Nick Camm, Christopher Campbell, Bruno Canning, Carol Carder, Paul Carder, Nigel Carter, Tamara Cavanna, Shani Chalk, Ka Chan, Joanna Chapman, Rachel Charles, Neil Chillingworth, Tom Chothia, Connie Chui, Rob Clack, Michele Clamp, Anthea Clark, Graham Clark, Kevin Clark, Sarah Clark, Sue Clark, Richard Clark, Betty Clarke, Eddie Clarke, Kay Clarke, Adrian Clarke, Laura Clarke, Chris Clee, Shelia Clegg, Karen Clifford, Julia Coates, Victoria Cobley, Alison Coffey, Penelope Coggill, Lotte Cole, Rachael Collier, Simon Collings, John Collins, Philip Collins, Louise Colman, Anthony Connolly, Richard Conner, Jennie Conquer, Donald Conroy, Doug Constance, Leanna Cook, Jonathan Cooper, Rachel Cooper, Robert Cooper, Maria Coppola, Teresa Copsey, Nicole Corby, Linda Cornell, Ruth Cornell, Christine Cornell, Amanda Cottage, Alan Coulson, Gez Coville, Anthony Cox, Tony Cox, Robert Coxhill, Matthew Craig, Tom Crane, Matt Crawley, Victor Crew, James Cuff, Karl Culley, Auli Cummings, Kirsti Cummings, Paul Cummings, Adam Curran, Valery Curwen, Jeffrey Cutts, Rachael Daniels, Lucy Davidson, Jonathon Davies, Joy Davies, Nicholas Davies, Robert Davies, John Davis, Jayne Davis, Matthew Davis, Elisabeth Dawson, Rebecca Deadman, Peter Dean, Simon Dear, Frances Dearden, Marcos Delgado, Panos Deloukas, Janet Dennis, Pawandeep Dhami, Catherine Dibling, Ruth Dobbs, Richard Dobson, Catherine 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Lisa Gilby, Christopher Gillson, Rebecca Glithero, April Gooderham, Matthew Gorton, Darren Grafham, Michael Grant, Susan Grant, Lain Gray, Emma Gray, Lisa Green, James Greenhalgh, Joe Greenhill, Sam Griffiths-Jones, Philippa Gregg, Simon Gregory, Susan Gribble, Coline Griffiths, Ed Griffiths, Mark Griffiths, Russell Grocock, Ian Guthrie, Rhian Gwilliam, Rebekah Hall, Karen Halls, Gretta Hall-Tamly, John Hamlett, John Hamlett, Sian Hammond, Julie Hancock, Adam Harding, Joanne Harley, David Harper, Georgina Harper, Patrik Harper, Grant Harradence, Charlene-Lou Harrison, Elliot Harrison, Ruth Harrison, Elizabeth Hart, Daniel Hassan, Natalie Hawkins, Kellie Hawley, Kerry Hayes, Paul Heath, Rosemary Heathcott, Cathy Hembry, Carl Henderson, Tim Herd, Stephen Hewitt, Douglas Higgs, Guy Hillyard, Russell Hinkins, Sara-Jane Ho, David Hodgson, Michael Hoffs, Jane Holden, Janet Holdgate, Ele Holloway, Ian Holmes, Sarah Holmes, Simon Holroyd, Alison Hooper, Lucy Hopewell, Ben Hopkins, Gary Hornett, Geoff Hornsby, Tony Hornsby, Sharon Horsley, Roger Horton, Philip Howard, Philip Howden, Kevin Howe, Gareth Howell, Timothy Hubbard, Elizabeth Huckle, Jaime Hughes, Jennifer Hughes, Louisa Hull, Holger Hummeric, Sean Humphray, Matthew Humphries, Adrienne Hunt, Paul Hunt, Sarah Hunt, Giselle Hunter, David Hyde, Michael Ince, Judith Isherwood, Vivek Iyer, Janet Izatt, Monica Izmajlowicz, Niclas Jareborg, Bijay Jassal, Grant Jeffery, Kim Jeffery, Colin Jeffrey, Kerstin Jekosch, Lee Jenkins, Tina Johansen, Cheryl Johnson, Christopher Johnson, David Johnson, Keith Jolley, Abigail Jones, Claire Jones, Juliet Jones, Matthew Jones, Michael Jones, Steven Jones, Shirin Joseph, Ann Joy, Linsey Joy, Victoria Joy, Gillian Joyce, Mark Jubb, Kanchi Karunaratne, Michael Kay, Danielle Kaye, Lyndal Kearney, Stephen Keenan, Simon Kelley, Joanna Kershaw, Ross Kettleborough, Cathy Kidd, Peter Kierstan, Andrew Kimberley, Andrew King, Simon Kingsley, Colin Kingswood, Gillian Klingle, Andrew Knights, Ian Korf, Anders Krogh, Heena Lad, Philip Laidlaw, Michael Laing, Gavin