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Modeling The Effects Of Rainfall Intensity And Deep Chiseling On Infiltration And Runoff Within Drainmod For Alluvial Soils, Daniel Nyabiba Moriasi Jan 2004

Modeling The Effects Of Rainfall Intensity And Deep Chiseling On Infiltration And Runoff Within Drainmod For Alluvial Soils, Daniel Nyabiba Moriasi

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Accurate hydrologic models are needed to aid engineers and researchers design, install and evaluate efficient and cost-effective agricultural water management systems to reduce risks associated with food production, and to reduce soil erosion and water pollution. One model used for the alluvial soils of Louisiana is DRAINMOD. This model does not accurately predict infiltration and runoff for the crusting-prone alluvial soils of Louisiana. The main goal of this study was to modify the current DRAINMOD model to incorporate the effects of rainfall intensity and deep chiseling to improve its estimation of infiltration and surface runoff. The second goal was to …


Investigation Of Structure-Property Relationships Of Heavy-Fermion Materials, Robin Macaluso Jan 2004

Investigation Of Structure-Property Relationships Of Heavy-Fermion Materials, Robin Macaluso

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This work focuses on how local structural features influence large effective masses, magnetism, and superconductivity that are yet to be understood in heavy-fermion materials. Three sets of structurally-related materials are discussed in light of dimensionality, layering effects, choice of transition metal, coordination, and structural distortions: LnnMIn3n+2 (Ln = La, Ce; n = 1, 2, ‡; M = Co, Rh, Ir), CePdGa6, and Ce2PdGa12, and CeNiSb3. The LnnMIn3n+2 (n = 1, 2, ‡; Ln = La, Ce; M = Rh, Ir) intergrowth homologous series presents a unique opportunity to study structure-property relationships. LnnMIn3n+2 (Ln = La, Ce; n = 1, 2; …


Integration Of Management Tactics For The Rice Water Weevil Lissorhoptrus Oryzophilus Kuschel With Particular Emphasis On Use Of Plant Resistance (Tolerance), Li Zou Jan 2004

Integration Of Management Tactics For The Rice Water Weevil Lissorhoptrus Oryzophilus Kuschel With Particular Emphasis On Use Of Plant Resistance (Tolerance), Li Zou

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Studies were conducted to test the hypothesis, significant benefits can be achieved for the management of rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel, by the use of rice varieties with low levels of host plant resistance coupled with the judicious use of cultural practices and insecticides. Tolerant traits of a current commercial variety of rice, "Bengal", was manifested consistently over multiple years. Study on rice growth as effected by weevil injury showed that pruning of root systems by larvae of weevil resulted in a decrease in tiller number and shoot biomass of rice plants in the vegetative stage of growth. Yield …


Class Groups And Norms Of Units, Costel Ionita Jan 2004

Class Groups And Norms Of Units, Costel Ionita

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Our object of study is relative quadratic extensions of algebraic number fields. In 'Class Number Parity', the authors P.E. Conner and J. Hurrelbrink study in detail the cases of real and CM-extensions. In this paper we generalize some of the results without any assumption on the type of the relative quadratic extension.


Foreland Basins: Lithospheric Flexure, Plate Strength And Regional Stratigraphy, John Londono Jan 2004

Foreland Basins: Lithospheric Flexure, Plate Strength And Regional Stratigraphy, John Londono

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Foreland basin subsidence through time is reproduced in this study, as the flexure of an elastic beam in an inviscid fluid under the vertical stress, caused by discrete-distributed loads. Thus, seismostratigraphic data from the Timor Sea peripheral foreland basin, in northwestern Australia, and the Putumayo retroarc foreland basin in the Colombian Andes, are forward modeled, at chronostratigraphic intervals, to assess the evolving geodynamic conditions of the basins. Results show that the accommodation in foreland basins varies as the depositional basement is vertically adjusted according to the regionally isostatic compensation of the lithosphere. Distributed tectonic (thrust belts) and sedimentary loads that …


The Influence Of State Merit-Based Aid On Access And Educational Experiences: An Exploration Of The Louisiana Tuition Opportunity Program For Students (Tops), Roderick L. Smothers Jan 2004

