Digital Commons Network^™

Grand Valley Magazine, Vol. 25, No. 1, Fall 2025, Grand Valley State University

Grand Valley Magazine

Grand Valley Magazine is a quarterly publication about Grand Valley State University produced by University Communications since 2001.

Cyberbullying Defensive Strategy In Social Media Sessions Via Machine Learning And Cyber Deception, Mohammad Shafiqul Islam

Masters Theses

Cyberbullying poses a significant challenge on social media, where traditional detection systems struggle with the nuanced and dynamic nature of online abuse. This thesis proposes an integrated framework that combines large language model (LLM)-based detection with generative decoy responses to enable real-time protection for victims on platforms like Instagram and WhatsApp. Using models such as Mistral 7B, GPT-3.5 Turbo, and Phi-3 Mini, prompt-based one-shot learning achieved 87% detection accuracy and a 5% F1-score improvement over zero-shot approaches, demonstrating robust identification of text-based bullying. A novel synthetic dataset of 98 multi-turn conversations, designed with diverse subtypes and evaluated for realism, addressed …

Preparing Educators To Meet The Unique Needs Of Multilingual Learners, Anna Adamo

Masters Projects

Effectively educating multilingual learners requires knowledge of culturally and linguistically responsive teaching, as well as an understanding of translanguaging techniques. Research shows that the population of multilingual learners continues to grow in the United States, however, qualified educators with knowledge of the specific needs of this population are lacking. This project explores the need for ongoing support for secondary novice and non-ESL certified educators who teach multilingual students. Included in this project is a complete full year of professional development sessions ranging from culturally and linguistically responsive teaching practices, guidelines for accommodations and modifications, opportunities for classroom observations, and technology …

What Perceptions Do Esl- Endorsed Teachers In A Midwest-Urban School District Hold Regarding The Achievement Gap Between Their Ells And Non-Ell Students?, Hannah Jeanne Walling

Masters Projects

In today's diverse and interconnected society, the educational landscape is marked by a significant influx of students who are English language learners (ELLs). These students, while enriching the cultural tapestry of classrooms, face unique challenges in acquiring academic skills and achieving success in their educational journey. This thesis aims to delve into the achievement gap that exists between English language learners and their non-English language learner counterparts and what perceptions their teachers have on them, with a particular focus on the United States educational system. By examining the factors contributing to this disparity, exploring effective instructional strategies, and proposing targeted …

Teaching Bilingual Learners With Dysgraphia, Angela Gonzalez-Urbina

Masters Projects

With the push for legislation on the Dyslexia law in Michigan and elsewhere, teachers need to understand what dyslexia and dysgraphia are to support all students. An extra understanding is necessary in bilingual education and reading challenges because they use two language systems in and out of the classroom. Reading and writing are already areas that impact the working memory of the learner; adding dysgraphia to that proves to be more of a challenge. Dysgraphia can coexist with dyslexia, and individuals with dysgraphia often experience difficulties with spelling and writing speed. This project introduces dysgraphia as one of the reading …

From Assessment To Action: The Role Of Data In Shaping Tiered Literacy Instruction, Trisha J. Uebele

Masters Projects

Abstract

This project supports educators in identifying students’ literacy needs and implementing targeted, evidence-based interventions through a user-friendly, data-driven approach grounded in the Response to Intervention (RTI) framework and the Science of Reading. By enabling educators to input and analyze commonly available assessment data, the project aims to make data-informed instruction accessible even to those with limited training in data literacy. A digital tracking tool will monitor individual student progress across key reading domains (phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, and comprehension), allowing for the creation of flexible, skill-based instructional groups. The project includes an intervention guide with links to research-based activities …

Performance-Based Assessment In Refugee Esol Programs: Fostering Real-World Readiness Through Discussions And Presentations, Abdul Mutashobya, Elise Holcomb

