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Current Status Of Sperm Cryopreservation In Biomedical Research Fish Models: Zebrafish, Medaka, And Xiphophorus, Huiping Yang, Terrence R. Tiersch Jan 2009

Current Status Of Sperm Cryopreservation In Biomedical Research Fish Models: Zebrafish, Medaka, And Xiphophorus, Huiping Yang, Terrence R. Tiersch

Faculty Publications

Aquarium fishes are becoming increasingly important because of their value in biomedical research and the ornamental fish trade, and because many have become threatened or endangered in the wild. This review summarizes the current status of sperm cryopreservation in three fishes widely used in biomedical research: zebrafish, medaka, and live-bearing fishes of the genus Xiphophorus, and will focus on the needs and opportunities for future research and application of cryopreservation in aquarium fish. First, we summarize the basic biological characteristics regarding natural habitat, testis structure, spermatogenesis, sperm morphology, and sperm physiology. Second, we compare protocol development of sperm cryopreservation. Third, …

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Antifungal And Insecticidal Activity Of Two Juniperus Essential Oils, David E. Wedge, Nurhayat Tabanca, Blair J. Sampson, Christopher Werle, Betul Demirci, K. Husnu Can Baser, Peng Nan, Jia Duan, Zhijun Liu Jan 2009

Antifungal And Insecticidal Activity Of Two Juniperus Essential Oils, David E. Wedge, Nurhayat Tabanca, Blair J. Sampson, Christopher Werle, Betul Demirci, K. Husnu Can Baser, Peng Nan, Jia Duan, Zhijun Liu

Faculty Publications

Essential oils of two Tibetan Junipers Juniperus saltuaria and J. squamata var. fargesii (Cupressaceae) were obtained by distilling dried leaves and branches using a Clevenger apparatus. Sixty-seven compounds from J. saltuaria and 58 from J. squamata var. fargesii were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Both essential oils contained similar ratios of four abundant monoterpenoids: 44 and 35% sabinene, 13 and 9% elemol, 8 and 7% terpinen-4-ol, and 4 and 17% α-pinene, respectively. These oils had antifungal activity based on a direct bioautography assay of Colletotrichum acutatum, C. fragariae, and C. gloeosporioides, and insecticidal activity based on serial-time mortality bioassay …

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Twenty Years Of Understorey Bird Extinctions From Amazonian Rain Forest Fragments: Consistent Trends And Landscape-Mediated Dynamics, Philip C. Stouffer, Cheryl Strong, Luciano N. Naka Jan 2009

Twenty Years Of Understorey Bird Extinctions From Amazonian Rain Forest Fragments: Consistent Trends And Landscape-Mediated Dynamics, Philip C. Stouffer, Cheryl Strong, Luciano N. Naka

Faculty Publications

Aim: We analysed presence/absence data for understorey bird species in rain forest fragments sampled from 1979 through 2001. Here we consider extinctions between 1992, when most fragments had been isolated for at least 8 years, and 2001. Our objectives were to determine whether high extinction rates documented soon after isolation continued through up to 20 years after isolation, and to examine fragment size and landscape effects on extinction. Location: Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, near Manaus, Brazil. Methods: Through 1992, birds were surveyed with standardized mist net sampling in ten 1- to 100-ha fragments. We repeated the mist net …

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Estimation Of The Combining Ability In Early Generations Of Potato Selection, Giovani O. Da Silva, Arione Da S. Pereira, Velci Q. De Souza, Fernando Irajá F. De Carvalho, Roberto Fritsche Neto Jan 2009

Estimation Of The Combining Ability In Early Generations Of Potato Selection, Giovani O. Da Silva, Arione Da S. Pereira, Velci Q. De Souza, Fernando Irajá F. De Carvalho, Roberto Fritsche Neto

Faculty Publications

The combining ability of potato genotypes was estimated in early generations of selection. The experiments were carried out at Embrapa Clima Temperado, in Pelotas, Brazil. Twenty potato families derived from nine genotypes crossed in a 4 x 5 partial mating design (C-1750-15-95, 2CRI-1149-1-78, C-1786-6-96 and 'Eliza'; 'White Lady', 'Asterix', 'BP-1', 'Vivaldi' and 'Ágria') were evaluated. The families were evaluated in seedling and first field generation, in a randomized complete block design, with three replications of 15 genotypes. Each plot consisted of a sample of 15 genotypes of a family. In the two generations, yield, number and average tuber weight were …