Laird, Christine Lambart, Ralph Lamble, Cordelia Langford, Ben Larke, Timun Lau, Stephanie Lawlor, Sampsa Leather, Minna Lehvaslaiho, Johannes Lemke, Steven Leonard, Daniel Leongamornlert, Margaret Leversha, Julia Lightning, Sarah Lindsay, Matthew Line, Sally Linsdell, Peter Little, Christine Lloyd, David Lloyd, Victoria Lock, William Lock, Anne Lodziak, Ian Longden, Howard Loraine, Rachel Lord, Jane Loveland, Jamie Lovell, Georgina Lye, Neil Marriott, Anne Marrone, Paul Marsden, Victoria Marsh, Matthew Martin, Sancha Martin, Gareth Maslen, Debbie Mason, Lucy Matthews, Paul Matthews, Nick Matthews, Madalynne Maynard, Owen Mccann, Joseph Mcclay, Craig Mccollum, Louise Mcconnachie, Bill Mcdonald, Louise Mcdonald, Jennifer Mcdowall, Sarah Mcguire, Carole Mckeown, Stuart Mclaren, Kirsten Mclay, James Mclean, John Mcmurdo, Amanda Mcmurray, Des Mcmurray, Natalie Mcwilliams, Nalini Mehta, Patrick Meidi, Noel Menuge, Simon Mercer, Asab Miah, Gos Micklem, Simon Miles, Sarah Milne, Dippica Mistry, Shailesh Mistry, Jake Mitchell, Jeff Mitchell, Maryam Mohammadi, Christophe Molina, Paul Mooney, Madeline Moore, Andrea Moreland, Beverly Mortimore, Richard Mott, Ian Mullenger, Jim Mullikin, Brian Munday, Elaine Munday, Andy Mungall, Clare Murnane, Kerry Murrell, Alison Myers, David Negus, Bee Ng, David Niblett, Jonathan Nicholson, Tim Nickerson, Sukhjit Nijjar, Zemin Ning, James Nisbet, Karen Novik, Christopher Odell, Daniel O'Donovan, Francess Ogbighele, Tom Oinn, Hayley Oliver, Karen Oliver, Helena Orbell, Anthony Osborn, Joan Osborne, Emma Overton-Larty, Sophie Palmer, Richard Pandian, Adrian Parker, Christopher Parkin, Kim Parkin, Ginny Parry-Brown, Dina Patel, Ritesh Patel, Alexandra Pearce, Danita Pearson, Anna Peck, Richard Peck, John Pedan, Sarah Pelan, Chantel Percy, Andrew Perito, Isabelle Perrault, Anna Peters, Roger Pettett, Ben Phillimore, Kim Phillips, Samantha Phillips, Darren Platt, Emma Playford, Bob Plumb, Matthew Pocock, Keith Porter, Tarryn Porter, Christopher Potter, Simon Potter, Don Powell, Radhika Prathalingham, Elena Prigmore, Michael Quail, Hannah Quarrie, Chris Quince, Matloob Qureshi, Helen Ramsay, Yvonne Ramsey, Sally Ranby, Richard Rance, Vikki Rand, Joanne Ratford, Lewis Ratford, Daniel Read, Donald Redhead, Richard Redon, Christine Rees, Mary Reid, Astrid Reinhardt, Alex Rice, Catherine Rice, Peter Rice, Suzzanne Richard, Susan Richardson, Kerry Ridler, Lyn Riethoven, Rachel Rigby, Melanie Robinson, Rebecca Rochford, Jane Rogers, Lisa Rogers, Hugh Ross, Mark Ross, Angela Rule, James Rule, Ben Russell, Jayne Russell, Kamal Safdar, Natalie Salter, Javier Santoyo-Lopez, David Saunders, Carol Scott, Deborah Scott, Ian Scott, Fiona Seager, Margaret Searle, Paul Searle, Stephen Searle, Harminder Sehra, Joe Shakespeare, Jason Shardelow, Greg Sharp, Teresa Shaw, Charles Shaw-Smith, Jennifer Shearing, Karen Sheppard, Richard Silk, Matthew Sims, Sarah Sims, Shanthi Sivadasan, Carl Skuce, Luc Smink, Andrew Smith, Laura Smith, Lorraine Smith, Michelle Smith, Russell Smith, Stephanie Smith, James Smith, Hannah Sneath, Cari Soderlund, Victor Solovyev, Erik Sonnhammer, Elizabeth Sheridan, Ratna Shownkeen, Richard Silk, Matthew Sims, Sarah Sims, Shanthi Sivadasan, Carl Skuce, Luc Smink, Andrew Smith, Laura Smith, Lorraine Smith, Michelle Smith, Russell Smith, Stephanie Smith, James Smith, Hannah Sneath, Cari Soderlund, Victor Solovyez, Erik Sonnhammer, Elizabeth Sotheran, William Spooner, Lee Spraggon, Janet Squares, Suzanna Sqaures, Michael