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The Relationship Between Ethnic Identity, Disordered Eating And Body Image Among Chinese And Caucasian Students, Lauren E. Baillie Jan 2011

The Relationship Between Ethnic Identity, Disordered Eating And Body Image Among Chinese And Caucasian Students, Lauren E. Baillie

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

It is generally believed that Western culture’s emphasis on thinness is responsible for the presence of eating disorders and body image dissatisfaction. However, Asians living in Western societies who are more acculturated to Western values have shown fewer body image and eating problems than their less acculturated Asian peers, while those who are highly acculturated to their native culture may be at increased risk for eating disorder symptoms. In this study, Chinese and Caucasian students attending United States universities completed measures of body image, body esteem, disordered eating and ethnic identity in the language of their choice (English or Simplified …

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Fully Integrated Microsystem For Bacterial Genotyping, Hui-Wen Chen Jan 2011

Fully Integrated Microsystem For Bacterial Genotyping, Hui-Wen Chen

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Methods for bacterial detection and identification has garnered renewed interest in recent years due to the infections they may cause and the antimicrobial resistances they can develop, the potential for bioterrorism threats and possible contamination of food/water supplies. Therefore, the rapid, specific and accurate detection of pathogens is crucial for the prevention of pathogen-related disease outbreaks and facilitating disease management as well as the containment of suspected contaminated food and/or water supplies. In this dissertation an integrated modular-based microfluidic system composed of a fluidic cartridge and a control instrument has been developed for bacterial pathogen detection. The integrated system can …

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Perceptions Of Faculty And Staff Of The Positive Behavior Process Utilizing Team Process And Staff Satisfaction Survey, Kara L. Hill Jan 2011

Perceptions Of Faculty And Staff Of The Positive Behavior Process Utilizing Team Process And Staff Satisfaction Survey, Kara L. Hill

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

There is a great need in education to find innovative ways to increase the amount of instructional time spent in classrooms. One way this can be accomplished is by improving the school climate through the use of Positive Behavior Interventions and Support (PBIS). Teachers can improve upon their own behaviors towards students, so that student problem behaviors do not escalate to the point of suspensions and expulsions. The PBIS philosophy embraces the idea that while humanistic values should not replace empiricism, these values should inform empiricism. Science tells us how we can change things, but values tell us what is …

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Kinetics And Mechanisms Of Release By Redox-Active Liposomes In Drug Delivery, Jerimiah Forsythe Jan 2011

Kinetics And Mechanisms Of Release By Redox-Active Liposomes In Drug Delivery, Jerimiah Forsythe

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Liposomes have had a long and fruitful application of drug delivery devices in the treatment of select tumors and cancer types. Third-generation liposomes possess endogenous triggering methods that hold the ability for site-specific unloading of liposomal contents, thus providing necessary temporal and spatial control over contents release that can be tuned to match the drug efficacy for decreased side effects during treatment. Of these new endogenous triggers, redox-active liposomes that can be triggered to unload contents via two-electron reduction by enzymes or chemical means have demonstrated promise for the encapsulation and delivery of cargo. The research project undertaken involved the …

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An Examination Of The Effectiveness Of An Early Truancy Intervention For Reducing Chronic Absenteeism Amongst At-Risk Students Through The Use Of Regression Discontinuity Analysis, Johanna M. Thomas Jan 2011

An Examination Of The Effectiveness Of An Early Truancy Intervention For Reducing Chronic Absenteeism Amongst At-Risk Students Through The Use Of Regression Discontinuity Analysis, Johanna M. Thomas

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Truancy is a major social problem affecting students, families, schools, and communities in the United States and is associated with low academic achievement, grade retention, and dropout. Truancy is also correlated with other adverse life outcomes including delinquency, substance abuse, and incarceration. Social work best practices literature suggests that truancy interventions should take place before habitual chronic truancy becomes a problem. There are few truancy preventions for elementary-age students that have been empirically assessed. Thus, this study examined the effectiveness of the Truancy Assessment and Service Centers intensive case management intervention for elementary-aged students (N = 700) using a quasi-experimental …