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2007 Southern Mensurationists Conference, Mike R. Strub, Chris J. Cieszewski, Quang V. Cao Jan 2009

2007 Southern Mensurationists Conference, Mike R. Strub, Chris J. Cieszewski, Quang V. Cao

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Habitat Edges, Within-Patch Dispersion Of Hosts, And Parasitoid Oviposition Behavior, James T. Cronin Jan 2009

Habitat Edges, Within-Patch Dispersion Of Hosts, And Parasitoid Oviposition Behavior, James T. Cronin

Faculty Publications

Although density-edge effects are commonly reported, we have only scratched the surface in understanding the mechanisms underlying how habitat edges mediate species interactions. Here, I use a combination of field surveys and experiments to explore the linkages between the presence of host-plant edges (Scolochloa festucacea), the within-patch distribution of planthopper eggs (Delphacodes scolochloa), and the oviposition behavior of their egg parasitoids (Anagrus spp.). The field surveys revealed that densities of hosts and parasitoids at the edge were ≥2.5 times lower than densities in the patch interior and that the effect was independent of patch size. As a consequence of its …

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Integrating Horticulture Biology And Environmental Coastal Issues Into The Middle School Science Curriculum, Kathryn Karsh, Edward Bush, Janice Hinson, Pamela Blanchard Jan 2009

Integrating Horticulture Biology And Environmental Coastal Issues Into The Middle School Science Curriculum, Kathryn Karsh, Edward Bush, Janice Hinson, Pamela Blanchard

Faculty Publications

Encouraging students to become better stewards of the environment and to be more educated in science content knowledge is an important goal of today's educational leaders. Eight lessons were created to aid an established stewardship program (Coastal Roots) in introducing hands-on activities to middle school children in southern Louisiana. Students were tested on science content in the lessons using a pre-test, eight multiple choice quizzes (each focusing on a particular lesson), and a post-test. The "children's attitudes toward the environment scale" test was administered to evaluate environmental awareness changes in the treatment and control group students. Students who received the …

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Low-Cost Container Yard For School-Based Restoration Nurseries, Edward W. Bush, Pamela B. Blanchard Jan 2009

Low-Cost Container Yard For School-Based Restoration Nurseries, Edward W. Bush, Pamela B. Blanchard

Faculty Publications

A small inexpensive (less than $1000) container yard, measuring 10 × 10 ft square, with an automatic irrigation system was designed for schools participating in the Louisiana State University Coastal Roots Program: A School Seedling Nursery Program for Habitat Restoration. Students helped install the container yard on their school site and oversee native plant production through the course of the school year. Teachers and other school staff checked the nursery during summer months to ensure that the irrigation system was working properly and the plants were healthy. Students grew 1000 restoration seedlings per year in their container yard. Each year …

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Certification: Implications For Sustainable Forest Management And Timber Export Trade In Ghana, Abraham Baffoe Jan 2009

Certification: Implications For Sustainable Forest Management And Timber Export Trade In Ghana, Abraham Baffoe

LSU Master's Theses

Forestry is a major contributor to the Ghanaian economy and has the potential to increase its contribution if a number of challenges are overcome. Over the past 15 years, Ghana has modified its forest policies, laws, and regulations, but still faces serious challenges with illegal logging and unsustainable forest management. At the same time, Ghana’s major wood product trading partner, the European Union (EU), is requesting that Ghana, under the Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA), ensures that wood products from Ghana to the EU are legally produced. Additionally, several EU wood product importers have requested their suppliers in Ghana to meet …

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X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure Spectra As A Basis For The Speciation Of Lead, G. L. Bovenkamp, A. Prange, A. Roy, W. Schumacher, J. Hormes Jan 2009

X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure Spectra As A Basis For The Speciation Of Lead, G. L. Bovenkamp, A. Prange, A. Roy, W. Schumacher, J. Hormes