MITESOL Journal: An Online Publication of MITESOL

A Performance-Based Assessment (PBA) framework designed to enhance the communicative competence and real-world readiness of adult refugee learners in an English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) program is described. Grounded in sociocultural and communicative language teaching theories, this approach intentionally blurs the lines between instruction and assessment, using authentic tasks like collaborative discussions and presentations to foster practical skills. The theoretical rationale for PBA is followed by a description of the instructional context and the specific techniques used, including scaffolding strategies, self-assessment and rubric development. Reflecting on the implementation, we share the successes, such as increased learner confidence and …

Curriculum Accommodations, Modifications, And Differentiation Strategies: Equipping Teachers In Adapting Curriculum To Meet The Diverse Needs Of All Learners, Rachael Van Huis

Masters Projects

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) supports a free and appropriate public education for all students, yet many students with disabilities are not properly served in the K-12 public school setting. Teachers remain largely unequipped in providing appropriate educational experiences for students with complex learning needs, including the provision of academic accommodations and modifications. As a result, students with disabilities continue to be placed in segregated, alternative learning settings that hinder their academic progress, social connectedness, and ability to learn within their least restrictive environment alongside typically developing peers. This project aims to support both general and special education …

Explicit Instruction’S Role In Phonemic Awareness And Phonics In Early Childhood Education, Sydney J. Fisher

Masters Projects

Research consistently demonstrated the impact that explicit instruction has on young children’s acquisition of phonemic awareness and phonics skills, critical foundations for later reading success. These skills are linked to achievement in reading in the upper elementary grades and beyond. Children reading below often face challenges across subject areas, and low literacy levels can limit meaningful participation in the community. This project examines research on developing phonemic awareness and phonics skills. With proper training and knowledge, teachers can improve student outcomes in these areas. However, teacher preparation programs and professional development does not adequately address these skills and how to …

The Need For Updated Curriculum, Krahseeva N. Hugmeyer-Walsh

Masters Projects

The modern world requires a workforce equipped with diverse, adaptable skills, yet many students remain unprepared due to outdated curriculum models that no longer align with current societal and professional demands. This project explores the growing disconnect between traditional educational systems and the skills needed in today’s fast-paced, technology-driven world. Current curricula often emphasize theoretical knowledge over practical application, leaving students ill-equipped to navigate real-world challenges. This project also proposes the development of a modernized secondary-level curriculum unit that prioritizes critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, ethics, and technological literacy. The proposed unit is designed to reflect student interests, promote engagement, and …

Reimagining Read-Alouds: Fostering Critical Consciousness And Social Justice Through Children's Literature, Kylie Brigham

Masters Projects

During this era of heightened political and social divides, it is more important than ever to provide elementary students with inclusive and socially conscious literacy instruction. While classroom read-alouds have been long valued for their impact on literacy development, they are often underutilized as tools for fostering student identity, empathy, and social justice. This project, grounded in the frameworks of critical literacy, culturally responsive pedagogy, and Frierian theory, positions the read-aloud as a powerful entry point for critical and age-appropriate conversations about social issues, representation, and power.

Research has shown that many educators lack the training, tools, and confidence to …

Fostering Academic, Social-Emotional, And Civic Growth Through Discussion-Based Pedagogy In Secondary Classrooms, Ethan O'Brien

Masters Projects

Discussion-based pedagogy provides students with opportunities to practice collaborative and critical thinking skills that have proven impactful on reading and writing scores, interpersonal communication skills, and civic engagement. However, inexperienced discussion facilitators—as well as instructors who may not have clear purposes or objectives for discussion in their classrooms—may not be familiar with best practices and strategies for structuring rigorous, equitable, and engaging student talk. This project begins by investigating potential factors contributing to students' lack of interpersonal skills in the classroom, and ultimately identifies discussion-based pedagogy as a key solution. A theoretical basis for the merits of discursive learning is …

Empowering Writers: Integrating Digital Prewriting Tools In The Research Writing Process, Heather A. Rundo

Language Arts Journal of Michigan

This practitioner article explores the integration of digital prewriting tools, specifically MindMeister and VoiceThread, in a high school sophomore honors English class during a research writing unit. The author, a classroom teacher, discusses the challenges students face in research writing and seeks to enhance their confidence and organization skills. Drawing insights from student and teacher perspectives on writing strengths and weaknesses, the article delves into the significance of prewriting as a fundamental component of the writing process.

