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Modeling, Simulation And Analysis Of Renewable Energy Production Systems: Application To Multi-Product Biorefineries, Aryan Geraili Nejadfomeshi
Modeling, Simulation And Analysis Of Renewable Energy Production Systems: Application To Multi-Product Biorefineries, Aryan Geraili Nejadfomeshi
LSU Master's Theses
The primary purpose of this research is to investigate the design and modelling of fully integrated processes which utilize renewable feedstock as raw materials and evaluate the alternative technology and possible process integration options for biorefinery processes to select the optimal configuration based on the production yields and economical profit criteria. The case study considered in this work is a lignocellulosic biorefinery plant which has different technology choices for each section of the process and the ability to produce multi-products from lignocellulosic raw materials. We analyzed different scenarios by simulating the superstructures in Aspen Plus. To incorporate more non-linarites in …
Lost In Translation : Algebraic Modeling In The Middle School Classroom, Danielle Denise Ricks
Lost In Translation : Algebraic Modeling In The Middle School Classroom, Danielle Denise Ricks
LSU Master's Theses
This study was conducted to investigate the disparity that seems to exist in students’ abilities to solve equations, solve word problems, and model word problems with algebraic equations. Over the course of fourteen-weeks, students enrolled in an advanced seventh grade mathematics course were given a series of algebra assignments, tasks, and surveys that focused on students’ abilities to solve and write algebraic equations. The results show that students are more competent in determining solutions for equations and simple word problems than modeling word problems with algebraic equations. Students were willing to exert substantial effort to use arithmetic procedures to find …
Parallel Suffix Tree Construction For Genome Sequence Using Hadoop, Umesh Chandra Satish
Parallel Suffix Tree Construction For Genome Sequence Using Hadoop, Umesh Chandra Satish
LSU Master's Theses
Indexing the genome is the basis for many of the bioinformatics applications. Read mapping (sequence alignment) is one such application to align millions of short reads against reference genome. Several tools like BLAST, SOAP, BOWTIE, Cloudburst, and Rapid Parallel Genome Indexing with MapReduce use indexing technique for aligning short reads. Many of the contemporary alignment techniques are time consuming, memory intensive and cannot be easily scaled to larger genomes. Suffix tree is a popular data structure which can be used to overcome the demerits of other alignment techniques. However, constructing the suffix tree is highly memory intensive and time consuming. …
Investigating Soil Property And Quality Changes From Samples Submitted To The Lsu Agcenter Soil Testing Laboratory, Mark A. Williams
Investigating Soil Property And Quality Changes From Samples Submitted To The Lsu Agcenter Soil Testing Laboratory, Mark A. Williams
LSU Master's Theses
The primary purpose of the study is to investigate the trends in soil nutrient levels from soil samples submitted to the LSU AgCenter soil testing and plant analysis laboratory during 2008 to 2012. This study indicates the trend for soil pH, soil phosphorus and soil potassium for corn, cotton, rice, grain sorghum, soybeans, and sugarcane. These six crops were analyzed in this study because of the economic significance to the Louisiana agricultural industry. The trend in soil nutrients studied were generally within the recommended levels for sustainability and environmental stewardship. This study describes the trends for soil pH, soil phosphorus …
A Linear Programming Model And Partial Budget Analysis To Optimize Management Strategies Of Western Flower Thrips In Greenhouse Impatiens Production, Xiaohua Yue
LSU Master's Theses
The research problem of this thesis was to compare strategies and costs of protecting impatiens in greenhouse culture from western flower thrips that would provide a plant of acceptable quality to the market and would address the issue of development of resistance to commonly used pesticides by evaluating biopesticides. Partial budgets based on alternative strategies were identified. Six control strategies were identified from a combination of commercial growers, research experts and biopesticide recommendations from product distributors. The research-recommended strategy 6 had the highest total production cost ($197.44), while one of the grower strategies based on conventional pesticides had the lowest …