Faculty Publications

For this study several inorganic lead (II) compounds were measured at the Pb-L -(13035 eV), L - (15860 eV) and M - (2484 eV) edge using X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure Spectroscopy (XANES) to determine experimentally which edge is most sensitive to the coordination environment. Each edge probes a different electronic configuration because of the selection rules and has a different resolution because of life-time broadening. Pb-L -XANES spectra are only sensitive to the first coordination shell. Pb-M -XANES spectra show a better energy resolution which is due to decreased lifetime broadening, but the pure lead spectra are also sensitive …

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X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure Spectra As A Basis For The Speciation Of Lead, G. L. Bovenkamp, A. Prange, A. Roy, W. Schumacher, J. Hormes Jan 2009

X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure Spectra As A Basis For The Speciation Of Lead, G. L. Bovenkamp, A. Prange, A. Roy, W. Schumacher, J. Hormes

Faculty Publications

For this study several inorganic lead (II) compounds were measured at the Pb-L -(13035 eV), L - (15860 eV) and M - (2484 eV) edge using X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure Spectroscopy (XANES) to determine experimentally which edge is most sensitive to the coordination environment. Each edge probes a different electronic configuration because of the selection rules and has a different resolution because of life-time broadening. Pb-L -XANES spectra are only sensitive to the first coordination shell. Pb-M -XANES spectra show a better energy resolution which is due to decreased lifetime broadening, but the pure lead spectra are also sensitive …

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Sialic Acid Conjugated Chitosan For The Attenuation Of Amyloid-Beta Toxicity, Dhruva Dilip Dhavale Jan 2009

Sialic Acid Conjugated Chitosan For The Attenuation Of Amyloid-Beta Toxicity, Dhruva Dilip Dhavale

LSU Master's Theses

Amyloid-beta (Aβ), a 39 to 43 amino acid long peptide, is the primary species identified in senile plaques associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and has been implicated in the neurotoxicity associated with AD. It is believed that Aβ toxicity is mediated through the interaction with neuronal membranes. A variety of evidence indicates that 1) Aβ may bind to the cell surface sialic acids, 2) the affinity of this interaction is higher if the gangliosides or sialic acids on the cell surface are clustered, 3) the removal of the surface sialic acids attenuate Aβ toxicity. Based on this data, we hypothesized …

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Tnf-Alpha Inhibition Of Adiponectin Expression By Targeting Ppar-Gamma And C/Ebp In Adipocytes, Yanning Wang Jan 2009

Tnf-Alpha Inhibition Of Adiponectin Expression By Targeting Ppar-Gamma And C/Ebp In Adipocytes, Yanning Wang

LSU Master's Theses

Chronic inflammation is involved in the adipose tissue dysfunction through regulation of endocrine and storage function of adipocytes. As a representative proinflammatory cytokine, TNF-α was reported to inhibit expression of adiponectin. However, the mechanism of inhibition remains to be identified. Here, we provide experimental evidence that TNF-α inhibits adiponectin at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. In three animal models (aP2-P65, ob/ob and high fat diets-fed mice), an increase in TNF-α expression was associated with a decrease in adiponectin expression. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, TNF-α inhibition of adiponectin was observed at mRNA and protein levels. Luciferase reporter assay and mRNA stability tests …

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Translocation Success Of Adult Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers, Erin Herbez Jan 2009

Translocation Success Of Adult Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers, Erin Herbez

LSU Master's Theses

The red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis; hereafter RCW) is a cooperative breeder endemic to open old-growth pine savannah ecosystems in the southeastern United States (Jackson 1994). The RCW was listed as federally endangered in 1973, after a population decline due to habitat loss. Habitat fragmentation produces isolated populations of RCWs, which in turn ultimately limits the success of the species. RCW biologists and managers counteract effects of fragmentation by aggregating recruitment clusters and translocation. Although several studies examined subadult RCW translocation, detailed studies examining adult translocation have been limited. My study was conducted on a 3500 ha area owned by Plum …

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Characterization Of Endoreplicated Nuclei In Arabidopsis Thaliana, Rasheed A. Ahmad Jan 2009

Characterization Of Endoreplicated Nuclei In Arabidopsis Thaliana, Rasheed A. Ahmad

