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The Role Of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Glycoprotein K In Neuroinvasion And Immunopathogenesis Of Herpes Keratitis, Ahmad Saied Jan 2015

The Role Of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Glycoprotein K In Neuroinvasion And Immunopathogenesis Of Herpes Keratitis, Ahmad Saied

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

ABSTRACT Herpes simplex virus type 1 is a common neurotropic pathogen responsible for a multitude of human diseases ranging from mucocutaneous lesions, keratitis to life-threatening encephalitis. The hallmark of the HSV-1 life cycle is infection of sensory neurons, where the virus establishes a latent infection for the life of the host. Viral envelope glycoproteins play important roles in viral life cycle and virus-host interaction. Viral glycoproteins gK, gM, gE and the membrane protein UL11 have been shown to be important for virus assembly, egress and virus spread. To investigate the relative importance of each of gK, gM, gE and UL11 …

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A Study Of The Effectiveness Of A Common Household Chemical For Maceration, Sara O'Neil Wyatt Jan 2015

A Study Of The Effectiveness Of A Common Household Chemical For Maceration, Sara O'Neil Wyatt

LSU Master's Theses

Maceration is often a necessary component when working on a forensic case. Since it is not very common to get a case with fully skeletonized remains, the soft tissue must be removed for the forensic anthropologist to start their assessment. There are varying maceration techniques, but the goal is the same: to remove the soft tissue without damaging the bone The main purpose of my research is to examine a common household chemical, Drano® Max Gel, to determine its effectiveness for maceration. I tested two diluted solutions of Drano® Max Gel, 25% and 12.5%, both heated and unheated, to determine …

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Between-Space: Bungalows And Shadows Of Spanish Town, Anna Carey Aldridge Jan 2015

Between-Space: Bungalows And Shadows Of Spanish Town, Anna Carey Aldridge

LSU Master's Theses

In Spanish Town, the fabrics of the patterned streets are cross-stitched with roots of mature trees providing an airy canopy to the neighborhood below. I live in a space on the second floor of a cubed structure situated only a few steps between a small one-way street and a row of unkempt brush imitating a flowerbed. With its relationship to the street, the house seems to stand above the surrounding pitched roofs of one-story rectangles. Behind the house, you will find a light blue-gray staircase ascending to a small porch floor mounted in the trees. There is something warm and …

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Dwelling Poetically, Proceeding Orphically: The Platonic Tradition And The Heideggerian Humanism Of Ernesto Grassi, Geoffrey Alexander Leeves Bain Jan 2015

Dwelling Poetically, Proceeding Orphically: The Platonic Tradition And The Heideggerian Humanism Of Ernesto Grassi, Geoffrey Alexander Leeves Bain

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Martin Heidegger exerted an immense influence over twentieth century thought by providing profound insights into the nature of Being as well as scathing social critiques, focused on the destructive force of late modern technological reductionism. As part of Heidegger’s project, he elaborated upon a sophisticated history of Being in which two great monsters of Platonism and Humanism are cast as Antichrist and False Prophet. Subsequently, however, his own student Ernesto Grassi argued that Renaissance Humanism was not a stepping stone towards subjectivism and technological thinking, but rather stood in conformity with the fundamental essence of Heidegger’s own project. This study …

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Exploration Of The Shrp 2 Naturalistic Driving Study: Development Of A Distracted Driving Prediction Model, Syndney Jenkins Jan 2015

Exploration Of The Shrp 2 Naturalistic Driving Study: Development Of A Distracted Driving Prediction Model, Syndney Jenkins

LSU Master's Theses

The SHRP 2 NDS project was the largest naturalistic driving study ever conducted. The data obtained from the study was released to the researching public in 2014 through the project’s InSight webpage. The objectives of this research were to first explore the massive dataset and determine if it was possible to develop prediction models based on several performance measures that could be used to study driver distraction. Time series data on driver GPS speed, lateral and longitudinal acceleration, throttle position and yaw rate were discovered as five appropriate performance measures available from the NDS that could be used for the …

