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Articles 6601 - 6630 of 8030
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Ultrathin Iron Oxide Films On Cu(100)., Jeevananda Karunamuni
Ultrathin Iron Oxide Films On Cu(100)., Jeevananda Karunamuni
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
In this investigation, I have focused on understanding the structure and morphology of ultrathin iron oxide films and characterizing them by STM and LEED. The room temperature Fe deposition results in a layer by layer growth. The oxidation was accomplished by annealing the sample to 810K in ambient oxygen. Two distinct oxide surface structures were observed depending on initial Fe coverage. For deposited Fe films of less than 2 ML, an oxide layer was formed with preferential growth along two perpendicular directions with a banded coarse and a hexagonal fine superstructure. As the initial Fe coverage above 2 ML, a …
Clarinet Concertos By Post World War Ii Generation Norwegian Composers: Bjorn Kruse, Olav Berg, And Rolf Wallin., Beverly Ann Gibson
Clarinet Concertos By Post World War Ii Generation Norwegian Composers: Bjorn Kruse, Olav Berg, And Rolf Wallin., Beverly Ann Gibson
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
A substantial body of Norwegian clarinet literature exists that is infrequently performed outside of the Scandinavian countries and Europe. A new generation of composers emerged in the 1980s who have made visible their own individual approaches to composition. This monograph focuses on a selection of clarinet concertos composed by Bjorn Kruse (b. 1946), Olav Berg (b. 1949), and Rolf Wallin (b. 1957) which represent the most extensive pieces for clarinet in the respective composers' outputs to date and have been awarded prizes in composition contests. The composers have distinguished themselves as leading figures in the contemporary music scene in Norway, …
Women's Health Issues In Baccalaureate Nursing Curricula., Karen Basham Moody
Women's Health Issues In Baccalaureate Nursing Curricula., Karen Basham Moody
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The primary purpose of this study was to determine if, and how, selected women's health issues are included in baccalaureate nursing curricula in the United States. The study also assessed nursing faculty's perceptions of the importance of these selected women's health issues to nursing curricula. Two hundred sixty baccalaureate nursing programs were randomly selected from a population of 604 1998 National League for Nursing accredited baccalaureate nursing programs in the United States. A three-part researcher developed women's health survey instrument was used for data collection. The instrument consisted of questions pertaining to 19 women's health issues which were selected through …
Design Of Work-Rest Schedules For Vdt Operators., Rana Balci
Design Of Work-Rest Schedules For Vdt Operators., Rana Balci
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The number of musculoskeletal and psychological discomforts is increasing as a result of continuing growth of VDT work. Although ergonomic improvements in workstation design can be applied, an effective work-rest schedule is an economical way to reduce these problems. The objective of this research was to determine an effective work-rest schedule for VDT operators. In addition to a discomfort questionnaire, performance and electromyography measurements from trapezius and flexor carpi radialis were used. Three different work-rest schedules were applied: 60-minute work/10-minute rest, 30-minute work/5-minute rest, and for the third schedule, the subjects received four breaks from VDT work each hour additional …
Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Of Silicon Nitride And Oxynitride Films Using Disilane As Silicon Source., Giridhar Nallapati
Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Of Silicon Nitride And Oxynitride Films Using Disilane As Silicon Source., Giridhar Nallapati
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Process characterization details along with the electrical properties of plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposited silicon nitride and oxynitride films are reported, for the first time, using disilane as the silicon source. Two regimes of deposition, namely excess-disilane regime and excess-ammonia regime, were observed for deposition of silicon nitride films using disilane, ammonia and helium. Films deposited under process conditions falling at the boundary of these two regimes had deposition rates that were mostly dependent on rf power and gas flow ratio resulting in highly repeatable film qualities. Silicon nitride films deposited on Si wafers at 250°C and post-metallization annealed in …
Production Of L-(+) Lactic Acid From Blackstrap Molasses By Lactobacillus Casei Subspecies Rhamnosus Atcc 11443., Narumol Thongwai
Production Of L-(+) Lactic Acid From Blackstrap Molasses By Lactobacillus Casei Subspecies Rhamnosus Atcc 11443., Narumol Thongwai