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Changes In Select Phenolic Compounds During Ethanol Fermentation And Acetification Of Raspberry, Blueberry And Persimmon, Yen-Ping Tan Jan 2011

Changes In Select Phenolic Compounds During Ethanol Fermentation And Acetification Of Raspberry, Blueberry And Persimmon, Yen-Ping Tan

LSU Master's Theses

Polyphenols are major dietary components in fruits and vegetables. Many research and epidemiological studies have reported that phenolic compounds, such as anthocyanins, may have a protective effect against various degenerative diseases. Phenolics in grape wine have been extensively studied but information on changes of phenolics in wine and vinegar made from other fruit crops is limited, however. This research started with the objective of determining the effect of proteases in preventing phenolic and, specifically, anthocyanin degradation in the ethanolic fermentation of black raspberries to reduce sugar content. The results of this study led to investigations of changes of other polyphenols …

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The Biological Activity Of Rare Carbohydrates And Cyclitols In Coptotermes Formosanus, Lucas James Veillon Jan 2011

The Biological Activity Of Rare Carbohydrates And Cyclitols In Coptotermes Formosanus, Lucas James Veillon

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

In the interest of developing environmentally friendly interventions to infestations by Formosan subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, a number of carbohydrates were tested for effects on termites and symbionts. Among these, the D-galactose analog, 2-deoxy-D-galactose, myo-inositol and its fully phosphorylated derivative, phytate, showed promise as potential control chemicals. Feeding bioassays with 20 termite workers, where compounds were applied (concentrations ranged from 160.2-1281.7 µg/mm3) to 5 cm filter paper in water, indicated all three compounds significantly impact termite mortality in a dose dependent fashion over a 2 wk period. Interestingly, when myo-inositol was administered to termites in agar (40 mg/mL), in …

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Understanding The Selective Detection Of Homocysteine And Studies Toward The Synthesis Of Vinigrol, Dong Wang Jan 2011

Understanding The Selective Detection Of Homocysteine And Studies Toward The Synthesis Of Vinigrol, Dong Wang

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The first part of the work is dedicated to the selective detection of Homocysteine (Hcy). In order to better understand this colorimetric detection method, a thermodynamic model for the pH dependence of the effective reduction potential of Hcy derived á-carbon radicals has been proposed. And using viologen indicators of varying reduction potentials, we demonstrate that colorimetric changes occur at experimental pH values consistent with the model. The one-carbon bridge stereochemistry of bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane framework is critical to make the third ring of the tricyclic precursor of vinigrol. We studied this stereochemistry carefully and found that the major diastereomer formed from Robinson …

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Latinos, Immigration Policy, And Geographic Diversification: Examining The Effects Of Concentrated Poverty, Segregation, And Low-Skill Employment On Homicide, Raymond Barranco Jan 2011

Latinos, Immigration Policy, And Geographic Diversification: Examining The Effects Of Concentrated Poverty, Segregation, And Low-Skill Employment On Homicide, Raymond Barranco

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This study consists of three separate, yet interrelated analyses - all three examine the effects of Latino immigration. Since the mid-1980s, the pattern of settlement by Latino migrants has changed dramatically. These migrants are now settling in parts of the United States that have never before had significant Latino populations. This has led many to fear an increase in crime. Unfortunately, early explanations of immigration and crime focused on the experience of Eastern European immigrants. Therefore, it has not been clear whether the experience of Latino immigrants could be explained in the same way – especially with some researchers finding …

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Regulation Of Gene Expression By Chromatin Boundary Elements, Richard Alton Kleinschmidt Jan 2011

Regulation Of Gene Expression By Chromatin Boundary Elements, Richard Alton Kleinschmidt

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Boundary elements consisting of barriers and insulators are genomic sequence elements that along with their associated DNA-binding proteins block the spread of heterochromatin into euchromatic regions or prevent the targeted activation of promoters from distal/proximal enhancers, respectively. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the deletion of RPD3, a histone deacetylase, results in an extended SIR protein-mediated silencing effect bypassing a tRNAthr barrier element adjacent to the cryptic mating locus, HMRa. We mutagenized rpd3Δ strains and identified suppressor mutants through a genetic screen that no longer displayed this enhanced silencing effect. Our results identified BRE1 and BRE2, which are either directly or indirectly responsible …