The Influence Of State Merit-Based Aid On Access And Educational Experiences: An Exploration Of The Louisiana Tuition Opportunity Program For Students (Tops), Roderick L. Smothers

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Access to higher education at the beginning of the new millennium faces unprecedented challenges. Although many of those challenges have been identified and addressed through research and federal and state policies, there still exists an inherent gap in the current and potential future success of today’s college students. This is particularly true for minority and lower-income students. Some of the identified challenges include: lack of financial assistance, persisting through and graduating from college, pre-college preparation, socioeconomic status, and family support/motivation. This study focuses primarily on the financial barriers that impede the process of providing equal access to all students, which …


Routes Of Freedom: Slave Resistance And The Politics Of Literary Geography, Judith Louise Kemerait Jan 2004

Routes Of Freedom: Slave Resistance And The Politics Of Literary Geography, Judith Louise Kemerait

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This dissertation integrates rhetorical, historical, and spatial analysis in an effort to expand our understanding of the cultural work performed by antebellum narratives that take slavery in the United States as their subject matter. Specifically, it focuses on the complicated relationship between place and human praxis as revealed in five texts: The Confessions of Nat Turner, Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Dred, Martin R. Delany’s Blake, Frederick Douglass’s “The Heroic Slave,” and Herman Melville’s Benito Cereno. In my attention to literary geographies, I trace spatial patterns in which considerations of organized resistance and slave rebellion are repeatedly placed in “wild-spaces” such as …


Spectroscopic Investigation Of Nitrogenase: Epr And Mcd Studies Of The Femo Cofactor And The P-Cluster, Robyn B. Broach Jan 2004

Spectroscopic Investigation Of Nitrogenase: Epr And Mcd Studies Of The Femo Cofactor And The P-Cluster, Robyn B. Broach

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Little is known about substrate binding and reduction of nitrogenase. EPR spectroscopy is used here to observe intermediate states generated by different substrates. Two different spin states (S=3/2 and S=1/2) were exhibited for each substrate, which may result from different binding of the substrate to the cofactor (side-on or terminal binding) or the difference of the substrate binding to either Fe or Mo of the cofactor. Parallel studies were performed on a variant MoFe protein, alpha-195Gln, which exhibited different signals from the wild-type suggesting that the substituted amino acid maybe necessary to reach some mechanistic states that the …


High Stakes Testing In Louisiana: An Analysis Of The Disparate Impact On Black And White Eighth Grade Students And The Perspectives Of Parents, Monica L. Mancuso Jan 2004

High Stakes Testing In Louisiana: An Analysis Of The Disparate Impact On Black And White Eighth Grade Students And The Perspectives Of Parents, Monica L. Mancuso

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Standards based reform (SBR) measured by LEAP for the 21st Century (LEAP 21), the high stakes testing program in Louisiana, was explored across rural, suburban, and urban school community types. Differences in scores of Black and White eighth graders on LEAP 21 were analyzed using a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), revealing race and the interaction of race and community type to be statistically significant at p< .05. Black students did not score as well as White students when scores were analyzed by pass/fail and achievement level differences. The percentage of Black students passing the test increased at rates greater than White students when scores from magnet schools were included. Parents of eighth graders disagreed with the use of a single criterion for promotion. Parents said the instruction students received, pace of instruction, and stress of testing negatively affected student performance with the result that their children considered a Graduate Equivalency Diploma (GED) or quitting school. Parents agreed that affluence and the level of family support affected students’ test performance. Some parents also believed it was unfair that non-public school students were not required to take or pass such tests and some parents considered enrolling their child in a non-public school to avoid the consequences of the state testing program.