The Marginalization Of Black Students And The Burnout Of Black Teachers, Jasmine N. Wilson

Language Arts Journal of Michigan

Black students' language and culture should matter inside the classroom, but the K-12 education system perpetuates racist ideologies that otherwise stifle and shame Black students and their identities. There is a disproportion between the number of White teachers and Black students in minority-serving K-12 institutions, and this racial mismatch severely influences Black students’ academic success. In addition to the racial mismatch between White teachers and Black students, K-12 institutions foster a prejudiced learning environment that condemns African American English speakers. There is an abundance of research that suggests that Black teachers, Black culture, and Black English are of the utmost …

Dialogic Instruction: Teachers Can Have Their Cake, And Eat It, Too, Rebecca L. Lee

Language Arts Journal of Michigan

Dialogic instruction is a talk-intensive approach to learning and teaching that is student-centered and discussion-based, promoting collaboration and academically productive conversations. Recently, educators across the country have increased the amount of time spent preparing students for standardized assessments, which often reduces teaching and learning to test preparation. While this tension suggests that teachers must choose between good teaching or good test scores, dialogic instruction is a promising practice that can enhance students’ reading comprehension outcomes while centering student choice and valuing student voice. Research shows dialogic instruction is most effective when teachers a) co-create a conducive classroom climate, b) incorporate …

Reimagining Positionality In Curriculum: Unlocking Consciousness Beyond Hegemonic Boundaries, Haniyeh Kheirkhah Abkenari

Language Arts Journal of Michigan

This paper examines the interplay between hegemonic systems, curriculum, and individual consciousness in diverse life contexts. It underscores the need for critical thinking skills and self-examination to challenge hegemonic ideologies embedded within curriculum materials. The paper emphasizes the potential for curriculum to shape and influence consciousness, yet it also highlights the autonomy of consciousness to critically engage with curriculum content. Positionality and identity are explored, illustrating how they impact an individual's social role and their ability to promote social justice.

Through the Currere as a autoethnography research method, the paper offers a comprehensive reflection on the author's experiences as an …

Reflection And Reimagination As Resistance: Towards Humanizing Critical Writing Pedagogy, Grace Y. Kang, Sonia M. Kline

Language Arts Journal of Michigan

Given the pressures, demands, and standardization teachers face in our sociopolitically charged times, teachers need opportunities to reflect and reimagine their instruction. Drawing on critical and related scholarship, we conceptualize critical humanizing writing pedagogy. We share our instructional moves as teacher educators for enacting humanizing writing pedagogy in a graduate course and supporting teachers to enact humanizing writing pedagogy in their K-12 classrooms. Specifically, we show how a graduate student and practicing teacher found ways to shift toward critical orientations as she navigated her school’s curriculum and state standards. We argue that sociocultural and critical lenses provide powerful tools for …

Foundations Of Quality: A Toolkit For Professional Growth In Infant/Toddler Classrooms, Amber A. Hulin

Masters Projects

This project aims to tackle the issue of inconsistencies in the educational experiences provided by many early childhood programs. This project focuses primarily on the infant/toddler age group. Chapter 1 identifies a key contributing factor in these inconsistencies: a shortage of high-quality teachers due to lack of infant/toddler focused content in teacher preparation programs and further professional development. Chapter 2 reviews the literature including what a high-quality educator is and how a high-quality educator impacts a child’s development. It also identifies the various teacher preparation programs and highlights the lack of infant/toddler content in professional development. Chapter 3 presents a …