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Lactobacillus casei subspecies rhamnosus grew on non-supplemented blackstrap molasses. The bacteria grew best at the optimal temperature of 40 +/- 2°C, and at pH 5.5. Addition of yeast extract to molasses shortened the lag phase and increased cell mass. In batch fermentations without pH control, the highest ratio of lactic acid produced to cell mass was 12 from non-supplemented molasses. For pH controlled batch fermentations, the ratio's of lactic acid produced/cell mass were 81, 79, 51 and 31 for 0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8% yeast extract supplementation, respectively. Non-supplemented molasses, 8% Brix, produced 28 +/- 2 g/l of lactic acid …
Spectroscopic Studies Of Solid State Cyclodextrin Complexation Reactions With Various Guest Molecules., Michelle Butterfield Young
Spectroscopic Studies Of Solid State Cyclodextrin Complexation Reactions With Various Guest Molecules., Michelle Butterfield Young
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The research presented in this dissertation involves spectroscopic studies of cyclodextrin complexation reactions with various guest molecules. Chapter 1 provides an introduction that forms the basis for the remaining chapters. The topics covered in the introduction include the structures and properties of cyclodextrins with a brief section specifically dedicated to solid cyclodextrin. In addition, the environmental applications of cyclodextrins are discussed. The last part of the introduction concerns the theory and applications of fluorescence spectroscopy. In Chapter 2, the extraction of volatile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from air by use of solid cyclodextrin is presented. Naphthalene was chosen as the …
Gaps In College Biology Students' Understanding Of Photosynthesis: Implications For Human Constructivist Learning Theory And College Classroom Practice., Phyllis Baudoin Griffard
Gaps In College Biology Students' Understanding Of Photosynthesis: Implications For Human Constructivist Learning Theory And College Classroom Practice., Phyllis Baudoin Griffard
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The main research question of this study was: What gaps in biochemical understanding are revealed by a range of university introductory biology students as they work through a critically acclaimed multimedia program on photosynthesis, and what are the corresponding implications for elaboration of the Ausubel-Novak-Gowin Learning Theory (ANG, now Human Constructivism)? Twelve students, mixed for ability, gender and ethnicity, were recruited from two sections of "Bio 101." Before and after instruction in photosynthesis, in-depth clinical interviews were conducted during which participants completed a range of cognitive tasks such as sorting, concept mapping, explaining and predicting. Some tasks involved interacting with …
Development Of Pseudostationary Phases For Separations In Electrokinetic Chromatography., Judson Leroy Haynes Iii
Development Of Pseudostationary Phases For Separations In Electrokinetic Chromatography., Judson Leroy Haynes Iii
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The research presented in this dissertation covers pseudo-stationary phase development for separations in electrokinetic chromatography (EKC). Micelles and cyclodextrins have traditionally served as the most popular pseudo-stationary phases (PSPs) used in EKC. However, the development and implementation of PSPs, which have improved properties over traditional ones, are necessary to extend the utility of electrokinetic chromatography. This dissertation covers research contributions, chapter by chapter, to the area of PSP development made by the author. In addition to this, Chapter 1 covers a brief history of chromatography and the fundamentals of capillary electrophoresis and EKC. The first pseudo-stationary phase developed was a …
The Making Of The Myth In Postcolonial Development: Material-Conceptual Landscape Transformation In Sixteenth-Century Veracruz, Andrew Sluyter
The Making Of The Myth In Postcolonial Development: Material-Conceptual Landscape Transformation In Sixteenth-Century Veracruz, Andrew Sluyter
Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
Perkinsus Marinus Extracellular Protease Modulates Survival Of Vibrio Vulnificus In Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea Virginica) Hemocytes, B. D. Tall, J. F. La Peyre, J. W. Bier, M. D. Miliotis, D. E. Hanes, M. H. Kothary, D. B. Shah, M. Faisal
Perkinsus Marinus Extracellular Protease Modulates Survival Of Vibrio Vulnificus In Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea Virginica) Hemocytes, B. D. Tall, J. F. La Peyre, J. W. Bier, M. D. Miliotis, D. E. Hanes, M. H. Kothary, D. B. Shah, M. Faisal
Faculty Publications