Stables, James Stalker, Steve Stamford, Melanie Stammers, Helen Steingruber, Yvonne Stephens, Charles Steward, Aengus Stewart, Michael Stewart, Ian Still, Mo Stock, Lisa Stoppard, Philip Storey, Roy Storey, Sarah Stowe, Carol Strachan, Greg Strachan, Claire Stribling, John Sturdy, John Sulston, Chris Swainson, Mark Swann, David Swarbreck, Neil Sycamore, Matthew Tagney, Steven Tan, Elizabeth Taring, Amy Taylor, Gillian Taylor, Kate Taylor, Ruth Taylor, Sam Taylor, Susan Taylor, Louise Tee, Julieanne Tester, Andrew Theaker, David Thexton, Craig Thomas, Daniel Thomas, Karen Thomas, Ruth Thomas, Roselin Thommai, Andrea Thorpe, Karen Thorpe, Glen Threadgold, Scott Thurston, Emma Tinsley, Alan Tracey, Johnathan Travers, Anthony Tromans, Ben Tubby, Cristina Tufarelli, Kathryn Turney, Darren Upson, Zoe Van Helmond, Mark Vaudin, Ramya Viknaraja, Wendy Vine, Paul Voak, David Vollenhoven, Sarah Walker, Melanie Wall, Justine Wallis, Michelle Wallis, Graham Warren, Georgina Warry, Andy Watson, Nicola Watt, Anthony Webb, Jeannette Webb, John Weir, Alan Wells, Sarah Wells, Robert Welton, Paul West, Tony West, Angela Wheatley, Carl Wheatley, Gideon Wheeler, Hayley Whitaker, Adam White, Amelia White, Brian White, Johnathon White, Simon White, Sally Whitehead, Matthew Whiteley, Pamela Whittaker, Adam Whittaker, Sara Widaa, Anna Wild, Jane Wilkinson, Paul Wilkinson, David Willey, Andy Williams, Bill 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Zorrilla, Yoshiyuki Sakaki, Masahira Hattori, Asao Fujiyama, Todd Duane Taylor, Atsushi Toyoda, Yasushi Totoki, Hidemi Watanabe, Tetsushi Yada, Yoko Kuroki, Hideki Noguchi, Katsuhiko Murakami, Tomoyuki Aizu, Rie Arai, Fumio Ejima, Tomoko Hasegawa, Etsuko Hashimoto, Wakako Hashimoto, Naomi Inagaki, Shuuji Inoue, Hinako Ishizaki, Emi Isozaki, Noriko Ito, Mariko Iwatate, Mikiko Iwatsu, Kaoru Kaida, Takako Kato, Moe Kimura, Miho Kiyooka, Kayo Maruyama, Ayuko Motoyama, Hiroko Morita, Maho Naka, Saori Nakagawa, Aki Nishida, Etsuko Ogawara, Reina Okumura, Nao Ohta, Ritsuko Ozawa, Ryoko Sakai, Noriko Shiino, Minami Shoji, Keiko Takahashi, Nobuhiro Takano, Yoriko Terada, Miwako Tochigi, Iori Tomizawa, Yumi Tsukamoto, Rina Tsuzuki, Nozomi Uyama, Noriko Yamamoto, Yuko Yamamoto, Yasue Yamashita, Miho Yonezawa, Satoru Yoshida, Hiromi Wada, Michiru Fujioka, Rintaro Fukawa, Takehiko Itoh, Takujiro Katayama, Chiharu Kawagoe, Syunsuke Nagao, Nobuhiro Oomori, Kenshiro Ooshima, Hidetsugu Shimizu, Jiu Qin Sun, Takashi Tahara, Rajinder Kaul, Maynard V. Olson, Will Gillet, Eric Haugen, Chris Raymond, Yang Zhou, Anthony Palmeiri, Channakhone Saenphimmachak, Sandhya Subramanian, Zaining Wu, Karen Phelps, Roland Heilig, Ralph Eckenberg, Jean-Louis Petit, Núrua Fonknechten, Corinne Da Silva, Laurence Cattolico, Michaël Levy, Valérie Barbe, Véronique De Berardinis, Abel Ureta-Vidal, Eric Pelletier, Virginie Vico, Véronique Anthouard, François Artiguenave, Catherine Robert, Corinne Cruaud, Thomas Brüls, Philippe Brottier, Béatrice Ségurens, Sylvie Samain, Hervé Crespeau, Claude Scarpelli, Gábor Gyapay, Patrick Wincker, William Saurin, Jean Weissenbach, Fumihiko Matsuda, Nobuyoshi Shimizu, Shinsei Minoshima, Jun Kudoh, Shuichi Asakawa, Kazuhiko Kawasaki, Kazunori Shibuya, Takashi Sasaki, Atsushi Takayanagi, Atsushi Shimizu, Ai Shintani, Eriko Nakato, Susumu Mitsuyama, Satoru Yamazaki, Izumi Obayashi, James Schmeits, Masafumi Ohtsubo, Michiyo Okui, Yuji Murayama, Meng K. Lim, Saho Ohno, Kentaro Nagamine, Yimin Wang, Jun Wang, Aiko Shiohama, Norie