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The Agronomic Use And Application Of Canopy Reflectance Within The Visible And Near-Infrared Wavebands And Its Relation With Nitrogen Fertilization In Energy Cane Production In Louisiana, Saoli Chanda Jan 2015

The Agronomic Use And Application Of Canopy Reflectance Within The Visible And Near-Infrared Wavebands And Its Relation With Nitrogen Fertilization In Energy Cane Production In Louisiana, Saoli Chanda

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Spectral vegetation index-based models that are used to estimate yield potential are commonly developed from the relationship between early-season crop canopy reflectance readings and actual yield obtained at harvest. Plant population stand can influence cane yield potential and nutrient requirement. This study was conducted at LSU AgCenter Sugar Research Station in St. Gabriel, LA to evaluate (1) the relation between estimated early season biomass yield and the spectral vegetation indices acquired at the same time, (2) nitrogen (N) response pattern between early-season biomass production and yield at harvest, and (3) the relationship between coefficient of variation (CV) among normalized difference …

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Keeping It Reel?: A Mixed Methods Content Analysis Of The Representation Of Black Male Students And Black Masculinity In College Films, Kevin Joseph Jan 2015

Keeping It Reel?: A Mixed Methods Content Analysis Of The Representation Of Black Male Students And Black Masculinity In College Films, Kevin Joseph

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The purpose of this convergent parallel mixed methods study was to explore the representations of Black male students and Black masculinity in college films and identify what differences in representations exist when accounting for various characteristics of the films. In the qualitative component, a qualitative content analysis was utilized to analyze the representations in a sample of 18 theatrically released college films. In the quantitative component, a quantitative content analysis was performed to identify any existing differences in Black male student representations when accounting for the films’ genre, decade of release, and depicted institution type. Qualitative analyses revealed that, overall, …

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Effect Of The Herbicide Atrazine On Phytoplankton, Water Quality, And Ecosystem Functions In Louisiana Estuaries, Alexis Victoria Starr Jan 2015

Effect Of The Herbicide Atrazine On Phytoplankton, Water Quality, And Ecosystem Functions In Louisiana Estuaries, Alexis Victoria Starr

LSU Master's Theses

Pesticides are used primarily for agricultural purposes in the US and while these chemicals provide many benefits, the inherent toxicity of the compounds pose a substantial risk to the environment. These chemicals may enter water bodies in areas with a high proportion of agricultural land use through surface run off, ground water discharge, and erosion, and negatively impact non-target aquatic organisms. As a result, Louisiana’s estuaries may be vulnerable to a variety of compounds, including the herbicide atrazine. Atrazine is used extensively throughout the Midwest and has been known to enter the Mississippi River through surface runoff and ground water …

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The Production Of Marketable Vegetable Transplants Using Sustainable Locally Sourced Soilless Media Amendments, Amber Dawn Parker Jan 2015

The Production Of Marketable Vegetable Transplants Using Sustainable Locally Sourced Soilless Media Amendments, Amber Dawn Parker

LSU Master's Theses

Public demand for sustainable local and organic food products has led these systems to become one of the fastest growing sectors in the agricultural food market. Consumers are willing to pay a premium for food produced using organic or sustainable practices. Local and small-scale farmers are striving to develop sustainable and in some cases USDA certified organic systems in production of vegetables and fruit. Warm season crops are commonly produced using transplants. Evaluation of nutrient availability is needed for the use of readily available local waste-streams byproducts, such as manures and composts, for amendments or fertilizers in order to manage …

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"Superbly Sterile:" Queer Reproduction In Victorian Literature And Culture, Mary Timothy Wilson Jan 2015

"Superbly Sterile:" Queer Reproduction In Victorian Literature And Culture, Mary Timothy Wilson

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Examining a broad range of texts,“‘Superbly Sterile:’ Queer Reproduction in Victorian Literature and Culture,” argues that Thomas Hardy’s final naturalist novels, popular nineteenth-century vampire narratives, and the fiction of Oscar Wilde queered the bildungsroman (or novel of development) through characters who failed or refused to progress along sexual and maturational timelines. Where these texts’ critics have tended to read them as cautionary tales about homosexuality or predatory female sexuality, this dissertation contends that they also presented alternate forms of kinship and reproduction. They do so through the use of recursive, inverted, or otherwise backward relationships to time. Where Victorian sexology …

