Digital Commons Network^™

Gene Regulation By Redox-Sensitive Burkholderia Thailandensis Ohrr And Its Role In Bacterial Killing Of Caenorhabditis Elegans, Anuja Pande, Todd C. Veale, Anne Grove

Faculty Publications

© 2018 American Society for Microbiology. Fatty acid hydroperoxides are involved in host-pathogen interactions. In both plants and mammals, polyunsaturated fatty acids are liberated during infection and enzymatically oxidized to the corresponding toxic hydroperoxides during the defensive oxidative burst that is designed to thwart the infection. The bacterial transcription factor OhrR (organic hydroperoxide reductase regulator) is oxidized by organic hydroperoxides, as a result of which the ohr gene encoding organic hydroperoxide reductase is induced. This enzyme converts the hydroperoxides to less toxic alcohols. We show here that OhrR from Burkholderia thailandensis represses expression of ohr. Gene expression is induced by …

Circular Rna Identified From Peg3 And Igf2r, Bambarendage P.U. Perera, Subash Ghimire, Joomyeong Kim

Faculty Publications

Copyright: © 2018 Perera et al. Circular RNA is a newly discovered class of non-coding RNA generated through the back-splicing of linear pre-mRNA. In the current study, we characterized two circular RNAs that had been identified through NGS-based 5'RACE experiments. According to the results, the Peg3 locus contains a 214-nucleotide-long circular RNA, circPeg3, that is detected in low abundance from the neonatal brain, lung and ovary. In contrast, the Igf2r locus contains a group of highly abundant circular RNAs, circIgf2r, showing multiple forms with various exon combinations. In both cases, the expression patterns of circPeg3 and circIgf2r among individual tissues …

4c-Seq Characterization Of Drosophila Beaf Binding Regions Provides Evidence For Highly Variable Long-Distance Interactions Between Active Chromatin, Shraddha Shrestha, Dong Ha Oh, J. Keller Mckowen, Maheshi Dassanayake, Craig M. Hart

Faculty Publications

© 2018 Shrestha et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Chromatin organization is crucial for nuclear functions such as gene regulation, DNA replication and DNA repair. Insulator binding proteins, such as the Drosophila Boundary Element-Associated Factor (BEAF), are involved in chromatin organization. To further understand the role of BEAF, we detected cis-and trans-interaction partners of four BEAF binding regions (viewpoints) using 4C (circular chromosome conformation capture) and analyzed their association with …

Relief Of The Dma1-Mediated Checkpoint Requires Dma1 Autoubiquitination And Dynamic Localization, Christine M. Jones, Jun Song Chen, Alyssa E. Johnson, Zachary C. Elmore, Sierra N. Cullati, Janel R. Beckley, Kathleen L. Gould

Faculty Publications

© 2018 Jones, Chen, et al. Chromosome segregation and cell division are coupled to prevent aneuploidy and cell death. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the septation initiation network (SIN) promotes cytokinesis, but upon mitotic checkpoint activation, the SIN is actively inhibited to prevent cytokinesis from occurring before chromosomes have safely segregated. SIN inhibition during the mitotic checkpoint is mediated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Dma1. Dma1 binds to the CK1-phosphorylated SIN scaffold protein Sid4 at the spindle pole body (SPB), and ubiquitinates it. Sid4 ubiquitination antagonizes the SPB localization of the Polo-like kinase Plo1, the major SIN activator, so …

Adipose Tissue Dysfunction Occurs Independently Of Obesity In Adipocyte-Specific Oncostatin Receptor Knockout Mice, Jacqueline M. Stephens, Jennifer L. Bailey, Hardy Hang, Victoria Rittell, Marilyn A. Dietrich, Randall L. Mynatt, Carrie M. Elks

Faculty Publications

© 2018 The Obesity Society Objective: This study examined the phenotypic effects of adipocyte-specific oncostatin M receptor (OSMR) loss in chow-fed mice. Methods: Chow-fed adipocyte-specific OSMR knockout (FKO) mice and littermate OSMRfl/fl controls were studied. Tissue weights, insulin sensitivity, adipokine production, and stromal cell immunophenotypes were assessed in epididymal fat (eWAT); serum adipokine production was also assessed. In vitro, adipocytes were treated with oncostatin M, and adipokine gene expression was assessed. Results: Body weights, fasting blood glucose levels, and eWAT weights did not differ between genotypes. However, the eWAT of OSMRFKO mice was modestly less responsive to insulin stimulation than …