Comparison Of Psychological Data Between Populations, A Measurement Perspective, Ype H. Poortinga, Hester Van Herk, Johnny Fontaine

Online Readings in Psychology and Culture

In cross-cultural psychology there is a strong tradition of psychometric analysis of bias and invariance (equivalence) after collection of data in distinct populations with identical instruments developed in one population. This implies a focus on measurement outcomes and an operationalist orientation to science. Here we explore how a focus on joint development and content validity of instruments combined with relaxation of the demand of item identity can provide an additional perspective. Three points are addressed:(1) Any comparison between participants from two, or more, populations presumes a common quality (property, attribute) and requires a common measurement scale, a “standard of comparison”. …

The Implementation Of Culturally Responsive Curricula: A Moral Obligation, Kira I. Vasquez

Masters Projects

Culturally responsive education has long been accepted as critical to supporting students’ academic, social and emotional success at school–particularly for those from historically marginalized communities. Under the current presidential administration, however, diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives have come under attack, and many educators avoid their professional and moral obligation to implement culturally responsive curriculum for fear of political and professional repercussions. Grounded in Gloria Ladson-Billing’s theory of Culturally Relevant Pedagogy (CRP) and Gholdy Muhammad’s framework of Culturally and Historically Responsive Education (CHRE), this project aims to reaffirm the value of culturally responsive teaching and learning. Chapter One outlines the problem, …

Promise In Practice: Building Belonging And Persistence Through Academic Advising, Mary E. Lawrence

Masters Projects

Promise scholarships were created to remove financial barriers to higher education, but financial support is not enough to help students succeed. This project focuses on developing an academic advising office at Grand Rapids Community College (GRCC) to support students receiving the Grand Rapids Promise Zone (GRPZ) Scholarship. Using Yosso’s Community Cultural Wealth Model and Sanford’s Theory of Challenge and Support as a foundation, the project outlines a culturally responsive and student-centered advising framework. The goal is to improve student retention and persistence, increase academic advising, and build meaningful relationships between students and advisors. Project components include an advising handbook, a …

Beyond Memorization: Developing Three-Dimensional Assessments For Earth Science Through The Carbon Cycle Unit, Stephanie Kay

Masters Projects

This Master's project addresses the critical need for improved assessment strategies in science education, particularly within the context of the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). Traditional summative assessments, often relying on multiple-choice or fill-in-the-blank questions, frequently fail to evaluate students' higher-level thinking and comprehensive understanding as required by the NGSS's three-dimensional learning framework (science and engineering practices, crosscutting concepts, and disciplinary core ideas). This disconnect can hinder accurate student knowledge evaluation and limit the development of essential 21st-century skills like critical thinking, problem-solving, and collaboration. The project aims to enhance effective assessment by developing a high school Earth Science unit …

The Significance Of Labels: From Shy And Lazy To Autistic And Adhd, Katrine K. Bechsgaard

Ought: The Journal of Autistic Culture

This article examines the ways in which language and conceptions of neurodivergent conditions, autism and ADHD, are connected in a Danish context. As in other Western countries, there are significant increases in diagnoses, and particularly women are being diagnosed in adulthood. The article focuses on how these conditions are perceived and talked about, utilizing concepts such as othering, labeling, and performativity. The analysis suggests that when individuals feel othered and stigmatized by diagnostic labels, it has less to do with the labels themselves and more to do with the connotations and pathologization connected with the labels. Furthermore, the analysis shows …

Inside Out: Autistic Psychologists On The Power Structures Of Diagnosis, Audrey J. Scaer, Christopher R. Dabbs

Ought: The Journal of Autistic Culture

How do relationships between medicalized diagnostic powers and training intersect with the complex social identity of autism? How does self-identification (self-diagnosis) challenge the diagnostic status quo, created and scaffolded by enormously powerful social systems? In this paper, we reflect on the historical and modern dynamics of these power relations. As autistic psychologists actively working with and diagnosing autistic clients, we end this paper with an autoethnographic interrogation of our own self-diagnostic journeys and ways in which we’ve integrated our identities across personal and professional spheres of functioning.