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Bio-Implantable Microdevices And Structures For Functional Electrical Stimulation Applications, Naga Srinivas Korivi Jan 2011

Bio-Implantable Microdevices And Structures For Functional Electrical Stimulation Applications, Naga Srinivas Korivi

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This dissertation describes the development of microstructures and devices for applications in functional electrical stimulation. A nerve cuff electrode design has been developed for applications in neural electrical stimulation and recording, which addresses limitations with existing cuff electrodes. The developed clip-on micro-cuff electrode design consists of a naturally closed cuff with inner diameter in the micro-scale or above. A novel pinch-hinge feature allows a user to easily open the cuff and place it on target nerve tissue for stimulation or recording purposes. Upon release of the pinch-hinge, the cuff assumes its normally closed nature. The device conducts and reads electrical …

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Application Of Scanning Probe Microscopy For New Physical Measurements And Studies Of Surface Chemical Reactions Of Materials At The Molecular Level, Stephanie Loletha Daniels Jan 2011

Application Of Scanning Probe Microscopy For New Physical Measurements And Studies Of Surface Chemical Reactions Of Materials At The Molecular Level, Stephanie Loletha Daniels

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) provides unique capabilities for surface visualization and measurements that reach atomic and molecular dimensions. My research focus is directed toward applying and developing new measurements for analytical and surface chemistry with SPM. Two distinct goals based on studies with atomic force microscopy (AFM) will be described within this dissertation. The primary goal was to develop and apply a new AFM imaging mode for ultrasensitive measurements of the superparamagnetic properties of proteins. Magnetic sample modulation (MSM)-AFM, has capabilities to investigate and map the magnetic response of nanomaterials with unprecedented spatial resolution. The second goal was to apply …

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What Is The Importance Of Oil And Gas Platforms In The Community Structure And Diet Of Benthic And Demersal Communities In The Gulf Of Mexico?, Sara Terrebonne Daigle Jan 2011

What Is The Importance Of Oil And Gas Platforms In The Community Structure And Diet Of Benthic And Demersal Communities In The Gulf Of Mexico?, Sara Terrebonne Daigle

LSU Master's Theses

Reef-dependent and reef-associated communities found on oil and gas platforms in the Gulf of Mexico occur in high densities and are species rich. Platforms may impact nearby communities through the introduction of benthic primary producers and by altering biological and environmental factors that may create influential gradients associated with these structures. To quantify the presence and effective distance exerted by such gradients, reef-dependent and reef-associated communities were analyzed in two ways: (1) community patterns of abundance and diversity were compared near and far from platforms; and (2) a food-web tracer was used to indentify basal resources from platforms used by …

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Population-Level Responses Of The Mummichog, Fundulus Heteroclitus, To Chronic Nutrient Enrichment In A New England Salt Marsh, Konner Chadwick Lockfield Jan 2011

Population-Level Responses Of The Mummichog, Fundulus Heteroclitus, To Chronic Nutrient Enrichment In A New England Salt Marsh, Konner Chadwick Lockfield

LSU Master's Theses

Mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) responses to chronic whole-ecosystem nutrient enrichment were examined near Plum Island Sound, Massachusetts. Dissolved fertilizer was released into replicate salt marsh creeks over 6 growing seasons to simulate agricultural run-off (bottom-up effects). Density, biomass, secondary production, growth rate, and condition factor were estimated in fertilized and reference creeks. Mummichog densities were also used to determine if mummichog growth or health varied with density. Over 7,600 mummichogs were marked and released into the treatment and control areas to measure responses. Over 900 mummichogs were recovered. Mummichog abundance was higher (p = 0.055) in nutrient-enriched creeks than reference creeks …

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Resistant Starch In The Diet Of Rodents Promotes An Increase In Fermentation And A Reduction In Body Fat In An Animal Model Of Dietary Obesity, Jason Andrew Charrier Jan 2011

Resistant Starch In The Diet Of Rodents Promotes An Increase In Fermentation And A Reduction In Body Fat In An Animal Model Of Dietary Obesity, Jason Andrew Charrier