The in vitro effects of the Perkinsus marinus serine protease on the intracellular survival of Vibrio vulnificus in oyster hemocytes were examined by using a time-course gentamicin internalization assay. Results showed that protease-treated hemocytes were initially slower to internalize V. vulnificus than untreated hemocytes. After 1 h, the elimination of K vulnificus by treated hemocytes was significantly suppressed compared with hemocytes infected with invasive and noninvasive controls. Our data suggest that the serine protease produced by P. marinus suppresses the vibriocidal activity of oyster hemocytes to effectively eliminate V. vulnificus, potentially leading to conditions favoring higher numbers of vibrios in …
Preparing Undergraduate Music Majors To Teach Beginning Instrumentalists: The Effects Of Self-Evaluation, Teacher Observation, And Performance-Oriented Instructional Approaches On Teacher Behaviors And Pupil Responses., Leigh-Ann Marie Lethco
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of three approaches to training preservice instrumental music teachers (N = 22) for initial teaching experiences involving beginning instrumentalists ( N = 22). The three approaches---one involving intensive self-evaluation activities, a second focusing on observation of experienced instrumental music teachers, and a third evidencing a performance orientation---were administered as a four-week treatment phase in an undergraduate brass techniques course. Primarily, this study was designed to answer the question: Did instructional approach differentially affect teacher behavior across two private lessons? Teacher (subject) and pupil behaviors were documented and categorized according to …
The Names Project Aids Memorial Quilt: A Novelistic Approach To Decoding The Layers Of Meaning In The "Pieced" Social Drama., Louis Edward Myers
The Names Project Aids Memorial Quilt: A Novelistic Approach To Decoding The Layers Of Meaning In The "Pieced" Social Drama., Louis Edward Myers
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
In this study, I focus on the AIDS crisis as a social drama, and evaluate the various functions the AIDS Memorial Quilt plays within that drama. Using Victor Turner's concept of social drama I first discuss the breach, crisis, redression, and reintegration stages. I identify two fundamental breaches in the AIDS drama---the health breach and the moral/religious breach. As regards the crisis phase of the drama, I identify specific crisis performers and performances. Although many attempts were made at redression, I conclude that most attempts were not successful as redressive acts. Rather than "solve" or "set straight" particular issues within …
The Laser Optogalvanic Effect In Radio Frequency Plasma: Applications In Analytical Chemistry., Xuan Yao
The Laser Optogalvanic Effect In Radio Frequency Plasma: Applications In Analytical Chemistry., Xuan Yao
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The laser optogalvanic effect (LOGE) is the change of electrical impedance of a plasma produced by resonant absorption of laser radiation. Selected excitations can be used to detect specific species by tuning the laser to an appropriate wavelength. For optimum utilization of LOGE as a detection tool, one must understand the temporal profile of the LOGE signal in terms of the various processes occurring in the plasma. In this work, the characteristics of the LOGE signal and the potential applications of laser optogalvanic spectroscopy (LOGS) have been investigated. First, by analyzing the LOGE signal profiles of the neon excitations 1s2,4→2p1,3, …
Looking For Leadership: Searching In A Middle School For Reactions To Stimuli In Social Environments., Lucy Gremillion Begnaud
Looking For Leadership: Searching In A Middle School For Reactions To Stimuli In Social Environments., Lucy Gremillion Begnaud
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Leadership development lies at the heart of establishing a meaningful legacy for students. More important than subject matter and curriculum content, the affective traits we instill in our students will guide them. Such traits are at the core of leadership development, the focus of this qualitative research case study. An eight-month immersion in a fifth grade gifted enrichment program addressed the following questions: (a) What leadership opportunities do students have in a gifted enrichment program at the fifth grade level? (b) What could enrichment programs do to foster leadership development in their gifted students? Four themes emerged during this study: …
Analysis Of *Policy Alternatives In The Implementation Of A Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program For Agriculture., Hugo Cardona Castillo
Analysis Of *Policy Alternatives In The Implementation Of A Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program For Agriculture., Hugo Cardona Castillo
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Agriculture has been singled out as one of the major nonpoint sources of water pollution. To identify alternative policy tools for the implementation of a non-regulatory approach to comply with the Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program (CNPCP) required by The Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments of 1990, policy makers need to determine factors that may influence producers' willingness to adopt proposed Best Management Practices (BMPs). Neoclassical economic concepts of utility maximization on the part of agricultural producers constitutes the theoretical background in this study, but it is enhanced with the incorporation of a well proved set of theoretical tools based …