Spatial Econometric Analysis Of Louisiana Rural Real Estate Values, Patricia Soto Jan 2004

Spatial Econometric Analysis Of Louisiana Rural Real Estate Values, Patricia Soto

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The general purpose of this study was to conduct a spatial analysis of the dynamics of rural land values in Louisiana. Specifically, spatial econometric procedures and hedonic price analysis were used to evaluate the impact of land characteristics on land prices across rural land markets in Louisiana. Initially, hedonic models were estimated by ordinary least squares (OLS) procedures to test for the presence of spatial autocorrelation using Lagrange Multiplier tests. Results suggested that there was spatial autocorrelation in the error terms. Hedonic models were then estimated using maximum likelihood (ML) spatial error techniques. Log likelihood numbers and likelihood ratio tests …


A Genetic Study Of Resistance To Kernel Infection By Aspergillus Flavus In Maize (Zea Mays L.), Ruming Li Jan 2004

A Genetic Study Of Resistance To Kernel Infection By Aspergillus Flavus In Maize (Zea Mays L.), Ruming Li

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Maize (Zea mays L.) kernel infection by Aspergillus flavus is a chronic problem in the southern USA. Genetic resistance to A. flavus is needed to solve this problem. To ascertain and understand the inheritance of resistance to field kernel infection by A. flavus, a five-parent diallel analysis and a half-sib family analysis of 35 maize crosses were conducted during 2003 and 2004 for percent kernel infection (PKI) rates. All parents contained the leafy gene (Lfy). From the combining ability analysis of the five maize parents and their 20 F1s, highly significant general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), and …


Herbivore Movement And Spatial Population Dynamics In A Heterogeneous Landscape, Kyle Jonathan Haynes Jan 2004

Herbivore Movement And Spatial Population Dynamics In A Heterogeneous Landscape, Kyle Jonathan Haynes

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

To date, few metapopulation studies have isolated the effects of the intervening matrix from other attributes of landscape structure (e.g., patch geography or quality) that might influence dispersal among patches. Furthermore, there has been little exploration of the mechanisms underlying effects of the matrix on the spatial ecology of species. In this dissertation, I examine how the movement and distribution of the planthopper Prokelisia crocea within and among host-plant patches (prairie cordgrass, Spartina pectinata) is affected by the composition of the matrix (the invasive grass smooth brome [Bromus inermis], native non-host grasses, or mudflat). First, using a mark-recapture study in …


Design And Fabrication Of Electromagnetic Micro-Relays Using The Uv-Liga Technique, John Dalton Williams Jan 2004

Design And Fabrication Of Electromagnetic Micro-Relays Using The Uv-Liga Technique, John Dalton Williams

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This dissertation reports a research effort to microfabricate an electromagnetic relay for power applications using a multilayer UV-LIGA process. A mechanically wrapped coil was used and very simple design for the magnetic circuit was adopted to increase the design flexibility and performances. The broad material selection and the capability of making high aspect ratio microstructures of the UV-LIGA make the technology best suited for fabricating microelectromechanical power relays. Fabrication of the device required significant advances in the optical lithography of SU-8 negative photoresist. Research proved that aspect-ratios up to 40:1 in isolated open field structures of thickness between 1 and …


The Contributions Of Floyd Leslie Sandle To Black Educational Theatre In Louisiana, Ava Marie Brewster-Turner Jan 2004

The Contributions Of Floyd Leslie Sandle To Black Educational Theatre In Louisiana, Ava Marie Brewster-Turner

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Floyd Leslie Sandle appeared on the theatrical scene in 1938 on the campus of Grambling State University. From his humble beginnings in the segregated town of Magnolia, Mississippi, to Dillard University where his passion for theatre was nurtured by Dr. Sheppard Randolph Edmonds, Sandle made significant strides in the dvelopment of Black Educational Theatre in Louisiana. Through his unique approach of presenting plays to the residents of the rural community of Grambling, Louisiana, Sandle was able to establish a state certified Speech and Drama Department at Grambling State University. He trained students in educational theatre though his lectures, laboratory experiences, …


Application Of Disturbance Theory To Assess Impacts Associated With A Three-Dimensional Seismic Survey In A Freshwater Marsh In Southwest Louisiana, Aaron Stuard Bass Jan 2004

Application Of Disturbance Theory To Assess Impacts Associated With A Three-Dimensional Seismic Survey In A Freshwater Marsh In Southwest Louisiana, Aaron Stuard Bass