Aoki, Nobuaki Shindoh, Hideto Maeda, Katsuhiro Hosono, Hao Yang, Tomohiro Izumiyama, Miho Tatsuyama, Nori Sawada, Yoshitaka Matsushita, Sabine K. Ishikawa, Mio Mejima, Tamami Adachi, Teruyo Asakawa, Mie Furuhashi, Misuzu Osada, Kyoko Ohmori, Etsuko Nakamura, Naoko Sanuki, Masayo Nakagawa, Naoko Togashi, Junko Hamada, Meishan Shen, Mai Kobayashi, Junko Onoda, Aki Mitsui, Saki Watanabe, Akemi Miyazawa, Shinobu Iwakawa, Akiko Ishibashi, Kei Hosoda, Shuko Matsumoto, Kazuyasu Kojima, Hiromi Tsuruoka, Yali Xuan, Fumiaki Ito, Yoshiko Shimizu, Stylianos E. Antonarakis, John Battles, Patrick Cahill, David Camire, Lynn Doucette-Stamm, Kim Fechtel, Erik Gustafson, Jennifer Horne, Christopher Hynds, Arnold Kana, Hong-Mei Lee, Minh Nguyen, Andrea Rogosin, Marc Rubenfield, Douglas R. Smith, Lisa Standring, Bill Torcaso, Jason Tsolas, Jennifer Walsh, Ying Wang, Keith Weinstock, Brian Birditt, Scott Bloom, Leroy Hood, Amardeep Kaur, Ryan Nesbitt, Lee Rowen, Matthias Platzer, Cornelia Baumgart, Silke Förste, Petra Galgoczy, Gernot Glöckner, Yvonne Görlich, Ivonne Heinze, Niels Jahn, Dorothee Lagemann, Rüdiger Lehmann, Elke Meier, Evelyn Michaelis, Uta Petz, Kathrin Reichwald, Markus Schilhabel, Kathleen Seitz, Roman Siddiqui, Stefan Taudien, Gaiping Wen, Daniela Werler, Jingyue Bao, Qiyu Bao, Weidong Bao, Shihua Bi, Xuemeng Bian, Lars Bolund, Tianjing Cai, Zhen Cai, Ting Cao, Yuzhu Cao, Baoxian Chen, Chong Chen, Cong Chen, Jianlong Chen, Jie Chen, Junbao Chen, Lixia Chen, Shu Chen, Tong Chen, Xiaoyun Chen, Xinyi Chen, Yanjiong Chen, Yiyu Chen, Zhu Chen, Zhihua Cheng, Cheng Chi, Hongjuan Cui, Jinhui Cui, Peng Cui, Bin Cong, Li Dai, Yajun Deng, Hao Ding, Hui Dong, Wei Dong, Xiaojia Dong, Yutao Du, Hongyuan Fan, Keke Fan, Jianqiu Fang, Guodong Feng, Haiyan Feng, Jie Feng, Xiaoli Feng, Gang Fu, Qiushi Fu, Anwu Gao, Jimei Gao, Quan Gao, Yang Gao, Yimei Gao, Jianing Geng, Guanghui Gong, Jinying Gong, Jingli Gu, Jun Gu, Wenyi Gu, Xiaochang Gu, Qiaoning Guan, Qi Gui, Daorong Guo, Lili Guo, Guiqing Han, Xurong Han, Wei Huang, Fengying He, Jiaying He, Lin He, Jie Hu, Songnian Hu, Fang Huang, Guyang Huang, Xiaodi Hou, Jia Jia, Nan Jia, Xingchang Jia, Lu Jiang, Yanrui Jiang, Ziyou Jiang, Yetao Jin, Yongsan Jin, Hui Kang, Ning Kang, Mary-Clare King, Yi Kong, Zhaohui Kou, Jianghua Lai, Meng Lei, Changfeng Li, Chenji Li, Eryao Li, Feifei Li, Gang Li, Jiayang Li, Jihong Li, Jing Li, Jingfei Li, Jingxiang Li, Li Li, Lili Li, Lin Li, Ming Li, Nan Li, Ran Li, Shengbin Li, Shuping Li, Shuxia Li, Shuangding Li, Shuangli Li, Songgang Li, Tao Li, Wei Ling, Boyong Liu, Cong Liu, Dianwu Liu, Haili Liu, Jing Liu, Jun Liu, Kai Liu, Ning Liu, Siqi Liu, Wei Liu, Xinshe Liu, Yanhua Liu, Yannan Liu, Yilin Liu, Ying Liu, Yu Liu, Yu Liu, Zhanwei Liu, Lingfeng Lu, Tao Lu, Yongxiang Lu, Chunqing Luo, Gang Lv, Cheng Ma, Jiao Ma, Qingmei Ma, Shanshan Meng, Feng Mu, Lin Ni, Yuxin Niu, Jiaofeng Pan, Sisu Pan, Qiuhui Qi, Xiaohua Qi, Xufang Qian, Zengmin Qian, Boqin Qiang, Zhenyong Qiao, Shuangxi Ren, Li Rong, Chunyan Shao, Yufen Shao, Fengye Shen, Yan Shen, Guibin Shi, Hongfang Shi, Michael Smith, Liping Song, Shuping Song, Xiaohu Su, Jiajia Sun, Jiandong Sun, Min Sun, Tao Sun, Wei Sun, Yongqiao Sun, Yu Sun, Yue Sun, Xinyu Tan, Xiangjun Tang, Ran Tao, Chaoguang Tian, Wei Tian, Yan Tian, Yong Tian, Yuqing Tian, Jingli Tong, Yuefeng Tu, Ma Wan, Dong Wang, Feng Wang, Guangxin Wang, Guihai Wang, Hongjuan Wang, Hongwei Wang, Huanjie Wang, Huifeng Wang, Jian Wang, Jingqiang Wang, Juan Wang, Jun Wang, Li Wang, Lijie