LSU Master's Theses

A model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, duplicates its chromosomes without cell division, in a process known as endoreplication. The primary objective of this study was to identify genes and proteins that specifically accumulate in endoreplicated nuclei in Arabidopsis thaliana. Analysis of nuclei sorted by fluorescent activated cell sorter (FACS) revealed that ploidy levels and nuclear volume were positively correlated. However, the protein amounts among 2C, 4C, and 8C nuclei had no significant differences. This indicated a decrease of the protein concentration in endoreplicated nuclei. In contrast, the RNA amount in the 8C nuclei was 1.3- and 1.4-fold higher than that in …

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Intracellular Ice Formation In Adult Stem Cells In The Presence Of Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone, Avishek Guha Jan 2009

Intracellular Ice Formation In Adult Stem Cells In The Presence Of Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone, Avishek Guha

LSU Master's Theses

The main objective of this work was to assess the effect of 10% (w/v) polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on the pattern of intracellular ice formation (IIF) in human adipose tissue derived adult stem cells (ASCs) in the absence of serum and other cryoprotective agents (CPAs). Passage 1 (P1) ASCs were cultured, washed and suspended in either 1x PBS (Phosphate Buffered Saline) or 10% w/v solution of PVP in 1x PBS. The freezing experiments were carried out using a fluorescence microscope equipped with a Linkam™ cooling stage using two different temperature/time cooling protocols. Both the cooling protocols had a common cooling ramp: cells …

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Moving Over Mountains: A Woman On The Appalachian Trail, Jessica Susan Matthews Jan 2009

Moving Over Mountains: A Woman On The Appalachian Trail, Jessica Susan Matthews

LSU Master's Theses

This project examines the experience of a woman on the Appalachian Trail. It is my aim in undertaking this project to evaluate my own personal experiences in order to explore the way the Appalachian Trail is conceptualized as a space, and then experienced as a place. My own experiences will be connected to and contrasted by experiences I have with other hikers. It is through my own experiences and those of others that I hope to highlight the ways that spaces and mobilities are gendered in our society and the ways that those expectations are usurped. The wilderness might be …

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Impact Of Intrafraction Motion On Post-Mastectomy Tomotherapy Of The Chest Wall, Shima Ito Jan 2009

Impact Of Intrafraction Motion On Post-Mastectomy Tomotherapy Of The Chest Wall, Shima Ito

LSU Master's Theses

Purpose: The present work investigates the impact of intrafraction motion of the chest wall due to respiration on Post Mastectomy Radiotherapy (PMRT) with TomoTherapy. The hypothesis of this work is that the impact of intrafraction motion on TomoTherapy PMRT will be insignificant as (1) the largest intrafraction movement of the chest wall (CW) in the medial-lateral, anterior-posterior, and superior-inferior dimensions will not exceed 1 cm and (2) that 95% of in-vivo CW point doses on the patient surface will be within 5% of calculated dose and all doses within 10% of calculated dose. Methods: 4DCT scans were acquired and intrafraction …

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Heidegger And Dewey: Science In A Post-Metaphysical World, Michael Allen Dusch Jan 2009

Heidegger And Dewey: Science In A Post-Metaphysical World, Michael Allen Dusch

LSU Master's Theses

The aim of this paper is to compare and contrast the philosophies of Martin Heidegger and John Dewey regarding metaphysics and science. Concerning metaphysics, there are two main areas of attention, the historical emergence of metaphysics in the philosophical tradition, and the abandonment of the metaphysical notions of substance and subjectivity. After examining these two areas of both thinkers’ philosophies, we then turn to their philosophy of science, demonstrating how the scientific thought of both thinkers is inseparable from their metaphysical critiques. For Heidegger, modern science is merely a continuation of the metaphysics of the past, while for Dewey; science …

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Rate Of Change With Applications In Physics Problems, Maria Ludu Jan 2009