Volumes Three And Four Of Jozsef Soproni's "Note Pages": A Stylistic Study., Maria Horvath
Volumes Three And Four Of Jozsef Soproni's "Note Pages": A Stylistic Study., Maria Horvath
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Jozsef Soproni, born in Hungary in 1930, composed in virtually every genre of musical composition: symphonies, other orchestral pieces, concertos, an opera, masses, cantatas, other choral pieces, songs, string quartets, sonatas, plus other chamber and instrumental pieces. His interest in solo piano music is realized in a number of compositions written before 1979 and his twelve piano sonatas written between 1996 and the first quarter of 1999. There is no comprehensive study of Soproni's music for piano; indeed all that has been published about it are brief analyses of various pieces, biographical sketches in books, and two articles in a …
"Playboy"'S First Year: A Rhetorical Construction Of Masculine Sexuality., David John Lambkin
"Playboy"'S First Year: A Rhetorical Construction Of Masculine Sexuality., David John Lambkin
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The problem addressed by this study was twofold: what rhetorical strategies does a pornographic text actually employ? and what impact does that message have on its mate readers' sexual ideology? The first year's issues of Playboy comprise the specific text to be analyzed because Playboy is still the most popular men's magazine in the world and because various critics indicated that it was the prototype for current pornographic texts. Furthermore, this pornographic text has always been a public artifact as opposed to the surreptitious or illegal forms of pornography, which made it an apt choice for a rhetorical study. Three …
Petroleum Reservoir Simulation Using 3-D Finite Element Method With Parallel Implementation., Husam M. Yaghi
Petroleum Reservoir Simulation Using 3-D Finite Element Method With Parallel Implementation., Husam M. Yaghi
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Modeling fluid flow around wellbores with conventional reservoir simulators is inaccurate because radial flow occurs in the vicinity of the wellbore and these simulators use cartesian coordinates. In this research, we present a more accurate wellbore simulation by incorporating the finite element method (FEM) to simulate the radial flow in the vicinity of the wellbore and interfacing this finite element wellbore model with an existing finite difference method (FDM) reservoir simulator. Although this technique was developed for a vertical well, it could also be used to accurately model a horizontal wellbore. This "hybrid" solution is for three dimensional---triphasic fluid flow …
A Novel Approach To Dna Sequencing Employing Near -Ir Fluorescence Detection Coupled With Microscale Reaction Vessels With Capillary Gel Separations., Daryl Clifford Williams
A Novel Approach To Dna Sequencing Employing Near -Ir Fluorescence Detection Coupled With Microscale Reaction Vessels With Capillary Gel Separations., Daryl Clifford Williams
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Electropherograms of oligonucleotides labeled with near-IR fluorescent dyes, separated by capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) and detected using an ultrasensitive near-IR fluorescence detection system will be presented. A Universal M13 sequencing primer was labeled on the 5' end with a near-IR dye containing an isothiocyanate functional group. Comparison of the on-column detection limits in capillary gel electrophoresis for the near-IR-labeled sequencing primer to that of a visible fluorescein-labeled primer indicated improved sensitivity for the near-IR case. The detection limit was found to be 3.4 x 10-20 moles (SNR = 3) for the near-IR-labeled primer while the on-column detection limit for the …
Performing Dracula: A Critical Examination Of A Popular Text In Three Sites Of Performance., Jonathan Matthew Gray
Performing Dracula: A Critical Examination Of A Popular Text In Three Sites Of Performance., Jonathan Matthew Gray
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Dracula is a significant example of a popular phenomenon with a long and ongoing history of productive circulation in Anglo-American culture. While theorists of popular culture often use the term "performance" in their explanations of the popularity and meaningful operations of such phenomena in a culture, they do not always provide concrete definitions of what they mean by performance. This study provides an analysis of the roles performance plays in a specific popular culture phenomenon. Identifying Bram Stoker's Dracula as a nexus for a broader cultural activity, this study examines articulations of Dracula in performances and texts that both precede …