Wang, Lijuan Wang, Lijun Wang, Liqun Wang, Shifen Wang, Shu Wang, Wenjun Wang, Xiaoling Wang, Xiaoning Wang, Xuefei Wang, Xuegang Wang, Yan Wang, Ying Wang, Yuanyuan Wang, Shulin Wei, Gane K-S Wong, Chungen Wu, Dongying Wu, Qingfa Wu, Ruiming Wu, Xiao Wu, Xiaojing Wu, Yan Xi, Yingying Xi, Fei Xie, Yuqing Xiong, Jing Xu, Ruqin Xu, Shuhua Xu, Wei Xu, Yan Xu, Yuning Xu, Zuyuan Xu, Zhenyu Xuan, Rui Xue, Shudong Yang, Xiaonan Yang, Yongkui Yang, Zhijian Yao, Chen Ye, Haifeng ., Yin ., Bo You, Bing Yu, Jun Yu, Kaiwen Yuan, Yida Yuan, Shujie Yue, Yixin Zeng, Dong Zhai, Bo Zhang, Caimin Zhang, Fengmei Zhang, Guangyu Zhang, Guohua Zhang, Haiqing Zhang, Hongbo Zhang, Jingjing Zhang, Jiuchun Zhang, Guohua Zhang, Haiqing Zhang, Hongbo Zhang, Jingjing Zhang, Jiuchun Zhang, Lanzhi Zhang, Li Zhang, Meihua Zhang, Meng Zhang, Ming Zhang, Ruhua Zhang, Tiezhen Zhang, Wei Zhang, Xianglin Zhang, Xiaoliang Zhang, Xiuqing Zhang, Wei Zhang, Yan Zhang, Yi Zhang, Yilin Zhang, Ying Zhang, Yuansen Zhang, Yuzhi Zhang, Hongmei Zhao, Lijian Zhao, Zhijing Zhao, Zhicheng Zhen, Haibo Zheng, Ming Zhong, Haixia Zhou, Nannan Zhou, Xinfeng Zhou, Yan Zhou, Yi Zhou, Bingying Zhu, Bofeng Zhu, Fenghua Zhu, Genfeng Zhu, Miao Zhu, Ning Zhu, Yongge Zhu, Zhen Zhu, Shitao Zhuang, Weidong Bao, Bin Chen, Chong Chen, Lihong Chen, Zhu Chen, Peng Cui, Keyue Ding, Wei Dong, Gang Fu, Wenyi Gu, Wei Huang, Jia Jia, Wei Li, Boyong Liu, Chunqing Luo, Gang Lv, Yuxin Niu, Xiaohua Qi, Shuangxi Ren, Li Rong, Yan Shen, Haihui Sheng, Liping Song, Xinyu Tan, Chaoguang Tian, Yuefeng Tu, Huifeng Wang, Jian Wang, Jing Wang, Jingqiang Wang, Jinhua Wang, Jun Wang, Qingfa Wu, Hui Xiong, Jing Xu, Huanming Yang, Zhijian Yao, Xiaonan Yang, Jun Yu, Haiqing Zhang, Li Zhang, Xianglin Zhang, Yilin Zhang, Genfeng Zhu, Zhu Chen, Gang Fu, Jun Gu, Wei Huang, Jiayang Li, Zaiping Li, Qian Liu, Boqin Qiang, Yan Shen, Guihai Wang, Jian Wang, Xinlai Xu, Zhihong Xu, Huanming Yang, Jun Yu, Guoping Zhan, Ralf Sudbrak, Alfred Beck, Alia Benkahla, Katja Borzym, Donald Buczek, Verena Gimmel, Katja Heitmann, Steffen Hennig, Sven Klages, Anna Kosiura, Michael Kube, Ines Müller, Hans Lehrach, Siliva Schmoger, Marie-Laure Yaspo, Richard Reinhardt, Helmut Blöcker, Ansgar Conrad, Martin Czubayko, Klaus Hornischer, Doris Järke, Michael Jarek, Gerhard Kauer, Tschong-Hun Löhnert, Gabriele Nordsiek, Maren Scharfe, Oliver Schön, Stephanie Thies, Ellson Chen, Jungshing Road, Primo Babayan, Chun-Nan Chen, Cheryl Heiner, Peter Ma, Massimo Zollo, Lin Zuo, R. Nagaraja, David Schlessinger, Robert Baertsch, Ewan Birney, Hsiu-Chuan Chen, Hiram Clawson, Mark Diekhans, Evan Eichler, Xose Fernandez-Suarez, Terrence S. Furey, Leo Goodstadt, Martin Hammond, David Haussler, Angela S. Hinrichs, Fan Hsu, Philip Johnson, Donna Karolchik, Arek Kasprzyk, Damian Keefe, W. James Kent, Paul Kitts, Darin London, Yontao T. Lu, Donna Maglott, Graham Mcvicker, Craig Melsopp, Shelia Paul, Chris P. Ponting, Glenn Procter, Kim Pruitt, Stephen Rice, Harold Riethman, Kate R. Rosenbloom, Krishna M. Roskin, Barbara Ruef, Esther Schmidt, Gregory Schuler, Michael Schuster, Jessica Severin, Xinwei She, Adam C. Siepel, Damian Smedley, Arne Stabenau, Charles W. Sugnet, Daryl J. Thomas, Heather Trumbower, Abel Ureta-Vidal, Imre Vastrik, Caleb Webber, Ryan J. Weber, Cara Woodwark, Francis S. Collins, Mark Guyer, Jane Peterson, Adam Felsenfeld, Kris Wetterstrand, Sandra Kamholz
Faculty Publications
The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error …