A Calvinist View Of Visual Art In Seventeenth-Century Holland : The Iconography Of Esther In Post-Reformation Dutch Painting, Sarah Grafton Peaster
A Calvinist View Of Visual Art In Seventeenth-Century Holland : The Iconography Of Esther In Post-Reformation Dutch Painting, Sarah Grafton Peaster
LSU Master's Theses
The Book of Esther, found in the Old Testament, has been represented in a variety of ways throughout history. In a sweeping tale of love, honor, and sacrifice, the Jewish maiden queen, Esther, is a heroine to the oppressed. Dutch Protestants in the Golden Age felt a kinship to this subject, particularly after the Protestant Reformation and the new religious freedom gained in Holland during the sixteenth century, which continued in the seventeenth century. These men and women saw many parallels between Esther’s experience and their own, both as the covenant people of God and as the remnant preserved by …
Studying Mechanisms Of Ionizing Radiation Resistance In Bacteria: Evidence For Multiple Pathways, Kathiresan Selvam
Studying Mechanisms Of Ionizing Radiation Resistance In Bacteria: Evidence For Multiple Pathways, Kathiresan Selvam
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Our lab created ionizing radiation (IR) resistant populations of E. coli MG1655 through twenty cycles of exposure to IR and outgrowth. To identify the genetic alterations responsible for increased IR tolerance, a total of seven isolates from the evolved final population were re-sequenced. However, the individual isolates sequence analysis revealed wide variety of unique genomic alterations with little overlap between the seven isolates and therefore, did not reveal the clear picture of the mutations responsible for IR resistance. Our current research focused on distinguishing the relevant mutations from the non-relevant mutations that contribute to IR resistance by using two methods: …
Development And Evaluation Of Molecular-Based Assays For Detecting Salmonella Serovars In Various Food Commodities, Qianru Yang
Development And Evaluation Of Molecular-Based Assays For Detecting Salmonella Serovars In Various Food Commodities, Qianru Yang
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
As a leading cause of foodborne illnesses and outbreaks, Salmonella poses a major public health risk in the United States and worldwide. Various food commodities including meat and poultry, eggs, and fresh produce can serve as the transmission vehicles for Salmonella infections. To better ensure the safety of these products and protect public health, rapid, accurate, and reliable detection methods for Salmonella are needed. Molecular-based methods like loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), have gained wide applications in Salmonella detection, owning to their rapidity, specificity, and sensitivity. However, there is a paucity of data on the robustness of these assays. And very …
Assessing The Efficiency Of Alternative Best Management Practices To Reduce Nonpoint Source Pollution In The Broiler Production Region Of Louisiana, Bryan Gottshall
Assessing The Efficiency Of Alternative Best Management Practices To Reduce Nonpoint Source Pollution In The Broiler Production Region Of Louisiana, Bryan Gottshall
LSU Master's Theses
The Louisiana broiler production region is located in North Central and Northwestern Louisiana. The region consists of twelve parishes in Northwestern and North Central Louisiana. The broiler production region is a significant contributor of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution to nearby waterways. This pollution is a consequence of sediment, nitrogen and phosphorus runoff caused by agricultural production. NPS pollution is difficult to mitigate due to uncertainties in its point of origin as well as a host of other factors ranging from rainfall to topographical parameters. Best Management Practices (BMPS) have been shown to be a reliable method for reducing nonpoint source …
Copper Oxide Wire Particles Used To Control Haemonchus Infections : Efficacy In Giraffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis) At Busch Gardens Tampa And Potential Mechanism Of Action, Allyson Kinney Moscona
Copper Oxide Wire Particles Used To Control Haemonchus Infections : Efficacy In Giraffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis) At Busch Gardens Tampa And Potential Mechanism Of Action, Allyson Kinney Moscona
LSU Master's Theses
Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections affect production systems and exotic hoofstock in zoos, particularly giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis). Anthelmintic resistance (AR) prevalence is increasing in production systems and zoos. To combat the AR that compounds GIN problems, alternative control methods are used. One such alternative is copper oxide wire particles (COWP), which control the abomasal nematode Haemonchus contortus. COWP was given to seven adult giraffe at Busch Gardens Tampa, at descending dosages: 25 g, 12.5 g, 6.3 g. Treatment administration time was determined by fecal egg count (FEC) being above 600 eggs per gram (EPG), and therefore varied with each animal. FEC …
Bear With Me : Signs Are Tricksters, And Reality Is Invisible To The Naked Eye: A One-Person Play, Chia-Wen Hsu
Bear With Me : Signs Are Tricksters, And Reality Is Invisible To The Naked Eye: A One-Person Play, Chia-Wen Hsu
LSU Master's Theses
The creation of a one-person play is required in order to complete the Master of Fine Arts degree in acting. There are no official guidelines, only twenty to forty minutes in length is required. Although I was very excited about receiving the challenge, I did not breathe a sigh of relief until I found the topic I wanted to explore－Signs and Reality, and the one-person play that followed: Bear With Me. Since I am not a native English speaker, I have been frustrated by miscommunication through words in the English-speaking world, which gave me the eagerness to talk about the …
Soil Organic Carbon Determination For Louisiana Soils Via Portable X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Sara Kathryn Nuss
Soil Organic Carbon Determination For Louisiana Soils Via Portable X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Sara Kathryn Nuss
LSU Master's Theses
As scientists work to investigate the mechanisms underlying the depletion of carbon from terrestrial ecosystems, there has been an urgent call for the development of test methods that offer reduced analysis times for soil organic carbon (SOC) determinations. Traditional laboratory techniques can be time-consuming and costly, making high-volume sample analyses problematic. Portable x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (PXRF) provides quantitative, multi-elemental data for soil samples in as little as 60 seconds; and, unlike other spectroscopic methods, differences in elemental concentrations between field-moist and oven-dry samples are considered to be negligible when soil moisture contents are less than 20%, by weight. This study …
Temporal Cycles, Sarah Anne Shearer
Temporal Cycles, Sarah Anne Shearer
LSU Master's Theses
Temporal Cycles explores how systems and changes in the human body parallel those in nature. The investigation takes the form of a print installation, which captures the essence of bodily processes. The serial nature of printmaking and the organic world plays an important role as biomorphic forms and hourglass shapes are repeated in numerous renditions that breathe, pulse, expand, wither, ovulate, and transform. Labyrinths of pattern, texture, and color connect the symbolic forms as the installation tracks the evolution of processes in the body, and the forms reveal themselves through their pictorial associations.
Reaction Of Green Leaf Volatiles As A Source Of Secondary Organic Aerosols In Fog Droplets, Amie Kathryn Hansel
Reaction Of Green Leaf Volatiles As A Source Of Secondary Organic Aerosols In Fog Droplets, Amie Kathryn Hansel
LSU Master's Theses
Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are a group of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) released into the atmosphere by vegetation when plants undergo stress or mechanical damage. BVOCs produce secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the gas phase; however, their oxidation as a source of SOA in the liquid phase has not been investigated. Once released into the atmosphere, water-soluble GLVs partition into atmospheric water phases such as fog, mist, dew or rain, where they are oxidized by hydroxyl radicals (ÿOH). Photochemical oxidation yields products that are higher in molecular weight, more polar, more oxygenated, and lower in vapor pressure. When the …
Sweetpotato Storage Root Rots: Flooding-Associated Bacterial Soft Rot Caused By Clostridium Spp. And Infection By Fungal End Rot Pathogens Prior To Harvest, Washington Luis Da Silva
Sweetpotato Storage Root Rots: Flooding-Associated Bacterial Soft Rot Caused By Clostridium Spp. And Infection By Fungal End Rot Pathogens Prior To Harvest, Washington Luis Da Silva
LSU Master's Theses
Sweetpotato production in the southern United States is being threatened by a soft rot that develops in storage roots when fields are flooded and by an important post-harvest disease caused mainly by the fungi Fusarium solani and Macrophomina phaseolina. To identify the pathogens responsible for development of the soft rot, samples were collected from storage roots with soft rot from intentionally flooded fields and decayed tissue was streaked on plates of nutrient dextrose agar plus 0.05% cysteine and incubated anaerobically. Two distinct groups of Gram positive strict anaerobic bacteria were re-isolated from rotting storage roots. Endospores were observed in all …