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This study examined various practical and theoretical aspects of disturbance in a coastal wetland marsh in southern Louisiana. A literature review approached disturbance ecology from both practical and theoretical perspectives and assessed its applicability to developing broad predictive models. However, specific knowledge of environmental variables, competitive relationships, and the interactive effects of multiple disturbances are required for meaningful usage of these models. The Lacassine National Wildlife Refuge (LNWR) proved to be an ideal laboratory to test various aspects of ecological disturbance theory. I found that the primary disturbances affecting the LNWR have been hurricanes, droughts, water-level manipulations, prescribed burning, oil …


Numerical Modeling Of Strain Localization In Granular Materials Using Cosserat Theory Enhanced With Microfabric Properties, Mustafa Alsaleh Jan 2004

Numerical Modeling Of Strain Localization In Granular Materials Using Cosserat Theory Enhanced With Microfabric Properties, Mustafa Alsaleh

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Finite element solution in the updated Lagrangian frame is used to investigate the strain localization phenomenon "shear bands" in granular materials. The micro-polar theory was used as the mathematical foundation for the continuum formulations. A laboratory testing results are used for verification and comparison with the numerical simulation. Silica sand and glass beads with different shape indices, size and surface roughness were tested under biaxial and triaxial loading conditions to investigate the physics of the problem. The shape non-uniformity and the irregular surface roughness of the grains were studied carefully to evaluate their effect on shear band characteristics. To this …


On Qualitative Properties And Convergence Of Time-Discretization Methods For Semigroups, Mihaly Kovacs Jan 2004

On Qualitative Properties And Convergence Of Time-Discretization Methods For Semigroups, Mihaly Kovacs

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

In this dissertation we use functional calculus methods to investigate convergence and qualitative properties of time-discretization methods for strongly continuous semigroups. Stability, convergence, and preservation of contractivity (or norm-bound) of the semigroup under time-discretization is investigated in a Banach space setting. Preservation of positivity, concavity and other qualitative shape properties which can be described via positivity are treated in a Banach lattice framework. The use of the Hille-Phillips (H-P) functional calculus instead of the Dunford-Taylor functional calculus allows us to extend fundamental qualitative results concerning time-discretization methods and simplify their proofs, including results on multi-step schemes and variable step-sizes. We …


A Practical Guide To Twentieth-Century Violin Etudes With Performance And Theoretical Analysis, Aaron Michael Farrell Jan 2004

A Practical Guide To Twentieth-Century Violin Etudes With Performance And Theoretical Analysis, Aaron Michael Farrell

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This document is a partial catalog of what is readily available to violinists for studies relating to twentieth-century repertoire. More studies in this area exist throughout the world, so those presented here are intended merely as a starting point. The document also contains factual information about the studies, as well as performance and theoretical analysis and biographical information about the composers. This information is designed to serve a variety of purposes. The factual and biographical information may be used by the violinist to choose appropriate etudes for himself/herself or a student. Later, the in-depth analysis will assist players throughout the …


Evolution Of Base Substitution Gradients In Primate Mitochondrial Genomes, Sameer Raina Jan 2004

Evolution Of Base Substitution Gradients In Primate Mitochondrial Genomes, Sameer Raina

LSU Master's Theses

The availability of large amounts of genetic data from the mitochondrial DNA of species has created an unprecedented opportunity for the study of evolutionary processes. Being our closest relatives on the evolutionary tree the primates are a prime candidate for the study of evolutionary processes. The availability of large amounts of genetic data from the primates allows us to study and compare results from different phylogenetic reconstruction methods and to study and trace rudimentary evolutionary processes within the primate lineage. The evolutionary process studied here is the response of the nucleotide frequency ratios to single-strandedness of sites during mitochondrial DNA …


Removal Of Toxic Organics In Wetlands: A Mechanistic Model, Luz Edith Florez Jan 2004

Removal Of Toxic Organics In Wetlands: A Mechanistic Model, Luz Edith Florez

LSU Master's Theses

The ability of removing toxic organic compounds in natural systems is important due to the capacity of these toxicants to increase risk of diseases when they are ingested by humans. This study developed a mechanistic model to estimate the removal efficiency of toxic organics in wetlands using the tanks-in-series model. Sensitivity analyses were performed for different values of the hydraulic loading rate and two kinds of wetlands: bottomland hardwood forest and freshwater marsh. It was observed the effect in the removal efficiency by the number of cell in series was principally perceived for values of N between 1 and 4; …