Membrane Lipid Biosynthesis In Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii: Ethanolaminephosphotransferase Is Capable Of Synthesizing Both Phosphatidylcholine And Phosphatidylethanolamine, Wenyu Yang, James V. Moroney, Thomas S. Moore
Membrane Lipid Biosynthesis In Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii: Ethanolaminephosphotransferase Is Capable Of Synthesizing Both Phosphatidylcholine And Phosphatidylethanolamine, Wenyu Yang, James V. Moroney, Thomas S. Moore
Faculty Publications
Phosphatidylethanolamine, but not phosphatidylcholine, is found in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. A cDNA coding for diacylglycerol: CDP-ethanolamine ethanolaminephosphotransferase (EPT) was cloned from C. reinhardtii. The C. reinhardtii EPT appears phylogenetically more similar to mammalian aminoalcoholphosphotransferases than to those of yeast and the least close to those of plants. Similar membrane topography was found between the C. reinhardtii EPT and the aminoalcoholphosphotransferases from mammals, yeast, and plants. A yeast mutant deficient in both cholinephosphotransferase and ethanolaminephosphotransferase was complemented by the C. reinhardtii EPT gene. Enzymatic assays of C. reinhardtii EPT from the complemented yeast microsomes demonstrated that the C. reinhardtii EPT synthesized both …
Substrate Specificity Of Helicobacter Pylori Histone-Like Hu Protein Is Determined By Insufficient Stabilization Of Dna Flexure Points, Christina Chen, Sharmistha Ghosh, Anne Grove
Substrate Specificity Of Helicobacter Pylori Histone-Like Hu Protein Is Determined By Insufficient Stabilization Of Dna Flexure Points, Christina Chen, Sharmistha Ghosh, Anne Grove
Faculty Publications
The histone-like HU protein is ubiquitous in the eubacteria. A role for Escherichia coli HU in compaction of the bacterial genome has been reported, along with regulatory roles in DNA replication, transposition, repair and transcription. We show here that HU from the human pathogen Helicobacter pylori, which has been implicated in the development of ulcers and gastric cancer, exhibits enhanced thermal stability and distinct DNA substrate specificity. Thermal denaturation of HpyHU (H. pylori HU) measured by CD spectroscopy yields a melting temperature (Tm) of 56.4 ± 0.1 °C. HpyHU binds linear duplex DNA with a site size of ∼19 bp …
Studies Of Fluxes Of Dissolved Iron And Manganese In The Gulf Of Finland, S. V. Pakhomova, M. Yu Kononets, A. Tengberg, P. O.J. Hall, A. V. Vershinin
Studies Of Fluxes Of Dissolved Iron And Manganese In The Gulf Of Finland, S. V. Pakhomova, M. Yu Kononets, A. Tengberg, P. O.J. Hall, A. V. Vershinin
Faculty Publications
© 2004 IEEE. Metal fluxes (total dissolved iron and manganese) across the water-sediment interface were studied in situ in the Gulf of Finland in June 2002 and 2003 using an autonomous benthic lander. Distribution of these metals in the sediment and the porewater was also investigated. Focus was given to understand the behavior of the studied metals at various redox conditions and the influence when sediment resuspension is occurring. Our data indicate the importance of the redox conditions for the iron fluxes with no fluxes at oxic, intermediate at anoxic and high fluxes at suboxic conditions. The fluxes of manganese …
A Disorder To Order Transition Accompanies Catalysis In Retinaldehyde Dehydrogenase Type Ii, Tee Bordelon, Sarah K. Montegudo, Svetlana Pakhomova, Michael L. Oldham, Marcia E. Newcomer