Rate Of Change With Applications In Physics Problems, Maria Ludu

LSU Master's Theses

In this thesis we approach the concept of Rate of Change as a mathematical model, and we apply it to a few physics problems. Its main goal is to help students to bridge concepts form mathematical models and the real life applications. We begin with a review of measurements, proportionality and similarity based on Euclidean geometry; then, we review linear and affine functions, and we introduce a mathematical model for the average and instantaneous rate of change. This mathematical model is applied to problems from physics following the four representations of functions: verbal, algebraic, tabular and graphical. By doing so, …

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The Additive Effect Of Melengestrol Acetate (Mga) Priming And Sodium Monensin On Reproductive Performance In Beef Heifers, Jonathan Lance Roberts Jan 2009

The Additive Effect Of Melengestrol Acetate (Mga) Priming And Sodium Monensin On Reproductive Performance In Beef Heifers, Jonathan Lance Roberts

LSU Master's Theses

Breeding beef heifers to produce calves at 2 years of age could be a profitable management decision. The current practices have proved inefficient, which has justified further research in the area. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of repeated progestogen priming on the attainment of puberty by prepubertal heifers, to evaluate the potential additive effect of progestogen priming plus sodium monensin on the attainment of puberty by prepubertal heifers, to examine subsequent reproductive performance, including the response to synchronization of the estrous cycle, first-service pregnancy rates and overall pregnancy rates and to examine the effects of …

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The Modification, System Software Development, Validation, And Clinical Trial Of A Novel Ankle Stiffness Testing Device, T. Tyler Clement Jan 2009

The Modification, System Software Development, Validation, And Clinical Trial Of A Novel Ankle Stiffness Testing Device, T. Tyler Clement

LSU Master's Theses

The purpose of this project is to modify, validate, and gather preliminary clinical data on a novel ankle stiffness device that measures stiffness (torque / degree) and range of motion (ROM) of the ankle joint complex (AJC). The initial device was designed by a mechanical engineering design group at Louisiana State University in 2006, but had not been tested on human participants. Clinical evaluation of the ankle joint is important in patients afflicted with diabetes mellitus, Hansen’s disease, or peripheral neuropathies. The combination of peripheral neuropathies, decreased ankle range of motion, and increased stiffness pose a threat to these patients, …

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Thermomechanical Characterization Of A Shape Memory Polymer Based Syntactic Foam, Damon Nettles Jan 2009

Thermomechanical Characterization Of A Shape Memory Polymer Based Syntactic Foam, Damon Nettles

LSU Master's Theses

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are a type of smart material capable of “remembering” multiple shapes and transitioning between them in response to an external stimulus. They offer the potential to self-seal macro-length scale damage in a nearly autonomous fashion. Syntactic foams are lightweight structural materials currently used in the marine and aerospace industries. This study seeks to bring syntactic foams and SMPs together, retaining characteristics of both components, to create a low-density smart composite. The SMP based syntactic foam is used as the core of a grid stiffened sandwich structure capable of healing impact damage multiple times. In order to …

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Nonpoint Source Pollution, Lu Lin, Zhi Qiang Deng, Daniel Dianchen Gang Jan 2009

Nonpoint Source Pollution, Lu Lin, Zhi Qiang Deng, Daniel Dianchen Gang

Faculty Publications

A critical review of the peer-reviewed literature published in 2008 on topics related to nonpoint source pollution (NPS) is presented. This review is divided into three sections: sources of NPS pollution, modeling of NPS pollution, and NPS control strategies. Copyright © 2009 Water Environment Federation.

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Public Opinion And The Katrina Disaster: Linking Support For Rebuilding And Perceptions Of Flood Victims In New Orleans, Vincenzo Pasquantonio Jan 2009

Public Opinion And The Katrina Disaster: Linking Support For Rebuilding And Perceptions Of Flood Victims In New Orleans, Vincenzo Pasquantonio

LSU Master's Theses

Public support for government assistance to the needy has long been the focus of scholarly attention. Some assert that the perceived race of recipients of such aid is the primary determinant influencing such support. Others cite that it is the degree of trust one has in government institutions while still others cite American notions of individualism and self-reliance versus collective responsibility. The present study analyzes public opinion regarding aid to the City of New Orleans and its inhabitants following Hurricane Katrina and the subsequent flooding of the city. Several important findings emerge from this analysis. First, it cannot be demonstrated …