Proximity Ligation Assay To Study Protein-Protein Interactions Of Proteins On Two Different Cells, Rushikesh Sable, Nithya Jambunathan, Sitanshu Singh, Sandeep Pallerla, Konstantin G. Kousoulas, Seetharama Jois

Faculty Publications

© 2018 Future Science. All rights reserved. Protein-protein interactions (PPI) by homo-, hetero- or oligo-merization in the cellular environment regulate cellular processes. PPI can be inhibited by antibodies, small molecules or peptides, and this inhibition has therapeutic value. A recently developed method, the proximity ligation assay (PLA), provides detection of PPI in the cellular environment. However, most applications using this assay are for proteins expressed in the same cell. We employ PLA for the first time to study PPI of cell surface proteins on two different cells. Inhibition of PPI using a peptide inhibitor is also quantified using this assay; …

Variation Across Mitochondrial Gene Trees Provides Evidence For Systematic Error: How Much Gene Tree Variation Is Biological?, E J. Richards, J M. Brown, A J. Barley, R A. Chong, E J. Richards

Faculty Publications

The use of large genomic data sets in phylogenetics has highlighted extensive topological variation across genes. Much of this discordance is assumed to result from biological processes. However, variation among gene trees can also be a consequence of systematic error driven by poor model fit, and the relative importance of biological vs. methodological factors in explaining gene tree variation is a major unresolved question. Using mitochondrial genomes to control for biological causes of gene tree variation, we estimate the extent of gene tree discordance driven by systematic error and employ posterior prediction to highlight the role of model fit in …

Variation Across Mitochondrial Gene Trees Provides Evidence For Systematic Error: How Much Gene Tree Variation Is Biological?, E J. Richards, J M. Brown, A J. Barley, R A. Chong, E J. Richards

Faculty Publications

The use of large genomic data sets in phylogenetics has highlighted extensive topological variation across genes. Much of this discordance is assumed to result from biological processes. However, variation among gene trees can also be a consequence of systematic error driven by poor model fit, and the relative importance of biological vs. methodological factors in explaining gene tree variation is a major unresolved question. Using mitochondrial genomes to control for biological causes of gene tree variation, we estimate the extent of gene tree discordance driven by systematic error and employ posterior prediction to highlight the role of model fit in …

Sustaining Stem Initiatives: The Challenge Of A Worthy Investment, Melissa B. Crawford, Tyrslai M. Williams, Zakiya Wilson-Kennedy, Linda Hooper-Bui, Megan Stone, Isiah M. Warner

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

An Overview Of Extant Conifer Evolution From The Perspective Of The Fossil Record, Andrew B. Leslie, Jeremy Beaulieu, Garth Holman, Christopher S. Campbell, Wenbin Mei, Linda R. Raubeson, Sarah Mathews

Faculty Publications

© 2018 Botanical Society of America Premise of the Study: Conifers are an important living seed plant lineage with an extensive fossil record spanning more than 300 million years. The group therefore provides an excellent opportunity to explore congruence and conflict between dated molecular phylogenies and the fossil record. Methods: We surveyed the current state of knowledge in conifer phylogenetics to present a new time-calibrated molecular tree that samples ~90% of extant species diversity. We compared phylogenetic relationships and estimated divergence ages in this new phylogeny with the paleobotanical record, focusing on clades that are species-rich and well known from …

New Mouse Model Of Pulmonary Hypertension Induced By Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis, Dai Kimura, Jordy Saravia, Sridhar Jaligama, Isabella Mcnamara, Luan D. Vu, Ryan D. Sullivan, Salvatore Mancarella, Dahui You, Stephania A. Cormier