LSU Master's Theses

In previous studies, in has been observed that the addition of resistant starch (RS) in the diet of rodents, a non-digestible fermentable fiber, promotes increases in markers of fermentation and improvements in body weight and body fat analysis when incorporated into low to moderate fat diets. This study investigated whether the same beneficial effects observed with RS addition in these lower fat diets could be obtained in a high fat diet, and if the type of fatty acid consumed in the diet makes a difference in markers of fermentation and body fat. Sprague Dawley rats (n=96) were fed as weight …

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A Computer-Based Instructional Program To Teach Braille Reading To Sighted Individuals, Mindy Scheithauer Jan 2011

A Computer-Based Instructional Program To Teach Braille Reading To Sighted Individuals, Mindy Scheithauer

LSU Master's Theses

There is a need for efficient braille training methods for instructors of the visually impaired. This study evaluated the use of a computer-based program intended to train the relation of braille characters to English letters using a matching-to-sample procedure with 4 sighted college students. Each participant mastered matching visual depictions of the braille alphabet to their text counterparts. Further, each participant demonstrated the ability to read a braille passage following this exposure. These gains maintained at variable levels at a follow-up probe 2 to 4 weeks following training.

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A General Approach For Vitrification Of Fish Sperm, Rafael Cuevas Uribe Jan 2011

A General Approach For Vitrification Of Fish Sperm, Rafael Cuevas Uribe

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The goal of this project was to develop streamlined protocols that could be integrated into a standardized approach for vitrification of germplasm for all aquatic species. Vitrification (freezing by formation of “glass” rather than crystalline ice) is simple, fast, inexpensive, can be potentially used to preserve samples in the field, and offers new options for germplasm management especially appropriate for small fishes. Sperm were studied from freshwater fish (channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus), viviparous freshwater fish (green swordtail Xiphophorus hellerii), and marine fishes (spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus, red snapper Lutjanus campechanus, red drum Sciaenops ocellatus, and southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma). To …

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The Role Of Inflammatory Molecules In Hypertension, Jeffrey Paul Cardinale Jan 2011

The Role Of Inflammatory Molecules In Hypertension, Jeffrey Paul Cardinale

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Hypertension is a serious condition with high morbidity and mortality rates, as well as a major predisposing factor for multiple cardiovascular and renal diseases. Angiotensin II (Ang II) of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a pivotal role in propagating the hypertensive response. Moreover, hypertension is considered a chronic low-grade inflammatory condition that intimately involves the actions of proinflammatory cytokines (PICs) such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF). Recent evidence highlights the role that inflammation, specifically TNF, plays in hypertension and in regulating the RAS, but the understanding as to how inflammation is regulated following Ang II or TNF activation, as well …

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Process As Product: The Culture Of Development And The Twenty-First Century American Dramatist, John Patrick Bray Jan 2011

Process As Product: The Culture Of Development And The Twenty-First Century American Dramatist, John Patrick Bray

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Simply stated, my research and my experiences as a playwright have led me to believe that the present condition of the playwright is that of a relic: that is, because of the notion that all plays need a developmental workshop, playwrights have not only lost authority over their art, but have also been driven to write plays meant for staged-readings rather than production. I argue that playwrights who create self-producing companies not only reclaim confidence in their craft, but also learn how to engage with the larger community via the collaborative process theatre. In this dissertation, I employ a theoretical …

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Redbanded Stink Bug, Piezodorus Guildinii (Westwood): Pest Status, Control Strategies, And Management In Louisiana Soybean, Joshua H. Temple Jan 2011

Redbanded Stink Bug, Piezodorus Guildinii (Westwood): Pest Status, Control Strategies, And Management In Louisiana Soybean, Joshua H. Temple

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The redbanded stink bug, Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood), was identified as a pest of Louisiana soybean during 2000. Currently, this species has become established throughout Louisiana and into the soybean production regions of bordering states. Seasonal abundance, patterns of oviposition, and population dynamics of this species were surveyed in soybean during 2008-10. The redbanded stink bug comprised the largest percentage (54%) of the total stink bug complex collected at five survey sites followed by the southern green (27%), Nezara viridula L. and brown (7%) stink bugs, Euschistus servus L. Peak oviposition occurred during the (R5) soybean growth stage. Most (80%) egg …