Influence Of "Added" Whey Protein Isolate On Probiotic Properties Of Yogurt Culture Bacteria And Yogurt Characteristics, Luis Alfonso Vargas Lopez
Influence Of "Added" Whey Protein Isolate On Probiotic Properties Of Yogurt Culture Bacteria And Yogurt Characteristics, Luis Alfonso Vargas Lopez
LSU Master's Theses
Consumers are becoming conscious of their diet, increasing protein intake and avoiding carbohydrates and fats. Whey proteins have branch chain amino acids responsible for muscle building. Whey protein isolate (WPI) contains more than 90% protein. The effect of incremental addition of WPI on probiotic characteristics of pure cultures and cultures in yogurt and yogurt characteristics are not known. The hypothesis was that “added” WPI will influence the characteristics of yogurt culture bacteria in pure form and in yogurt. The objectives were: to determine the influence of added WPI on (1) acid and bile tolerance, growth and protease activity of pure …
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry For Identificaiton Of Shrimp, Venkatesulu Salla
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry For Identificaiton Of Shrimp, Venkatesulu Salla
LSU Master's Theses
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) time of flight mass spectrometry was used to identify shrimp at the species level using commercial mass spectral fingerprint matching software (Bruker Biotyper). In the first step, a mass spectrum reference database was constructed from the analysis of six shrimp species that are commercially important in the United States: L. setiferus, F. azticus, S. brevirostris, P. robustus, P. dispar and P. platyceros. In the second step, the reference database was tested using 74 unknown shrimp samples from these six species. Correct identification was achieved for 72 of the 74 samples (97 percent): 72 samples were …
Effects Of Physicochemical Properties And Macrohabitat On The Foraging Ecology And Condition Of The Centrarchid Assemblage Of The Atchafalaya River Basin, Louisiana, Brett A. Miller
LSU Master's Theses
The Atchafalaya River Basin (ARB), Louisiana supports a diverse centrarchid assemblage, characterized by abundant populations of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus, warmouth Lepomis gulosus, bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, redspotted sunfish Lepomis miniatus, longear sunfish Lepomis megalotis and redear sunfish Lepomis microlophus. This dynamic floodplain ecosystem is comprised of a mosaic of macrohabitats, including natural bayous, shallow lakes, dead-end and open pipeline canals. I conducted an extensive feeding ecology study to determine the influence of these macrohabitats on foraging activity through stomach content and stable isotope analyses. I collected 2,036 centrarchids with electrofishing efforts in the summers of 2011 …
A Genomic And Quantitative Evaluation Of Modern Charolais Sired Calves Versus Multigenerational Angus Sired Calves For Growth And Carcass Quality And Compostion Traits, Jennifer Lynn Bailey
A Genomic And Quantitative Evaluation Of Modern Charolais Sired Calves Versus Multigenerational Angus Sired Calves For Growth And Carcass Quality And Compostion Traits, Jennifer Lynn Bailey
LSU Master's Theses
The objective of this study is to evaluate the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms with growth, performance, and carcass quality and composition characteristics in a population of cattle consisting of multigenerational Angus sired calves and modern characteristic Charolais sired calves. A total of 132 calves were evaluated. Due to a limited sample population statistical difference was set at p ˂ 0.05 and statistical trends were set at p ˂ 0.1. Mean birth weights were significantly higher for Charolais sired calves as compared to Angus sired calves. Significant differences were observed between the two breed types for mean weaning weights with …
Differential Effect Of 14 Free Fatty Acids In The Expression Of Inflammation Biomarkers On Human Coronary Arterial Cells, Adriana Soto Rodriguez Gil
Differential Effect Of 14 Free Fatty Acids In The Expression Of Inflammation Biomarkers On Human Coronary Arterial Cells, Adriana Soto Rodriguez Gil
LSU Master's Theses