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Pytracks: A Tool For Visualizing Fish Movement Tracks On Different Scales, Ross Fossum Jan 2015

Pytracks: A Tool For Visualizing Fish Movement Tracks On Different Scales, Ross Fossum

LSU Master's Theses

A fundamental problem in conservation biology and fisheries management is the ability to make educated decisions based on the data collected. Fish populations and their spatial distributions need to be represented accurately for conversation efforts and management decisions. Methods such as modeling, surveying, and tracking can all be used to collect data on a particular fishery. To include the movement patterns in conservation and management, one needs to work with and process fish tracking data or data exported from fish movement simulation models. This data can often be difficult to process. This topic is becoming increasingly popular as technology to …

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Factors Influencing Sustainable Cocoa Production In Northern Haiti, Wegbert Chery Jan 2015

Factors Influencing Sustainable Cocoa Production In Northern Haiti, Wegbert Chery

LSU Master's Theses

Given the environmental concerns on the one hand, especially soil erosion and deforestation, and the hope that the global cocoa market offers on the other hand, cocoa production is a potential candidate to simultaneously guarantee a competitive return to investment for farmers in northern Haiti and mitigate the negative environmental impact of farming practices. It becomes crucial for policy makers and investors to know and understand the key elements of the decision to produce cocoa. Though there has been substantial effort to improve the cocoa sector in Haiti, cocoa production systems in Haiti lag behind in the area of sustainability. …

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The Edible Landscape: Plant Breeding, Farming, And Sustainbility In Northwest Portugal, Joseph Blanchard Powell Jan 2015

The Edible Landscape: Plant Breeding, Farming, And Sustainbility In Northwest Portugal, Joseph Blanchard Powell

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This dissertation is an ethnographic analysis of a participatory plant breeding project in northwest Portugal. Participatory plant breeding (PPB) is a crop enhancement strategy that brings farmers and plant breeders together in the effort to conserve crop genetic resources in-situ, improve yield, and increase the overall agricultural sustainability in agriculture. One strategy in PPB calls for plant breeders to spend considerable time on working farms to understand better farmers’ knowledge and skill, and to survey the existing crop genetic diversity within the existing resource limitations on farms. Although there are clear social implications for PPB, the bulk of PPB evaluative …

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Genetics Of Resistance To Aflatoxin Accumulation In Corn (Zea Mays), Ramesh Dhakal Jan 2015

Genetics Of Resistance To Aflatoxin Accumulation In Corn (Zea Mays), Ramesh Dhakal

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Aflatoxin accumulation in corn continues to be a major problem in all southeastern corn growing states. Development of resistant inbreds and hybrids is a sustainable approach to reduce aflatoxin contamination. Mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin accumulation in maize and developing markers associated with them can be helpful to speed up the breeding program. An F2:3 mapping population developed from the cross between Mp715 and B73 and a genetic linkage map was constructed using 136 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers spanning the whole genome. QTL for aflatoxin resistance were identified in both …

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Development Of A Three-Dimensional Bioprinter With Inline Light Activation For Bone Tissue Engineering, Colton Alexander Mcelheny Jan 2015

Development Of A Three-Dimensional Bioprinter With Inline Light Activation For Bone Tissue Engineering, Colton Alexander Mcelheny

LSU Master's Theses

Bioprinting offers exciting possibilities for tissue engineering related to tissue and organ failure due to trauma, disease, or aging. This is of substantial societal value as the world populace mean age rises. Current needs for tissue and organ repair far exceed availability. A strategy being explored to counter this imbalance is the single step fabrication of cellular constructs. This paper explores various bioprinting techniques and suggests a custom design for a cost-effective, low-maintenance bioprinting platform for academic research. The platform functionality was validated via two-dimensional image transfer and simple three-dimensional geometries.