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An Exploration Of The Paradigm Of Kinship Caregiving And Caregivers' Experiences With Child Welfare And Public Welfare Systems Using Critical Theory Analysis, Tara Valinchus Dejohn Jan 2011

An Exploration Of The Paradigm Of Kinship Caregiving And Caregivers' Experiences With Child Welfare And Public Welfare Systems Using Critical Theory Analysis, Tara Valinchus Dejohn

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Kinship caregiving as a paradigm in the United States (US) is historically linked to slavery subcultural practices. Over time, dominant US systems have vacillated in demonstrating formal acknowledgement of kinship as an acceptable family unit and in availing resources to support kinship caregiving. The patterns and practices of these variations pertaining to kinship caregiving as a paradigm has received little attention despite documentation of its increased utilization in public child welfare and welfare systems. This exploratory case study responds to the paucity of knowledge regarding the systemic shifts towards the kinship caregiving paradigm and the perspectives of kinship caregivers who …

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Relationships Among The Behavioral Inhibition System, Response Inhibition, Heart Rate Variability, And Anxiety Sensitivity Between Older Adolescents With And Without Significant Anxiety, Erin Tarcza Reuther Jan 2011

Relationships Among The Behavioral Inhibition System, Response Inhibition, Heart Rate Variability, And Anxiety Sensitivity Between Older Adolescents With And Without Significant Anxiety, Erin Tarcza Reuther

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Differences in the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS; Gray, 1982), response inhibition, and cardiac vagal control are evident between individuals with anxiety and nonclinical control participants. In this study, the role of inhibition in anxiety was examined, as well as relationships between the primary indexes of inhibition including the behavioral inhibition system (BIS), response inhibition, and cardiac vagal tone (or heart rate variability) at rest and during tasks of response inhibition. Additionally, anxiety sensitivity, an established risk factor for developing anxiety disorders, was examined and how it relates to indexes of inhibition. As expected, inhibition and anxiety sensitivity were found to …

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Evolutionary History Of Isolation And Dispersal In North American Ground Skinks (Scinella Lateralis), Nathan Daniel Jackson Jan 2011

Evolutionary History Of Isolation And Dispersal In North American Ground Skinks (Scinella Lateralis), Nathan Daniel Jackson

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The geographical range, abundance, and cohesion of populations can track landscape and climatic dynamism in ways that help set (and reset) the evolutionary trajectory of a species. Understanding the nature of this interaction can elucidate both evolutionary and geographical history as well as clarify the parameters that govern diversification. In this study, I apply multilocus genetic data from populations of the North American ground skink, Scincella lateralis, to investigate phylogeographic history as well as the interaction between population genetic and geographical processes that have shaped it. First, I examined the geographic distribution of genetic diversity for S. lateralis and tested …

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Effects Of Mindfulness On Body Image, Affect, And Smoking In Women, Claire E. Adams Jan 2011

Effects Of Mindfulness On Body Image, Affect, And Smoking In Women, Claire E. Adams

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Recent research has shown that body image stimuli increase negative affect and smoking urges among female smokers. Mindfulness (paying attention to present-moment experience with an attitude of nonjudgmental acceptance) may be a useful technique to minimize the influence of body image issues on negative affect, smoking urges, and smoking behavior. The present study investigated whether mindfulness can influence the way female college smokers respond to a body image challenge. The study used a 2 x 2 factorial design with body image challenge (trying on a bathing suit vs. observing a purse) crossed with instructions (mindfulness vs. silence). Female smokers (n …

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Optimization Of Adult Multipotent Stromal Cell-Bioscaffold Interactions For Tissue Regeneration With Bioreactors, Lin Xie Jan 2011

Optimization Of Adult Multipotent Stromal Cell-Bioscaffold Interactions For Tissue Regeneration With Bioreactors, Lin Xie