Faculty Publications

© 2018 American Physiological Society. All rights reserved. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) has been observed in up to 75% of infants with moderate to severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in infants with congenital heart disease. The purpose of the present study was to establish a mouse model of PH secondary to RSV bronchiolitis that mimics the disease etiology as it occurs in infants. Neonatal mice were infected with RSV at 5 days of age and then reinfected 4 wk later. Serum-free medium was administered to age-matched mice as a control. Echocardiography and …

Dispersal Records Of The Sugarcane Aphid, Melanaphis Sacchari (Zehntner) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Through The Midwest Suction Trap Network, Doris Lagos-Kutz, David Voegtlin, Jeffrey Davis, Glen Hartman

Faculty Publications

Summary Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), the sugarcane aphid, is an invasive species in the United States. This species is a threat to crops of economic importance including sorghum and sugar cane. Therefore, monitoring dispersal of this pest is necessary to document its geographic expansion. Based on trap catches obtained from the Midwest Suction Trap Network during 2015 to 2017, sugarcane aphids arrived late in the growing season as far as northern Wisconsin. We will continue to monitor the dispersal of this aphid species through the Midwest Suction Trap Network in order to provide information to researchers, extension agents, and …

Mtor Complex 1 Implicated In Aphid/Buchnera Host/Symbiont Integration, Edward B. James, Honglin Feng, Alex C.C. Wilson

Faculty Publications

Obligate nutritional endosymbioses are arguably the most intimate of all interspecific associations. While many insect nutritional endosymbioses are well studied, a full picture of how two disparate organisms, a bacterial endosymbiont and a eukaryotic host, are integrated is still lacking. The mTOR pathway is known to integrate nutritional conditions with cell growth and survival in eukaryotes. Characterization and localization of amino acid transporters in aphids suggest the mTOR pathway as a point of integration between an aphid host and its amino acid-provisioning endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola. The mTOR pathway is unannotated in aphids and unstudied in any nutritional endosymbiosis. We annotated …

Production Of Live Young With Cryopreserved Sperm From The Endangered Livebearing Fish Redtail Splitfin (Xenotoca Eiseni, Rutter, 1896), Yue Liu, Harry Grier, Terrence R. Tiersch

Faculty Publications

Previous studies of sperm cryopreservation of livebearing fish have been limited to two genera within the family Poeciliidae. The goal of the present study was to investigate the feasibility to produce live young of livebearing goodeids (family Goodeidae) with cryopreserved sperm, using aquarium-trade populations of the endangered species Redtail Splitfin (Xenotoca eiseni, Rutter, 1896). Reproductive condition of females was evaluated by histological categorization of ovarian development. A total of 117 females were inseminated with cryopreserved sperm, 81 were inseminated with fresh sperm, 27 were mixed with males for natural breeding, and 30 were maintained without males or insemination. Histological images …

Isolation By Marine Barriers And Climate Explain Areas Of Endemism In An Island Rodent, Thomas C. Giarla, Sean P. Maher, Anang S. Achmadi, Meagan K. Moore, Mark T. Swanson, Kevin C. Rowe, Jacob A. Esselstyn

Faculty Publications

Aim: The Indonesian island of Sulawesi is home to thousands of endemic terrestrial animal species. Phylogeographical studies of some of these taxa revealed concordant distribution patterns (areas of endemism; AoEs), suggestive of a shared evolutionary or ecological mechanism driving divergence among various terrestrial taxa. Generally, AoEs have been attributed to Pleistocene marine incursions, geological fault zones and Sulawesi's history as an archipelago. We test, for the first time, the hypothesis that population divergences are associated with unsuitable climate spaces at the boundaries between these areas. Location: Sulawesi, Indonesia. Taxon: Maxomys musschenbroekii, a common murid rodent endemic to Sulawesi. Methods: We …

Ants Alter Molecular Characteristics Of Soil Organic Carbon Determined By Pyrolysis-Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, Zhongsheng Zhang, Zhuo Wei, Jim Jian Wang, Ran Xiao, Yili Meng, Haitao Wu, Xianguo Lyu