A Disorder To Order Transition Accompanies Catalysis In Retinaldehyde Dehydrogenase Type Ii, Tee Bordelon, Sarah K. Montegudo, Svetlana Pakhomova, Michael L. Oldham, Marcia E. Newcomer
Faculty Publications
Retinaldehyde dehydrogenase II (RalDH2) converts retinal to the transcriptional regulator retinoic acid in the developing embryo. The x-ray structure of the enzyme revealed an important structural difference between this protein and other aldehyde dehydrogenases of the same enzyme superfamily; a 20-amino acid span in the substrate access channel in retinaldehyde dehydrogenase II is disordered, whereas in other aldehyde dehydrogenases this region forms a well defined wall of the substrate access channel. We asked whether this disordered loop might order during the course of catalysis and provide a means for an enzyme that requires a large substrate access channel to restrict …
Racial/Ethnic Differences In Hypertension And Hypertension Treatment And Control In The Multi-Ethnic Study Of Atherosclerosis (Mesa), Holly Kramer, Cong Han, Wendy Post, David Goff, Ana Diez-Roux, Richard Cooper, Sujata Jinagouda, Steven Shea
Racial/Ethnic Differences In Hypertension And Hypertension Treatment And Control In The Multi-Ethnic Study Of Atherosclerosis (Mesa), Holly Kramer, Cong Han, Wendy Post, David Goff, Ana Diez-Roux, Richard Cooper, Sujata Jinagouda, Steven Shea
Faculty Publications
Most previous studies investigating the association between ethnicity and hypertension focused on differences between African Americans and whites and did not include other racial/ethnic groups such as Chinese or Hispanics. We used data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), a population-based study of 6814 adults without clinical cardiovascular disease, to examine the association between ethnicity and hypertension and hypertension treatment among white, African American, Chinese, and Hispanic ethnic groups. The prevalence of hypertension, defined as systolic blood pressure (BP) hypertension, was significantly higher in African Americans compared to whites (60% v 38%; P < .0001), whereas prevalence in Hispanic (42%) and Chinese participants (39%) did not differ significantly from that in whites. After adjustment for age, body mass index, prevalence of diabetes mellitus, and smoking, African American (odds ratio [OR] 2.21; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.91-2.56) and Chinese (OR 1.30; 95% CI 1.07-1.56) ethnicity were significantly associated with hypertension compared to whites. Among hypertensive MESA participants, the percentage of treated but uncontrolled hypertension in whites (24%) was significantly lower than in African Americans (35%, P < .0001), Chinese (33%, P =. 003), and Hispanics (32%, P =. 0005), but only African-American race/ethnicity remained significantly associated with treated but uncontrolled hypertension after controlling for socioeconomic factors (OR 1.35; 95% CI 1.07-1.71). Diuretic use was lowest in the Chinese (22%) and Hispanic participants (32%) and was significantly lower in these groups compared with white participants (47%; P < .0001 for both comparisons). Programs to improve hypertension treatment and control should focus on a better understanding of differences in the prevalence of hypertension and hypertension control among minority groups in the United States, especially African Americans, compared with whites, and on techniques to prevent hypertension and improve control in high-risk groups. © 2004 American Journal of Hypertension, Ltd.