The Effects Of Type Of Web Support And Instructional Mode On The Knowledge And Discrimination Of Musical Texture Among Undergraduate Elementary Education Majors., Kenneth Lee Liske
The Effects Of Type Of Web Support And Instructional Mode On The Knowledge And Discrimination Of Musical Texture Among Undergraduate Elementary Education Majors., Kenneth Lee Liske
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of varying types of out-of-class web support media and active (performance) versus passive (listening) modes of in-class instructional activities on the ability of university level non-musicians (N = 58) to define and identify specific characteristics of music texture from printed and recorded musical excerpts. Near and far transfer of learning was also examined. Three web support treatments consisted of investigator-designed supplementary web sites, available for out-of-class access, containing visual content only, audio and visual content, or progressively disclosed text, graphics, and sound. Two instructional mode treatments consisted of participation in …
Family Portraits: Contemporary Women Novelists And The Nuclear Family., Tamra Lynn Horton
Family Portraits: Contemporary Women Novelists And The Nuclear Family., Tamra Lynn Horton
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
A society whose economy becomes increasingly dependent on commodity fetishism cultivates obsessive materialistic desire in its subjects. The demand for mass consumerism buoys reification, a mania wherein human beings are analogous to goods and vice versa. Successful reification depends upon hegemonic apparatuses: social, legal, and political agencies of dominant ideology. Reification is perhaps most fully realized in the form of fetishized human relationships. In the United States today, the most coercive and unassailable hegemonic apparatus is the institutionalized nuclear family, a social and legal affiliation between individuals so dogmatically fetishized as to have become compulsory. Contemporary American women writers are …
Development Of Efficient Rice Dna Transformation Methods And Rapid Evaluation Of Transgenic Lines., Junda Jiang
Development Of Efficient Rice Dna Transformation Methods And Rapid Evaluation Of Transgenic Lines., Junda Jiang
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
A rapid and efficient method was developed for production and field evaluation of transgenic herbicide resistant elite U.S. rice (Oryza sativa L.) lines and cultivars. Six elite U.S. rice lines, including the cultivar Cocodrie, were transformed for glufosinate (phosphinothricin) herbicide resistance by particle bombardment of mature seed-derived embryogenic calli with a synthetic pat gene or the bar gene from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. By utilizing optimized media for embryogenic callus induction and bialaphos or hygromycin B as a selection agent, 258 independent transformed calli, producing 1268 transgenic plants, were recovered from 5201 bombarded calli. Transformation efficiency ranged from 5% for breeding line …
Out Of Sight, Out Of Mind: A Gis Study Of Changes In Cemetery Locations In Southeastern Louisiana From An Archaeological And Geographical Perspective, 1930--1997., Cindy Ann Nance
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Cemeteries in southeastern Louisiana are in varying stages of use---from presently in use and maintained to no longer visible on the surface. The abandonment of traditional cemeteries in southeastern Louisiana illustrates evolving settlement patterns. Earlier settlement patterns were dependent on physiographic and cultural landscape features. As settlement patterns evolve, the preferred locations of cemeteries change. As a recent participant in the nationwide preference for urban-associated Memorial Parks, is Louisiana in the process of abandoning traditional cemetery landscapes? Six factors that contribute to the abandonment of traditional cemeteries from 1930 to 1997 are presented in this study. Evolving communities, demographic shifts, …
Effect Of Rice Cultural Practices On Rotational Crop Herbicide Carryover And Imazethapyr Efficacy., Wei Zhang
Effect Of Rice Cultural Practices On Rotational Crop Herbicide Carryover And Imazethapyr Efficacy., Wei Zhang
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
A two-year study was conducted to evaluate the possible interaction between rotational crop herbicides and herbicides used in water-seeded rice culture. Rice growth and yield reduction with rotational crop herbicides were not affected by the rice herbicides. However, the combination of molinate or thiobencarb with fluometuron, imazethapyr, metolachlor, or norflurazon at low residue levels further reduced rice heading compared with the corresponding rotational crop herbicide alone. Fluometuron and metolachlor residues at 1 to 2 half-lives have potential to injure rice and reduce rice yield in a water-seeded culture. Norflurazon injured rice and reduced rice yield at a residue level as …
Louisiana Agriculture Winter, 1999, Lsu Agcenter
Louisiana Agriculture Winter, 1999, Lsu Agcenter
Louisiana Agriculture
No abstract provided.