Faculty Publications

Colonization by ecosystem engineers, such as ants, have important but occasionally unnoticed roles in regulating soil carbon cycles. However, little information is available pertaining to ant effects on changing molecular features of soil organic matter. In this study, we characterized total soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen, water extractable organic carbon (WEOC) as well as molecular characteristics of humic acids (HAs) of ant mound soils (SoilAnt) and the surrounding soils (SoilCon) using pyrolysis-chromatography/mass (py-GC/MS). SOC, total nitrogen and WEOC contents of SoilAnt were significantly lower than those of SoilCon. SoilAnt samples had significant higher nitrogen containing compounds proportions in pyrolysis …

Investigation Of An Early Season River Flood Pulse: Carbon Cycling In A Subtropical Estuary, Benjamin J. Haywood, John R. White, Robert L. Cook

Faculty Publications

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. The January 2016 Bonnet Carré Spillway (BCS) opening resulted in a large-scale Mississippi River (MR) flood discharge that qualitatively and quantitatively impacted the dissolved organic matter (DOM) cycling in the Lake Pontchartrain Estuary (LPE) located in Louisiana, USA. This early season flood event was a result of the delay of snow formation caused by warmer than normal watershed temperatures. During the diversion period and the subsequent weeks, the LPE water temperature remained lower than pre-flood water temperatures, suppressing carbon cycling. Following that period, the water temperature increased, leading to an increase in the rate of abiotic …

Bgge: A New Package For Genomic-Enabled Prediction Incorporating Genotype × Environment Interaction Models, Italo Granato, Jaime Cuevas, Francisco Luna-Vázquez, Jose Crossa, Osval Montesinos-López, Juan Burgueño, Roberto Fritsche-Neto

Faculty Publications

One of the major issues in plant breeding is the occurrence of genotype × environment (GE) interaction. Several models have been created to understand this phenomenon and explore it. In the genomic era, several models were employed to improve selection by using markers and account for GE interaction simultaneously. Some of these models use special genetic covariance matrices. In addition, the scale of multi-environment trials is getting larger, and this increases the computational challenges. In this context, we propose an R package that, in general, allows building GE genomic covariance matrices and fitting linear mixed models, in particular, to a …

Seasonal Variations In The Siliciclastic Fluxes To The Western Philippine Sea And Their Impacts On Seawater ΕNd Values Inferred From 1 Year Of In Situ Observations Above Benham Rise, Zhaokai Xu, Tiegang Li, Christophe Colin, Peter D. Clift, Rongtao Sun, Zhaojie Yu, Shiming Wan, Dhongil Lim

Faculty Publications

©2018. The Authors. The Sr and Nd isotopic compositions of siliciclastic sediments and the Nd isotopic compositions of planktonic foraminifera are investigated in sediment trap samples collected in 2015 at water depths of 500 and 2,800 m to (1) track the seasonal changes in the sources and transport patterns of siliciclastic sediments to Benham Rise, (2) constrain the Nd isotopic compositions of the planktonic foraminifera throughout the water column, and (3) assess the influences of lithogenic inputs on the Nd isotopic compositions of the water masses. We demonstrate that volcanic matter and eolian dust are derived primarily from Luzon Island …

Near-Infrared Photothermal Release Of Sirna From The Surface Of Colloidal Gold-Silver-Gold Core-Shell-Shell Nanoparticles Studied With Second-Harmonic Generation, Raju R. Kumal, Mohammad Abu-Laban, Prakash Hamal, Blake Kruger, Holden T. Smith, Daniel J. Hayes, Louis H. Haber

Faculty Publications

© 2018 American Chemical Society. Photothermal release of oligonucleotides from the surface of plasmonic nanoparticles represents a promising platform for spatiotemporal controlled drug delivery. Here we demonstrate the use of novel gold-silver-gold core-shell-shell (CSS) nanoparticles to study the photothermal cleaving and release of micro-RNA (miRNA) mimics or small interfering RNA (siRNA) under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. The furan-maleimide-based Diels-Alder adduct cleaves thermally above 60 °C and is used to bind siRNA to the colloidal nanoparticle surface in water. We investigate the photothermal cleaving kinetics of siRNA under different NIR laser powers using surface-sensitive time-dependent second-harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy. The photothermal release …