Optimal Rate Of Freezing Biological Systems, Sreedhar Thirumala Jan 2004

Optimal Rate Of Freezing Biological Systems, Sreedhar Thirumala

LSU Master's Theses

This thesis addresses optimization techniques for cryopreservation of biological systems. A part of the thesis (Chapter 2) reports a simplified procedure to predict the optimal rate of freezing biological systems once the cell level parameters are known a priori. The key cell level parameters investigated were, reference permeability of the membrane to water (Lpg), apparent activation energy (ELp), inactive cell volume (Vb), diameter (D), and the ratio of the available surface area for water transport to the initial volume of intracellular water (SA/WV). The simplified procedure was developed by performing a thorough analysis of the water transport model over a …


Short-Term Evolution Of A Marsh Island System And The Importance Of Cold Front Forcing, Terrebonne Bay, Louisiana, Dana Ann Watzke Jan 2004

Short-Term Evolution Of A Marsh Island System And The Importance Of Cold Front Forcing, Terrebonne Bay, Louisiana, Dana Ann Watzke

LSU Master's Theses

Short-term, wave induced erosion along bay beaches in the northern Gulf of Mexico has been linked to the postfrontal phase of cold front passages. Not until recently has consideration been given to the importance of wave erosion on marshes fringing large bays during the entire cold front event. Two WAVCIS (Wave-Current-Surge-Information System) stations were established on the north and south flank of a small marsh island in Terrebonne Bay, Louisiana, to measure and elucidate the hydrodynamic response to these events. Data from WAVCIS stations, which includes wind speed and direction, air temperature, significant wave height and water level, were collected …


A Spatial Analysis Of The Smallpox Epidemic In Sheffield, United Kingdom, 1887-1888, Ann-Marie Cain Jan 2004

A Spatial Analysis Of The Smallpox Epidemic In Sheffield, United Kingdom, 1887-1888, Ann-Marie Cain

LSU Master's Theses

One of today's most fecund fields of research in medical geography involves using historical datasets from past epidemics and contemporary cadastre maps to plot the course of the contagion. The purpose is to study the spatial patterns of diseases that are rare or extinct today but still have large research value. The best example of this problem is smallpox. This project involves taking one of the most complete records of a smallpox epidemic, plotting the cases in a geographic information system (GIS), and exploring the spatial patterns using statistical software. As one of the most contagious and damaging diseases to …


Assessment Of Shearing Phenomenon And Porosity Of Porous Media Using Microfocus Computed Tomography, Bashar Adeeb Alramahi Jan 2004

Assessment Of Shearing Phenomenon And Porosity Of Porous Media Using Microfocus Computed Tomography, Bashar Adeeb Alramahi

LSU Master's Theses

Microfocus x-ray computed tomography (μCT) is a powerful non-destructive scanning technique to study the internal fabric of granular materials. In this thesis, μCT was applied to two cases. The first case involves studying the behavior of particles in a triaxial specimen during shearing. Three-dimensional translation and rotation of the particles were tracked throughout the shearing process, and they were used to calculate the local strain distributions. Moreover, the local dilatancy angle distribution was calculated throughout experiment. These distributions were compared to study the changes in the behavior of the particles at different stages of the test. It was noticed that …


Route Planning Of Automated Guided Vehicles For Container Logistics, Sanjay Shankarrao Gurav Jan 2004

Route Planning Of Automated Guided Vehicles For Container Logistics, Sanjay Shankarrao Gurav

LSU Master's Theses

Automated guided vehicles (AGVs) are widely used in container terminals for the movement of material from shipping to the yard area and vice versa. Research in this area is directed toward the development of a path layout design and routing algorithms for container movement. The problem is to design a path layout and a routing algorithm that will route the AGVs along the bi-directional path so that the distance traveled will be minimized. This thesis presents a bi-directional path flow layout and a routing algorithm that guarantee conflict-free, shortest time routes for AGVs. Based on the path layout, a routing …


Towards Automated Capture Of 3d Foot Geometry For Custom Orthoses, Rajeev Madazhy Jan 2004