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Development And Characterization Of A Live-Attenuated Vaccine To Combat Equine Herpesvirus Type-1 Infections, Shiliang Anthony Liu Jan 2015

Development And Characterization Of A Live-Attenuated Vaccine To Combat Equine Herpesvirus Type-1 Infections, Shiliang Anthony Liu

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Equine Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is an important ubiquitous enzootic equine pathogen and one of the most common pathogens of the horse, causing, respiratory disease, epidemic abortion, occasionally neurological disease in horses, which leads to significant economic losses to the horse industry. EHV-1 induces several clinical signs of disease ranging in severity, from mild respiratory disease to abortion in pregnant mares, neonatal foal death and neuropathogenic disorders. Natural EHV-1 infection stimulated short lived protective immunity and had both humoral and cellular immune responses. Currently vaccination remains the best option to prevent EHV-1 infection and different applications of vaccination have been investigated …

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Bioplastic Production In Cyanobacteria And Consensus Degenerate Pcr Probe Design, Courtney Edward Lane Jan 2015

Bioplastic Production In Cyanobacteria And Consensus Degenerate Pcr Probe Design, Courtney Edward Lane

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Cyanobacteria show much promise in reducing biodegradable thermoplastic production costs; however, most currently characterized strains are ill-equipped to do so. The result of Objective I produced a high-throughput assay designed to discover existing cyanobacterial strains and rapidly characterize them as PHA-producers or potential PHA-producers. This assay will play an instrumental role in the attainment of a novel cyanobacteria environmental isolate capable of accumulating high levels of PHA naturally. Objective II produced an open source computer program which dramatically speeds the design of similar assays for any arbitrary genetic screening purpose. The program is not limited to this implementation alone. In …

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The Bioactive Compounds In Agricultural Products And Their Roles In Health Promoting Functions, Yixiao Shen Jan 2015

The Bioactive Compounds In Agricultural Products And Their Roles In Health Promoting Functions, Yixiao Shen

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Bioactive compounds from different agricultural food products have attracted great interest from food industries and researchers for their health promoting functions such as antioxidant, antiaging, anti-inflammatory and anticancer performance. In this study, hydrophilic and lipophilic fraction of two economical agricultural products sweet sorghum millet and sweet potato, as well as two herbs, butterfly pea and basil were extracted. The profiles and contents of phenolics, fatty acids, tocopherols, carotenoids and phytosterols in these selected agricultural products were determined by chromatography and mass spectrum methods. Additionally, the anti-lipid-oxidation capability of sweet sorghum millet and basil, and anti-cancer potential of butterfly pea seed …

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A Quantitative And Molecular Evaluation Of Bovine Respiratory Disease, Growth Traits, And Carcass Traits In Crossbred Steers, Samantha Lidia Miller Jan 2015

A Quantitative And Molecular Evaluation Of Bovine Respiratory Disease, Growth Traits, And Carcass Traits In Crossbred Steers, Samantha Lidia Miller

LSU Master's Theses

The first objective of the two studies presented herein evaluated on farm sources of variation and correlated effects contributing to BRD incidence in a population of crossbred steers sent to the feedlot from 2010-2013. Analyses revealed that incidence of BRD was lowly positively correlated to birth weight (BW) and lowly negatively correlated to weaning weight (WW), hip height (HH), sire breed, site, and birth year. These results indicate that the traits analyzed herein are not precursors for BRD in the current population. However, since little is still known about the correlation between genetic predisposition to BRD and animal performance, further …

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Thiol-Ene Scaffolds As Synthetic Augments And Silicate Ceramics As Osteogenic Components For Bone Tissue Engineering Applications, Cong Chen Jan 2015

Thiol-Ene Scaffolds As Synthetic Augments And Silicate Ceramics As Osteogenic Components For Bone Tissue Engineering Applications, Cong Chen