Integrating Climate Forecasts With The Soil And Water Assessment Tool (Swat) For High-Resolution Hydrologic Simulations And Forecasts In The Southeastern U.S., Vinit Sehgal, Venkataramana Sridhar, Luke Juran, Jactone Arogo Ogejo

Faculty Publications

This study provides high-resolution modeling of daily water budget components at Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC)-12 resolution for 50 watersheds of the South Atlantic Gulf (SAG) region in the southeastern U.S. (SEUS) by implementing the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model in the form of a near real-time, semi-automated framework. A near real-time hydrologic simulation framework is implemented with a lead time of nine months (March-December 2017) by integrating the calibrated SWAT model with National Centers for Environmental Prediction coupled forecast system model version 2 (CFSv2) weather data to forecast daily water balance components. The modeling exercise is conducted as …

The Effect Of The Nematode Trapping Fungus Duddingtonia Flagrans Against Gastronintestinal Nematodes Of Exotic Ruminant Hoofstock At Disney's(R) Animal Kingdom Lodge, Kristen Renee Young

LSU Master's Theses

Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) can severely affect the performance of ruminant animals and may lead to an animal’s death in a severe, untreated infection. Zoological parks, which have used anthelmintic drugs for treatment of GIN, are now seeing evidence of drug resistant parasites (Garretson et al., 2009). Duddingtonia flagrans, a nematophagous fungus, has shown a reduction in larvae of coprocultures of exotic ruminants through feed administration at Disney's^® Animal Kingdom Lodge (DAKL) and has potential to biologically control forage larvae (Terry, 2013). This study evaluated the effectiveness of Duddingtonia flagrans, administered to exotic ruminant hoofstock at a daily …

Modeling The Influence Of Eutrophication And Redox Conditions On Mercury Cycling At The Sediment-Water Interface In The Berre Lagoon, Svetlana Pakhomova, Evgeniy Yakushev, Elizaveta Protsenko, Sylvain Rigaud, Daniel Cossa, Joel Knoery, Raoul Marie Couture, Olivier Radakovitch, Shamil Yakubov, Dominika Krzeminska, Alice Newton

Faculty Publications

© 2018 Pakhomova, Yakushev, Protsenko, Rigaud, Cossa, Knoery, Couture, Radakovitch, Yakubov, Krzeminska and Newton. This study presents a specifically designed Mercury module in a coupled benthic-pelagic reactive-transport model - Bottom RedOx Model (BROM) that allows to study mercury (Hg) biogeochemistry under different conditions. This module considers the transformation of elemental mercury (Hg(0)), divalent mercury (Hg(II)) and methylmercury (MeHg). The behavior of mercury species in the model is interconnected with changes of oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, iron oxides, organic matter, and biota. We simulated the transformation and transport of Hg species in the water column and upper sediment layer under five different …

The Effects Of Juvenile Exposure To Sub-Lethal Concentrations Of Pesticides On The Adult Reproductive Biology Of The Male Southern House Mosquitoe, Culex Quinquefasciatus, Shiloh Dean Judd

LSU Master's Theses

Mosquitoes transmit pathogens capable of causing significant diseases, the worst of which can permanently disfigure or kill. Mosquito control efforts can be strengthened by better understanding all aspects of mosquito biology, but there is deficient information regarding sperm production in male mosquitoes. Understanding the sperm production and capacity of vector species may reveal new control strategies.

The goal of this research was to determine if larval exposure to sub-lethal concentrations, defined as killing less than half of the sample population, of pesticides negatively impacts the adult male reproductive health of the southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus Say. This study quantified …

Evaluation Of Site Variability And Its Application In Design, Abu Hakim Muhammad Hasan Faisal

LSU Master's Theses

Geotechnical characterization has an important role in engineering geology as well as in implementation of any project. There are several variables and uncertainties involved in characterizing a project site. Four different sources of uncertainties represent the characterization of geotechnical variability, which include spatial variability, measurement error, statistical error and model bias. Spatial variability is expressed in terms of the mean, variance, and scale of fluctuation. Several statistical techniques such as the Gauge R & R, which includes X-Bar/R and ANOVA, and the Second Moment can be applied to compute site variability in terms of the coefficient of variations. Measurement error …