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the US, and circulating free fatty acids (FFAs) are known risk factors associated with cardiovascular inflammation. The influence of 14 dietary FFAs (including saturated, mono-, poly-unsaturated and trans), on the expression of inflammatory markers in human coronary arterial smooth muscle (HACSM) and endothelial (HCAEC) cells using a cell culture model was investigated. HACSM and HCAEC cell cultures were incubated with 200 μM of each FFA for 8 or 24 h respectively at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 humidified incubator. Inflammatory biomarkers were assessed by ELISA or Western Blot in the …
The Creation Of "Habitat Five: The Children's Crusade" A Solo Play, Katrina Michelle Despain
The Creation Of "Habitat Five: The Children's Crusade" A Solo Play, Katrina Michelle Despain
LSU Master's Theses
This thesis essay chronicles the writing, production, and performance of the one-person play: Habitat Five: The Children’s Crusade performed in the LSU Studio Theatre January 19th and 20th, 2013, as a member of the M.F.A. Class of 2013 Thesis Showcase series. The assignment was to create a 20 to 40 minute solo-performance piece that highlights the actor’s individual strengths. Habitat Five: The Children’s Crusade takes the audience on a journey through the trials of a young human zoo exhibit, Adara, as she is prepared by her guardians to enter the “wilds” of Earth. The play is written to be a …
Silver Transport And Adsorption-Desorption In Soils: Influence Of Zinc, Liyun Zhang
Silver Transport And Adsorption-Desorption In Soils: Influence Of Zinc, Liyun Zhang
LSU Master's Theses
Transport of heavy metals such as Ag is affected by several rate-limiting processes including adsorption and release reactions in soils. In this study, the objective was to qualify adsorption-desorption behavior and transport of silver in the different soils. This study also investigated the influence of the presence of Zn on Ag retention and transport in soils. Kinetic batch adsorption-desorption and column experiments were carried out to investigate the adsorption-desorption and transport of silver in soils having different properties in the presence of Zn. Transport of Ag was carried out using miscible-displacement experiments in water saturated soil columns. For all soils, …
Impact Of Iudr In Rat 9l Glioma Cell Survival For 25-35 Kev Photo-Activated Auger Electron Therapy, Diane Alvarez
Impact Of Iudr In Rat 9l Glioma Cell Survival For 25-35 Kev Photo-Activated Auger Electron Therapy, Diane Alvarez
LSU Master's Theses
Introduction: Photo-activated Auger electron therapy is a potential technique that could preferentially target cancer cells. This binary therapy uses a drug containing a high-Z element like iododeoxyuridine (IUdR), which serves as a radiosensitizer and molecular carrier of high-Z iodine into cancer cell DNA. Iodine becomes the Auger electron source when activated by photons with an appropriate energy. This work studied the survival of rat 9L glioma cells with IUdR replacing thymidine in the DNA. Irradiations at monochromatic energies above and below the iodine K-edge (33.2 keV) are part of a larger study from 25-70 keV. It was hypothesized that SER10 …
Vitrification Of Equine Expanded Blastocysts, Fabian Andres Diaz
Vitrification Of Equine Expanded Blastocysts, Fabian Andres Diaz
LSU Master's Theses
The cryopreservation of equine expanded blastocysts (>300 um) has been largely unsuccessful primarily due to the low permeability to cryoprotectants and the large size of the equine embryo. Mechanical alternatives may provide means to overcome the capsule barrier and the relative large embryo size. In this regard, multiple experiments were performed in this study to evaluate different approaches of capsule puncture and blastocoele fluid extraction with the objective to develop a cryopreservation protocol for Day 8 equine expanded blastocysts. In the first experiment, twenty-four Day 8 expanded blastocysts were exposed to standard equine embryo vitrification solutions following one- or …
The Creation Of "A Single Revolution Of The Sun," A One-Person Play, Gregory Alan Leute
The Creation Of "A Single Revolution Of The Sun," A One-Person Play, Gregory Alan Leute
LSU Master's Theses
This thesis details the process of creating and performing A Single Revolution of the Sun, a one-act, one-man play by Gregory Leute. As a primary requirement in fulfillment of the Master of Fine Arts degree at LSU, MFA acting candidates were charged with the task of producing a devised work. I chose as the central premise of my piece the story of a father and his son, both army officers, inspired by a true event. The contemporary tale bore similarities to Matthew Arnold’s translation of Sohrab and Rustum , derived from the ancient Persian epic poem Shahnemah . The thesis …