Marveling At The Art Of Language: Centering Adolescents In Developing Disciplinary Literacy For Ela, Christina M. Ponzio

Michigan Reading Journal

This article explores how we invite adolescents to be insiders in the discipline of ELA by inquiring together into the art of language. I begin with a brief overview of the varied perspectives, research and frameworks about the importance of apprenticing students’ into disciplinary literacy in ELA. Next, I share examples of authentic contexts, purposes, and audiences for inquiring into the art of language with adolescents across a school year and zoom into one unit through the lens of Moje’s (2015) 5E framework for designing inquiries that foster the development of students’ disciplinary literacy. I conclude with a “before and …

Africanism In America: Exploring Hybrid Identities Of African Students In The Us, Ruth A. Yeboah

Masters Theses

This study interrogates the intercultural experiences of African international students (AIS) in a US Midwestern University. With a focus on West African students, the project explores how students confront and overcome linguistic, cultural, and systemic barriers as they create new dynamic spaces which are neither American nor African, but a mixture of both in a predominantly White institution. Drawing on the theoretical constructs of hybridity and language ideology, the findings reveal how AIS actively negotiate identity by using traditional African cultural traits, rooted in Africanism—with new cultural influences, generating unique, fluid and constantly-evolving hybrid identities. I utilized ethnographic observations …

Critical Editing Studies: A Textual-Intertextual Approach To Editing, Rhetoric, And Cultures Of Sensitivity, Amanda Keren-Happuch Yaa Emefa Anka

Masters Theses

This study explores how editing influences public discourse and perception by analyzing two major editing controversies, one involving the written word and the other, image. The method of analysis I employ is close textual-intertextual analysis in which I rely on the original source, that is, the written word and image in question, and supplement the analysis with secondary sources, such as media articles, scholarly works, and public reactions. The first case study focuses on the issue of bowdlerization as regards Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl and the second artifact focuses on digital editing as it relates to …

Effective Elementary Vocabulary Instructional Strategies, Staci A. Brown

Masters Projects

Vocabulary knowledge upon entering school is a known predictor of literacy success (Moody et al., 2018; NPR, 2000). However, students enter school with various levels of vocabulary knowledge, creating gaps in literacy skills. Teachers must be equipped with the most efficient and effective vocabulary instructional strategies to compensate for these deficits in vocabulary and help all students become successful readers (Moody et al., 2018). This project seeks to research the most successful methods of structuring and implementing vocabulary instruction and provide this knowledge to kindergarten and second-grade teachers through professional development (PD). The PD will consist of several workshops introducing …

Not Just The International Office: A Campus-Wide Approach To International Student Success, Lyndsay N. Curatolo

Masters Projects

This project addresses the multifaceted nature of experiences and challenges for international students studying at Western higher education institutions (HEIs), focusing on their integration in a way that allows them to preserve their cultural integrity. Despite the ever-growing numbers of international students studying at Western HEIs, many institutions do not provide international students with either adequate or holistic support services that promote integration and/or preserve cultural integrity. To adequately support international students at Western HEIs, institutions need to develop comprehensive support systems that extend across campuses. In response, I propose the creation of an International Student Learning Community that is …

Professional Development To Foster Rigorous, Student-Centered Discussions In Literacy, Elizabeth Hain

Masters Projects

This project looks at the gap of rigorous student discussion in literacy comprehension. It dives into research showing the impact of academic conversations for literacy comprehension. The project explores how professional development (PD) can equip teachers with strategies to foster student-centered discussions. The PD is designed to build teachers’ ability to implement Question the Author (QtA) techniques and facilitate rigorous, text-based discourse through Academic Conversations. The study aligns with constructivist learning theories, specifically Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and the role of metacognition in reading comprehension. Best implementation to facilitate the PD is post NWEA/State testing, allowing teachers to …