Direct Quantification Of Deubiquitinating Enzyme Activity In Single Intact Cells, Nora Safabakhsh

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Challenges in drug efficacy occur during the treatment of most types of cancer due to the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment. This has led to the development of personalized medicine. Due to the clinical success of the proteasome inhibitors Bortezomib and Carfilzomib in treatment of multiple myeloma, interest has shifted towards molecularly-targeted chemotherapeutics for ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) are an essential part of this pathway which have been found to promote Bortezomib resistance in multiple myeloma patients. Unfortunately, there is a lack of specific, high throughput biochemical assays to characterize DUB activity in patient samples before and after …

Baldcypress And Black Willow Growth Response To Contrasting Flood Regimes, Climate, And Competition, In The Atchafalaya Basin, Louisiana, Alicia Louise Mcalhaney

LSU Master's Theses

Wetlands are dynamic ecosystems distinguished by their dependence on fluctuations of hydrologic influence. Although it is generally accepted that that flooding is a strong influence on growth, and that effects vary depending on whether water is stagnant or flowing, several aspects of flood characteristics and several tree species remain poorly investigated. One source of variability that has not been investigated is how flooding, climate, and competition among trees interact to control growth of individual trees. The objective of this study was therefore to 1) investigate effects of temporally varying hydrology and climate on growth of baldcypress and black willow trees …

Roles Of Ros, Nrf2, And Autophagy In Cadmium-Carcinogenesis And Its Prevention By Sulforaphane, Yuting Wang, Ardhendu Kumar Mandal, Young O.K. Son, Poyil Pratheeshkumar, James T.F. Wise, Lei Wang, Zhuo Zhang, Xianglin Shi, Zhimin Chen

Faculty Publications

Environmental and occupational exposures to cadmium increase the risk of various cancers, including lung cancer. The carcinogenic mechanism of cadmium, including its prevention remains to be investigated. Using fluorescence and electron spin resonance spin trapping, the present study shows that in immortalized lung cells (BEAS-2BR cells), exposure cadmium generated reactive oxygen species (ROS). Through ROS generation, cadmium increased the protein level of TNF-α which activated NF-κB and its target protein COX-2, creating an inflammatory microenvironment. As measured by anchorage-independent colony formation assay, cadmium induced malignant cell transformation. Inhibition of ROS by antioxidants inhibited transformation, showing that ROS were important in …

A Distributed Semi-Supervised Platform For Dnase-Seq Data Analytics Using Deep Generative Convolutional Networks, Shayan Shams, Richard Platania, Joohyun Kim, Jian Zhang, Kisung Lee, Seungwon Yang, Seung Jong Park

Faculty Publications

A deep learning approach for analyzing DNase-seq datasets is presented, which has promising potentials for unraveling biological underpinnings on transcription regulation mechanisms. Further understanding of these mechanisms can lead to important advances in life sciences in general and drug, biomarker discovery, and cancer research in particular. Motivated by recent remarkable advances in the field of deep learning, we developed a platform, Deep Semi-Supervised DNase-seq Analytics (DSSDA). Primarily empowered by deep generative Convolutional Networks (ConvNets), the most notable aspect is the capability of semi-supervised learning, which is highly beneficial for common biological settings often plagued with a less sufficient number of …

A Distributed Semi-Supervised Platform For Dnase-Seq Data Analytics Using Deep Generative Convolutional Networks, Shayan Shams, Richard Platania, Joohyun Kim, Jian Zhang, Kisung Lee, Seungwon Yang, Seung Jong Park

Faculty Publications

A deep learning approach for analyzing DNase-seq datasets is presented, which has promising potentials for unraveling biological underpinnings on transcription regulation mechanisms. Further understanding of these mechanisms can lead to important advances in life sciences in general and drug, biomarker discovery, and cancer research in particular. Motivated by recent remarkable advances in the field of deep learning, we developed a platform, Deep Semi-Supervised DNase-seq Analytics (DSSDA). Primarily empowered by deep generative Convolutional Networks (ConvNets), the most notable aspect is the capability of semi-supervised learning, which is highly beneficial for common biological settings often plagued with a less sufficient number of …