Towards Automated Capture Of 3d Foot Geometry For Custom Orthoses, Rajeev Madazhy

LSU Master's Theses

This thesis presents a novel method of capturing 3D foot geometry from images for custom shoe insole manufacture. Orthopedic footwear plays an important role as a treatment and prevention of foot conditions associated with diabetes. Through the use of customized shoe insoles, a podiatrist can provide a means to better distribute the pressure around the foot, and can also correct the biomechanics of the foot. Different foot scanners are used to obtain the geometric plantar surface of foot, but are expensive and more generic in nature. The focus of this thesis is to build 3D foot structure from a pair …


Post Monitoring Of A Cyclodextrin Remediated Chlorinated Solvent Contaminated Aquifer, Rebecca Mary Hinrichs Jan 2004

Post Monitoring Of A Cyclodextrin Remediated Chlorinated Solvent Contaminated Aquifer, Rebecca Mary Hinrichs

LSU Master's Theses

Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) has been tested successfully in the laboratory and in the field for enhanced flushing of low-polarity contaminants from aquifers. The cyclodextrin molecule forms a toroidal structure, which has a hydrophobic cavity. Within this cavity, organic compounds of appropriate shape and size can form inclusion complexes, which is the basis for the use of cyclodextrin in groundwater remediation. The hydrophilic exterior of the molecule makes cyclodextrin highly water-soluble. The solubility of cyclodextrins can be further enhanced by adding functional groups, such as hydroxypropyl groups, to the cyclodextrin core. The aqueous solubility of HPβCD exceeds 950 g/L. These high solubilities …


A Simplified Thermohydrodynamic Stability Analysis Of The Plain Cylindrical Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings, Sumit Singhal Jan 2004

A Simplified Thermohydrodynamic Stability Analysis Of The Plain Cylindrical Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings, Sumit Singhal

LSU Master's Theses

A journal bearing is used to support radial loads under high speed operating conditions. In a journal bearing, pressure or hydrodynamic lift is generated in the thin lubricant oil film that separates the shaft and the bushing, thus preventing metal-to-metal contact. Some journal-bearing configurations are susceptible to large-amplitude, lateral vibrations due to a “self-excited instability” known as oil whirl. In order to investigate the effects of lubricant viscosity on oil whirl, a simplified Thermohydrodynamic analysis (THD) analysis of a plain cylindrical journal bearing system has been developed. The “classical” form of the Reynolds equation coupled with simplified, first-order energy equations …


Effects Of Spinning-Wing Decoys On Flock Behavior And Hunting Vulnerability Of Local And Migrant Mallards And Other Ducks In Minnesota, Michael L. Szymanski Jan 2004

Effects Of Spinning-Wing Decoys On Flock Behavior And Hunting Vulnerability Of Local And Migrant Mallards And Other Ducks In Minnesota, Michael L. Szymanski

LSU Master's Theses

Waterfowl managers in Minnesota and other states are concerned that increased kill rates associated with the use of spinning-wing decoys (SWDs) may negatively affect local breeding populations of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). I conducted 219 experimental hunts to evaluate hunting vulnerability of mallards to SWDs during the 2002 duck-hunting season in Minnesota. Following experimental hunts, I asked volunteer hunters to complete post-hunt questionnaires to document their hunting experience, and their use and opinions of SWDs. Finally, I used stable isotope methodology to determine natal origins of HY mallards killed during experimental hunts. I found that mallard flocks (≥1 duck) were 2.91 …


Pattern-Based Model Transformation: A Metamodel-Based Approach To Model Evolution, Sheena Judson Miller Jan 2004

Pattern-Based Model Transformation: A Metamodel-Based Approach To Model Evolution, Sheena Judson Miller

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Software systems continue to grow in complexity at a rapid pace, creating systems that are complex to build and evolve. The problems that accompany changes in requirements, system upgrades, and error correction produce a desire for software evolution methods that increase the efficiency and effectiveness of adapting complex software to changes. As software systems evolve, design models must be modified to accommodate the required changes. Techniques that control the changes to models in a systematic manner are a key to model evolution. A process that improves the ability to effectively modify a design, thereby enhancing design qualities, supports the need …