Separation Of Saturated And Unsaturated Free Fatty Acids Using Capillary Electrophoresis With Indirect Photometric Detection, F. Haddadian, S. A. Shamsi, I. M. Warner
Separation Of Saturated And Unsaturated Free Fatty Acids Using Capillary Electrophoresis With Indirect Photometric Detection, F. Haddadian, S. A. Shamsi, I. M. Warner
Faculty Publications
The capillary zone electrophoresis separation of various mixtures of saturated and unsaturated free fatty acids (FFAs) is performed using adenosine monophosphate (AMP) as an indirect photometric detection reagent. The presence of Brij in the electrolyte and a temperature of 40°C in the running buffer are required to improve solubility of the very long chain FFAs. The separation of C12-C31 differing by only one carbon is achieved using N-methylformamide (NMF)-dioxane (3:2), 40mM Tris, 2.5mM AMP, and 0.5% (w/v) Brij in approximately 40 min. However, baseline resolution of unsaturated isomers of FFAs (C14-C22) requires the presence of water, because water enhances the …
Influence Of Calcium Silicate And Sterilization On The Natural Suppressiveness And On The Conduciveness Of Two Soils To Rhizoctonia Solani, Fabrício De Ávila Rodrigues, Gilberto Fernandes Corrêa, Caspar Henrique Korndörfer, Maria Amelia Dos Santos, Lawrence Elliot Datnoff
Influence Of Calcium Silicate And Sterilization On The Natural Suppressiveness And On The Conduciveness Of Two Soils To Rhizoctonia Solani, Fabrício De Ávila Rodrigues, Gilberto Fernandes Corrêa, Caspar Henrique Korndörfer, Maria Amelia Dos Santos, Lawrence Elliot Datnoff
Faculty Publications
The effect of calcium silicate slag and soil sterilization on the natural suppressiveness of a Typic Acrustox (clay Dark Red Latosol - LEa) and the natural conduciveness of an Oxic Haplustoll (TRe) to Rhizoctonia solani were studied under greenhouse conditions. The experimental design was a three-replicate completely randomized one, with 2 × 3 × 2 factorial combination of the following treatments: two soil kinds (LEa and TRe, collected at 0-20 cm layer); three treatments with and without soil sterilization, calcium silicate slag and nontreated control; and uninfested and infested with R. solani. Each soil material was infested previously with 800 …
Numerical Simulation And Experimental Verification Of Cone Penetration Rate And Anisotropy In Cohesive Soils., Daekyu Kim
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
This research focuses on the effects of cone penetration rate and anisotropy on the results of piezocone penetration and subsequent dissipation tests. Finite element analyses, and miniature piezocone penetration and dissipation tests in a calibration chamber were performed, then the results were compared. The anisotropic elastoplastic-viscoplastic; bounding surface model was chosen as a soil model and it was implemented into a computer program, ANCALBR8. The isotropic/anisotropic triaxial compression, creep tests, and oedometer tests were performed to determine the model parameter values and verify the model. The model showed very good agreement with the triaxial test results. The theoretical formulation was …