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Enhancing Reductive Dechlorination Of Chlorinated Ethenes And Ethanes In A Natural Treatment System, Caroline Burda Jan 2009

Enhancing Reductive Dechlorination Of Chlorinated Ethenes And Ethanes In A Natural Treatment System, Caroline Burda

LSU Master's Theses

Chlorinated solvent contamination continues to plague sites around the world. In many cases, lower chlorinated daughter products build up and remain in ground waters and soils. A Bio-Filter/Phytobed (BFP) system has been developed to replace a traditional pump and treat technology currently operating at the ReSolve Superfund site in North Dartmouth, MA. Pilot scale testing at the facility displayed a significant acclimation period prior to microbial dechlorination, as well as delayed degradation of chlorinated ethanes. Microcosm studies suggest that acidic conditions, possibly created by the peat mixture used to construct the bio-filter, inhibited bacterial growth. The neutralization of trench pH …

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Advanced Microwave Technology For Biodiesel Feedstock Processing, Beatrice G. Terigar Jan 2009

Advanced Microwave Technology For Biodiesel Feedstock Processing, Beatrice G. Terigar

LSU Master's Theses

The goal of this work was to assist in overcoming the most important bottlenecks in the biodiesel production chain: to improve the biodiesel production process (oil extraction and esterification) using advanced microwave technologies from traditional and alternative feedstock; and identify the important characteristics of an alternative, high oil yield crop (TT). Dielectric properties of two feedstocks, soybean and rice bran were measured in presence of several solvents at different ratios, temperature and frequency. Results indicated that dielectric properties are ratio, temperature, frequency and solvent type dependent. Quasi-linear relationship using second order logarithmic transformation of the data provided a reliable estimator …

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Nutrient And Sediment Losses From Surface Runoff During Bermudagrass (Cynodon Dactylon L.) Establishment On A Levee Embankment, Robert Wilson Burwell, Jr. Jan 2009

Nutrient And Sediment Losses From Surface Runoff During Bermudagrass (Cynodon Dactylon L.) Establishment On A Levee Embankment, Robert Wilson Burwell, Jr.

LSU Master's Theses

Fertilizer applications to newly constructed levee embankments during soft armor establishment may pose an increased threat to water quality. Potential nutrient and sediment loading can impact human and aquatic organisms that rely on water resources. The objectives of this study were to 1) determine the effect of grass coverage on surface runoff 2) evaluate bermudagrass establishment between water-soluble and insoluble N sources and 3) quantify nutrient and sediment losses from surface runoff during grass establishment. In 2008, fertilizer treatments consisted of sulfur-coated urea (SCU) or urea applied at 50 kg ha-1 to runoff collection trays installed on a 30% sloped …

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Survivorship, Tunneling And Feeding Behaviors Of Formosan Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) In Response To Trans-Caryophyllene, Qiaoling Qi Jan 2009

Survivorship, Tunneling And Feeding Behaviors Of Formosan Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) In Response To Trans-Caryophyllene, Qiaoling Qi

LSU Master's Theses

The Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, an invasive species from southern China, is one of the most destructive wood pests in the United States. Presently, termites are managed through chemical control. However, some synthetic chemicals cause serious environmental problems due to their persistence and toxicity. There is growing interest in using natural compounds with low toxicity to mammals to control termites. Trans-caryophyllene is a component of essential oil found in many flowering plants. It is especially abundant in clove oil. It has also been found to be released from the roots of maize damaged by insects. I investigated caryophyllene …

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Determining Gene Copy Number In Transfected Caprine Fibroblast Cells, Jessica A. Wilson Jan 2009

Determining Gene Copy Number In Transfected Caprine Fibroblast Cells, Jessica A. Wilson

LSU Master's Theses

Transgene expression in stably transgenic organisms is affected by many factors, including the copy number of the transgene in the genome, and by interactions between the transgene and flanking DNA sequences. Transgene copy number has also been shown to effect genetic stability in transgenic plants. Two commonly used methods for transfecting cells are liposome mediated transfection and electroporation. Little is known about the mean transgene copy number or variability of the copy number with these techniques. Quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) has been shown to be an effective method for determining transgene copy number. The objective of this study was to determine …

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