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Bone tissue engineering approaches using polymer/ceramic composites show promise as effective biocompatible, absorbable, and osteoinductive materials. A novel class of in situ polymerizing thiol-acrylate based copolymers synthesized via an amine-catalyzed Michael addition was studied for its potential to be used in bone defect repair. Both pentaerythritol triacrylate-co-trimethylolpropane tris(3-mercaptopropionate) (PETA-co-TMPTMP) and PETA-co-TMPTMP with hydroxyapatite composites were fabricated in solid cast and foamed forms. These materials were characterized chemically and mechanically followed by an in vitro evaluation of the biocompatibility and chemical stability in conjunction with human adipose-derived mesenchymal pluripotent stem cells (hASC). The solid PETA-co-TMPTMP with and without hydroxyapatite (HA) exhibited …

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Regulation Of The Chloride Store In The Retinal Amacrine Cells, Vijai Krishnan Jan 2015

Regulation Of The Chloride Store In The Retinal Amacrine Cells, Vijai Krishnan

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Nitric Oxide (NO) is a key gaseous messenger that has been shown to be produced by multiple cell types in the vertebrate retina. Research in our lab is aimed at unlocking critical synaptic functions of NO. A major finding from our lab is that NO affects synaptic responses in amacrine cells by altering the plasma membrane gradient for Cl-. This is due to release of Cl- from an internal store and this in turn dependent on a decrease in cytosolic pH. Determining the factors regulating cytosolic Cl- in neurons is fundamental to our understanding of the function of GABAergic and …

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Salt Tolerance Of Lactococcus Lactis R-604 As Influenced By Exposure To Various Stress Conditions, Ernesto Emilio Gonzalez Duran Jan 2015

Salt Tolerance Of Lactococcus Lactis R-604 As Influenced By Exposure To Various Stress Conditions, Ernesto Emilio Gonzalez Duran

LSU Master's Theses

Lactococcus lactis is a dairy culture bacterium widely used in dairy products that contain salt (NaCl) such as cheese and salted butter. Osmotic conditions generally hinder the growth of both pathogen and desirable bacteria. It has been observed that many stress-induced proteins are produced after exposure to an environmental stress protecting the cell against other stresses since the first exposure starts the defense mechanisms of the cells creating an effect of cross-protection. If salt tolerance is enhanced in desirable bacteria they would survive better in salty environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the salt tolerance of Lactococcus …

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Recovery From Exercise: The Influences Of Supplementation And Rest Interval, Ryan Miskowiec Jan 2015

Recovery From Exercise: The Influences Of Supplementation And Rest Interval, Ryan Miskowiec

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Recovery from exercise is immensely important and under studied. The experiments conducted throughout this research have focused on testing the effects of rest interval during resistance exercise and the efficacy of acetic acid feeding on recovery rate. To elucidate the relationship between rest interval and recovery energy expenditure two experiments were undertaken. These experiments were designed to alter only rest interval while maintaining work intensity and volume. No difference in the total energy expenditure during the short phase of recovery (first hour) was found, but energy expenditure during the prolonged phase (days post exercise) was minorly increased by lowering rest …

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Design And Implementation Of A Passive Neurostimulator With Wireless Resonance-Coupled Power Delivery And Demonstration On Frog Sciatic Nerve And Gastrocnemius Muscle, Jose Aquiles Parodi Amaya Jan 2015

Design And Implementation Of A Passive Neurostimulator With Wireless Resonance-Coupled Power Delivery And Demonstration On Frog Sciatic Nerve And Gastrocnemius Muscle, Jose Aquiles Parodi Amaya

LSU Master's Theses

The thesis presented has four goals: to perform a comprehensive literature review on current neurostimulator technology; to outline the current issues with the state-of-the-art; to provide a neurostimulator design that solves these issues, and to characterize the design and demonstrate its neurostimulation features. The literature review describes the physiology of a neuron, and then proceeds to outline neural interfaces and neurostimulators. The neurostimulator design process is then outlined and current requirements in the field are described. The novel neurostimulator circuit that implements a solution that has wireless capability, passive control, and small size is outlined and characterized. The circuit is …

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The Electronic Structure Of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals Formed On Metal Oxide Surfaces, Chad Allen Thibodeaux Jan 2015

The Electronic Structure Of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals Formed On Metal Oxide Surfaces, Chad Allen Thibodeaux