A Specific Interface Between Integrin Transmembrane Helices And Affinity For Ligand, Bing Hao Luo, Timothy A. Springer, Junichi Takagi
A Specific Interface Between Integrin Transmembrane Helices And Affinity For Ligand, Bing Hao Luo, Timothy A. Springer, Junichi Takagi
Faculty Publications
Conformational communication across the plasma membrane between the extracellular and intracellular domains of integrins is beginning to be defined by structural work on both domains. However, the role of the α and β subunit transmembrane domains and the nature of signal transmission through these domains have been elusive. Disulfide bond scanning of the exofacial portions of the integrin αIIβ and β 3transmembrane domains reveals a specific heterodimerization interface in the resting receptor. This interface is lost rather than rearranged upon activation of the receptor by cytoplasmic mutations of the a subunit that mimic physiologic inside-out activation, demonstrating a link between …
Defining A Link With Asthma In Mice Congenitally Deficient In Eosinophils, James J. Lee, Dawn Dimina, Mi Mi P. Macias, Sergei I. Ochkur, Michael P. Mcgarry, Katie R. O'Neill, Cheryl Protheroe, Ralph Pero, Thanh Nguyen, Stephania A. Cormier, Elizabeth Lenkiewicz, Dana Colbert, Lisa Rinaldi, Steven J. Ackerman, Charles G. Irvin, Nancy A. Lee
Defining A Link With Asthma In Mice Congenitally Deficient In Eosinophils, James J. Lee, Dawn Dimina, Mi Mi P. Macias, Sergei I. Ochkur, Michael P. Mcgarry, Katie R. O'Neill, Cheryl Protheroe, Ralph Pero, Thanh Nguyen, Stephania A. Cormier, Elizabeth Lenkiewicz, Dana Colbert, Lisa Rinaldi, Steven J. Ackerman, Charles G. Irvin, Nancy A. Lee
Faculty Publications
Eosinophils are often dominant inflammatory cells present in the lungs of asthma patients. Nonetheless, the role of these leukocytes remains poorly understood. We have created a transgenic line of mice (PHIL) that are specifically devoid of eosinophils, but otherwise have a full complement of hematopoietically derived cells. Allergen challenge of PHIL mice demonstrated that eosinophils were required for pulmonary mucus accumulation and the airway hyperresponsiveness associated with asthma. The development of an eosinophi-less mouse now permits an unambiguous assessment of a number of human diseases that have been linked to this granulocyte, including allergic diseases, parasite infections, and tumorigenesis.
Analysis Of The Human Alu Ya-Lineage, Anthony C. Otieno, Anthony B. Carter, Dale J. Hedges, Jerilyn A. Walker, David A. Ray, Randall K. Garber, Bridget A. Anders, Nadica Stoilova, Meredith E. Laborde, Justin D. Fowlkes, Cheney H. Huang, Benjamin Perodeau, Mark A. Batzer
Analysis Of The Human Alu Ya-Lineage, Anthony C. Otieno, Anthony B. Carter, Dale J. Hedges, Jerilyn A. Walker, David A. Ray, Randall K. Garber, Bridget A. Anders, Nadica Stoilova, Meredith E. Laborde, Justin D. Fowlkes, Cheney H. Huang, Benjamin Perodeau, Mark A. Batzer
Faculty Publications
The Alu Ya-lineage is a group of related, short interspersed elements (SINEs) found in primates. This lineage includes subfamilies Ya1-Ya5, Ya5a2 and others. Some of these subfamilies are still actively mobilizing in the human genome. We have analyzed 2482 elements that reside in the human genome draft sequence and focused our analyses on the 2318 human autosomal Ya Alu elements. A total of 1470 autosomal loci were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays that allow analysis of individual Ya-lineage Alu elements. About 22% (313/1452) of the Ya-lineage Alu elements were polymorphic for the insertion presence on human autosomes. Less …
Isca Mediates Iron Delivery For Assembly Of Iron-Sulfur Clusters In Iscu Under The Limited Accessible Free Iron Conditions, Huangen Ding, Robert J. Clark, Baojin Ding
Isca Mediates Iron Delivery For Assembly Of Iron-Sulfur Clusters In Iscu Under The Limited Accessible Free Iron Conditions, Huangen Ding, Robert J. Clark, Baojin Ding
Faculty Publications
Increasing evidence suggests that IscS, a cysteine desulfurase, provides sulfur for assembly of transient iron-sulfur clusters in IscU. IscU appears to act as a scaffold and eventually transfers the assembled clusters to target proteins. However, the iron donor for the iron-sulfur cluster assembly largely remains elusive. Here we find that Escherichia coli IscU fails to assemble iron-sulfur clusters when the accessible "free" iron in solution is limited by an iron chelator sodium citrate. Remarkably, IscA, an iron-sulfur cluster assembly protein with an iron association constant of 3.0 × 1019 M-1, is able to overcome the iron limitation due to sodium …