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Adult multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) in combination with biocompatible scaffolds may augment well-established medical and surgical techniques. Pre-implantation cell loading and viability on scaffold carriers followed by in vitro differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) formation contribute to the efficacy of in vivo tissue formation. Given the specificity of the parameters for each cell-scaffold construct, it is vital to assess the relative potential of various combinations to select the best option for various clinical needs. High demand for equine and human bone regeneration especially non-union fracture repair is still largely unaddressed. Therefore osteogenesis potential of both equine and human MSCs engrafted …

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The Long Road Home: Alfred Andersch, Hans Werner Richter, And The German Search For Meaning In Catastrophe, Aaron Dennis Horton Jan 2011

The Long Road Home: Alfred Andersch, Hans Werner Richter, And The German Search For Meaning In Catastrophe, Aaron Dennis Horton

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The primary subjects of this dissertation are the post-World War II German authors Alfred Andersch and Hans Werner Richter. Drawing from a mixture of the authors’ writings and previously-researched as well as new archival sources, this study will examine their roles as editors of the U.S. Army-sponsored POW newspaper Der Ruf, as founders of the postwar West German journal, also titled Der Ruf, and, most famously, as founding members of the influential postwar West German literary circle Group 47. Each of these developments led directly to the next, and this study will explore the various processes that linked them together. …

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Making Transitions: A Multiple Case Study Of Mathematics Classroom Teaching Reform In China, Lianfang Lu Jan 2011

Making Transitions: A Multiple Case Study Of Mathematics Classroom Teaching Reform In China, Lianfang Lu

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The main purpose of this study is to investigate how teachers implemented teaching reform in secondary mathematics classrooms in China, and to understand the context of teaching transformation in general. Two groups of mathematics teachers were included in this study. One group was involved in a leadership project led by university-based mathematics teacher educators, and the other was engaged in a school teaching experiment led by teacher educators from local education department. In this study, classrooms are viewed as social systems in which the teacher and students are interrelated through communication networks. This study examines the structures, patterns of social …

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Sensory Discrimination Testing With Children, Karen Melissa Garcia Jan 2011

Sensory Discrimination Testing With Children, Karen Melissa Garcia

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Literature concerning children’s performance in sensory discrimination methods is not as extensively published as performance with adults. Therefore, in this dissertation children’s performance in discrimination methods was investigated. First, performance in the triangle and 3-AFC methods was explored with children 6 to 12 years old. The paradox of discriminatory non-discriminators states that the proportion of correct responses in the 3-AFC method will be higher than that of the triangle. However, Thurstonian theory predicts that despite the difference in proportions of correct responses the degree of difference between the stimuli will be similar. The paradox and the Thurstonian predictions were challenged …

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A Qualitative Study Of 4-H State And Field Faculty Use Of Social Media To Communicate With Youth, Volunteers, And Stakeholders, Mary Christina Sorenson Jan 2011

A Qualitative Study Of 4-H State And Field Faculty Use Of Social Media To Communicate With Youth, Volunteers, And Stakeholders, Mary Christina Sorenson

LSU Master's Theses

The purpose of this study is to explore the type of social media technology utilized by 4-H field and state faculty to communicate with 4-H members, volunteers, and advisory board members. As youth increase their use of technology for communications it is critical for youth development agents to adapt to new communication methods Qualitative research methods were used to explore this topic. Guiding questions were developed from the empirical literature. Responsive interviewing technique was used to gather data. A purposeful sample was chosen for this study. The sample consisted of field and state 4-H Cooperative Extension Service faculty located in …

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Arbovirus Phenotype Alters Transmission Potential, Rebecca C. Christofferson Jan 2011

Arbovirus Phenotype Alters Transmission Potential, Rebecca C. Christofferson

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Extrinsic and environmental factors are known to affect the transmission of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), including variations in the arthropod vector populations. Differences among these factors have been associated with differential transmission and are sometimes used to control the spread of an arbovirus through a vertebrate population in an effort to prevent or disrupt an outbreak. However, diversity in intrinsic viral populations, such as genetic and phenotypic variability, is not often accounted for when considering alterations in transmission. Presented in this dissertation are four experimental studies that explore the contribution of viral intrinsic factors, especially phenotypic variability, to the transmission potential …

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