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

We have investigated the electronic structure of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) formed on two different metal oxides: Cu(II)O and ZnO. Cu(II)O is known to be one of the most active metal oxides to form EPFRs. ZnO, however, forms the longest-lived EPFRs. First, we examined the adsorption of phenol on different crystal faces of ZnO. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) shows direct evidence of charge transfer away from the ZnO to the phenol. This differs from the hypothesized mechanism of EPFR formation that says that an electron is transferred to the metal oxide. UPS difference spectra also shows that the phenol …

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Bacterial Xanthine Dehydrogenase Regulators, Smitha Sivapragasam Jan 2015

Bacterial Xanthine Dehydrogenase Regulators, Smitha Sivapragasam

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Bacteria are resilient organisms that tend to evolve rapidly in order to acquire abilities to survive in a constantly changing environment. Transcriptional regulators play a vital role in regulating the function of various essential proteins of the cell. The gene encoding Xanthine Dehydrogenase Regulator (XdhR), a transcriptional regulator, is divergently oriented to the gene cluster (xdhABC) encoding Xanthine Dehydrogenase (Xdh) protein in Streptomyces coelicolor, Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Ralstonia solanacearum. Xdh participates in purine salvage pathway in converting adenine to guanine. My research here is aimed at identifying the novel function of Xdh and XdhR in the above mentioned bacteria. XdhR …

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Mechanisms Controlling Stem Cell Differentiation, Tran Doan Ngoc Tran Jan 2015

Mechanisms Controlling Stem Cell Differentiation, Tran Doan Ngoc Tran

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent cells that can differentiate into many cell types. However, the molecular mechanism controlling this process remains unclear. We utilized rat dental follicle stem cells (rDFSCs) and human adipose derived stem cells (hASCs) to study the mechanisms controlling osteogenesis and adipogenesis. Elevations in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration are a phenomenon commonly observed during stem cell differentiation but cease after the process is complete. The Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 4 (TRPM4) is an ion channel that controls Ca2+ signals in excitable and non-excitable cells. However, there are no studies on TRPM4 in stem cells. In another study, …

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Evaluating And Increasing The Range Of Reinforcers For Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Megan Kliebert Wiggins Jan 2015

Evaluating And Increasing The Range Of Reinforcers For Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Megan Kliebert Wiggins

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Prior research has demonstrated the utility of several preference-assessment methodologies to identify stimuli more likely to function as reinforcers for individuals with limited verbal repertoires. However, differing results have been obtained from studies evaluating the reinforcement effects of stimuli identified as high preference by one assessment method but low preference by another assessment method. The first focus of the project was to evaluate the reinforcing efficacy of edible and leisure items based on predictions from preference assessments. Results indicated that edible and leisure items approached frequently during a single-stimulus preference assessment but infrequently during a paired-stimulus preference assessment produced less …

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Characterization Of Adaptive Hyperplasia Of The Intestines Following Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass And Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy In Rats, Michael Brodie Mumphrey Jan 2015

Characterization Of Adaptive Hyperplasia Of The Intestines Following Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass And Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy In Rats, Michael Brodie Mumphrey

LSU Master's Theses

Bariatric surgery is currently the only treatment for obesity that is effective in both the short and long term. Despite this, little is known about the mechanisms through which these surgeries act. While no single critical system has yet been identified, a number of major hypotheses have been proposed. One hypothesis is that adaptive hyperplasia of the intestines following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is required in order to receive the beneficial effects of the surgery. In this thesis I characterized the adaptive response of the intestines following RYGB and showed that significant hyperplasia occurs in the intestinal mucosa. In …

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Context Aware Textual Entailment, Soha Arab-Khazaeli Jan 2015

Context Aware Textual Entailment, Soha Arab-Khazaeli

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

In conversations, stories, news reporting, and other forms of natural language, understanding requires participants to make assumptions (hypothesis) based on background knowledge, a process called entailment. These assumptions may then be supported, contradicted, or refined as a conversation or story progresses and additional facts become known and context changes. It is often the case that we do not know an aspect of the story with certainty but rather believe it to be the case; i.e., what we know is associated with uncertainty or ambiguity. In this research a method has been developed to identify different contexts of the input raw …

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