Molecular Dynamics Of Interfacial Phenomena At Air/Ice, Air/Water, And Air/Salt Water Interfaces, Thilanga Prabhash Liyana Arachchi
Molecular Dynamics Of Interfacial Phenomena At Air/Ice, Air/Water, And Air/Salt Water Interfaces, Thilanga Prabhash Liyana Arachchi
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The purpose of this research is to investigate the adsorption of organic contaminants, namely polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and green leaf volatiles (GLVs), as well as their interactions with reactive oxygen species (ROSs) on atmospheric air/water and air/ice interfaces. In another series of projects, we studied several intermediate and semi-volatile organic compounds from oil (IVOCs and SVOCs, e.g., alkanes with 17-31 carbon atoms), surfactants and dispersants at air/salt water interfaces. These simulations are relevant to understand the fate of these compounds during the recent 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill. The adsorption of gas-phase aromatics (benzene, naphthalene and phenanthrene), ROSs …
Effects Of Meal Timing On Growth Hormones, Ghrelin, And Insulin Sensitivity In Male Holstein Calves, Erica Lynn Chartier
Effects Of Meal Timing On Growth Hormones, Ghrelin, And Insulin Sensitivity In Male Holstein Calves, Erica Lynn Chartier
LSU Master's Theses
Eighteen neonatal Holstein bull calves (38.85 ± 4.71 kg) were assigned to one of two treatments at birth to determine the effect of feeding time on growth, nutrient intake, metabolic hormone secretion, and energy metabolism. Regularly fed calves (n = 9) were fed MR daily at 0630 h, and irregularly fed calves (n = 9) at 1030, 0800, 0630, 0830, 0530, 0930, and 0730 Monday through Sunday. Body weights were measured weekly from birth to 9 weeks. Water intake, fecal scores, and starter intake were measured daily. Serial blood collections were conducted at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks for …
The Effects Of Emotional Arousal On Item And Associative Memory, Leslie Ann Butler
The Effects Of Emotional Arousal On Item And Associative Memory, Leslie Ann Butler
LSU Master's Theses
Although the conclusions of research examining the impact of emotional arousal on associative memory are mixed (e.g., Mather & Nesmith, 2008; Zimmerman & Kelley, 2010), it has recently been suggested that associative memory should be enhanced by arousal when encoding is intentional rather than incidental (Mather & Sutherland, 2011). Research has also suggested that arousing items are more subject to interference effects in memory than non-arousing items. These predictions were explored across two experiments. In both experiments, participants intentionally encoded a series of picture pairs that consisted of two neutral pictures, two negatively arousing pictures, or one neutral picture and …
An Analysis Of Cardiovascular And Respiratory Admission Rates As A Function Of Air Pollutants In The Baton Rouge Five-Parish Area, Heather Elizabeth Spindel
An Analysis Of Cardiovascular And Respiratory Admission Rates As A Function Of Air Pollutants In The Baton Rouge Five-Parish Area, Heather Elizabeth Spindel
LSU Master's Theses
In past years, the Baton Rouge Air Quality Control Region has struggled with compliance of ozone standards. In June of 2003, the Baton Rouge Five-Parish Ozone Non-Attainment Area was classified as severe under the 1-hour ozone standard. In July of 2012, the EPA classified the area as marginal non-attainment for ozone. Although this is an improvement from its severe classification, studies have shown that health effects of air pollution can be detected at concentrations lower than the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Additionally, clinical and epidemiological studies have shown that a majority of the criteria pollutants negatively affect cardiovascular and …
Epidemiology And Molecular Characterization Of Human And Canine Hookworm, Ntombi B. Mudenda
Epidemiology And Molecular Characterization Of Human And Canine Hookworm, Ntombi B. Mudenda
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Among the soil-transmitted helminths (STH), hookworms are a worldwide problem in both humans and animals. They cause non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms, and in young children and animals, they can cause stunting, malnutrition and anemia. Canine hookworms have significant zoonotic potential as a cause of cutaneous larvae migrans and eosinophilic enteritis in humans. To determine the ecological niche of human hookworm in Brazil, two risk models were developed based on the Growing Degree Day-Water Budget (GDD-WB) concept, one based on accumulation of monthly temperatures above a base temperature of 15oC and threshold WB value >0.4. The second was based on a ‘gradient …