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Implicit Racial Biases In Prosecutorial Summations: Proposing An Integrated Response, Praatika Prasad Jan 2018

Implicit Racial Biases In Prosecutorial Summations: Proposing An Integrated Response, Praatika Prasad

Fordham Law Review

Racial bias has evolved from the explicit racism of the Jim Crow era to amore subtle and difficult-to-detect form: implicit racial bias. Implicit racial biases exist unconsciously and include negative racial stereotypes andassociations. Everyone, including actors in the criminal justice system who believe themselves to be fair, possess these biases. Although inaccessible through introspection, implicit biases can easily be triggered through language. When trials involve Black defendants, prosecutors’ summations increasingly include racial themes that could trigger jurors’ implicit biases, lead to the perpetuation of unfair stereotypes, and contribute to racial injustice and disparate outcomes. This Note examines and critiques the …


Independence Without Accountability: The Harmful Consequences Of Eu Policy Toward Central And Eastern European Entrants, James E. Moliterno, Lucia Berdisová, Peter Čuroš, Ján Mazúr Jan 2018

Independence Without Accountability: The Harmful Consequences Of Eu Policy Toward Central And Eastern European Entrants, James E. Moliterno, Lucia Berdisová, Peter Čuroš, Ján Mazúr

Fordham International Law Journal

No abstract provided.


Can The President Control The Department Of Justice?, Bruce A. Green Jan 2018

Can The President Control The Department Of Justice?, Bruce A. Green

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.


The Criminal Jury, Moral Judgments, And Political Representation, Youngjae Lee Jan 2018

The Criminal Jury, Moral Judgments, And Political Representation, Youngjae Lee

Faculty Scholarship

Was the sexual act consensual? Did the defendant have a reasonable belief that he was in imminent danger of death by an attacker? Did the police use excessive force? Did the defendant act in a heinous or cruel manner? Did the defendant act with depraved indifference to human life? These are some of the questions that criminal juries encounter. Determinations of such questions involve a combination of factual and moral questions, both questions about what happened and questions about the evaluative significance of what happened. This feature of the criminal jury—that the jury routinely decides normative questions—is frequently noted but …


Prosecutors And Justice: Insights From Comparative Analysis, Laurène Soubise, Alice Woolley Jan 2018

Prosecutors And Justice: Insights From Comparative Analysis, Laurène Soubise, Alice Woolley

Fordham International Law Journal

No abstract provided.


The Uncertain Relationship Between International Criminal Law Accountability And The Rule Of Law In Post-Atrocity States: Lessons From Cambodia, Randle C. Defalco Jan 2018

The Uncertain Relationship Between International Criminal Law Accountability And The Rule Of Law In Post-Atrocity States: Lessons From Cambodia, Randle C. Defalco

Fordham International Law Journal

No abstract provided.


Pragmatism Over Principles: The International Criminal Court And A Human Rights-Based Approach To Judicial Interpretation, Dr. Brianne Mcgonigle Leyh Jan 2018

Pragmatism Over Principles: The International Criminal Court And A Human Rights-Based Approach To Judicial Interpretation, Dr. Brianne Mcgonigle Leyh

Fordham International Law Journal

No abstract provided.


Digital Evidence And War Crimes Prosecutions: The Impact Of Digital Technologies On International Criminal Investigations And Trials, Lindsay Freeman Jan 2018

Digital Evidence And War Crimes Prosecutions: The Impact Of Digital Technologies On International Criminal Investigations And Trials, Lindsay Freeman

Fordham International Law Journal

No abstract provided.


Advocacy In Ideas: Legal Education And Social Movements, Monica Bell, Tanya K. Hernandez, Solangel Maldonado, Rachelle Perkins Jan 2018

Advocacy In Ideas: Legal Education And Social Movements, Monica Bell, Tanya K. Hernandez, Solangel Maldonado, Rachelle Perkins

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.


Blackness As Disability?, Kimani Paul-Emile Jan 2018

Blackness As Disability?, Kimani Paul-Emile

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.


Foreword, Robin A. Lenhardt, Tanya K. Hernandez, Kimani Paul-Emile Jan 2018

Foreword, Robin A. Lenhardt, Tanya K. Hernandez, Kimani Paul-Emile

Fordham Law Review

This Foreword provides an overview of Fifty Years of Loving v. Virginia and the Continued Pursuit of Racial Equality, a symposium hosted by the Fordham Law Review and cosponsored by the Fordham Law School Center on Race, Law & Justice. Even fifty years later, Loving provides ample foundation for an inquiry into the operation of race and racial inequality in the United States, which touches on the queries outlined above, as well as many others. In our view, a symposium focused on Loving makes a significant contribution by deepening scholarly analysis of that decision and by explicating the kinds of …


Piracy And Due Process, Andrew Kent Jan 2018

Piracy And Due Process, Andrew Kent

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.


The Right To Two Criminal Defense Lawyers, Bruce A. Green Jan 2018

The Right To Two Criminal Defense Lawyers, Bruce A. Green

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.


Toward Civil Rights Enforcement In The Environmental Justice Context - Step One: Acknowledging The Problem, Marianne Engelman Lado Dec 2017

Toward Civil Rights Enforcement In The Environmental Justice Context - Step One: Acknowledging The Problem, Marianne Engelman Lado

Fordham Environmental Law Review

No abstract provided.


A Voice For One, Or A Voice For The People: Balancing Prosecutorial Speech Protections With Community Trust, Immanuel Kim Dec 2017

A Voice For One, Or A Voice For The People: Balancing Prosecutorial Speech Protections With Community Trust, Immanuel Kim

Fordham Law Review

Prosecutors, as representatives of the public in the criminal justice system, are the sole advocates for “the People” in a criminal case. Thus, prosecutors are expected to maintain a particular level of integrity that would ensure a fair and just representation of the People. Despite this expectation, the wide discretionary authority prosecutors hold makes it virtually impossible to regulate their conduct. Furthermore, the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution protects many expressions of viewpoints, and such protections extend—albeit to a limited degree—to prosecutors, thereby giving them even more discretion in how they decide to handle their own cases. Nonetheless, the …


American Equal Protection And Global Convergence, Holning Lau, Hillary Li Dec 2017

American Equal Protection And Global Convergence, Holning Lau, Hillary Li

Fordham Law Review

Commentators have noted that equal protection doctrine is in a state of transformation. The nature of that transformation, however, is poorly understood. This Article offers a clearer view of the change underway. This Article is the first to reveal and synthesize three major trajectories along which the U.S. Supreme Court has begun to move. First, the Court has begun to blur the line that it previously drew between facial discrimination and disparate impact. Second, the Court has begun to collapse its previously established tiered standards for reviewing discrimination. These two trajectories combine to produce a third trajectory of change: by …


Why Civil And Criminal Procedure Are So Different: A Forgotten History, Ion Meyn Nov 2017

Why Civil And Criminal Procedure Are So Different: A Forgotten History, Ion Meyn

Fordham Law Review

Much has been written about the origins of civil procedure. Yet little is known about the origins of criminal procedure, even though it governs how millions of cases in federal and state courts are litigated each year. This Article’s examination of criminal procedure’s origin story questions the prevailing notion that civil and criminal procedure require different treatment. The Article’s starting point is the first draft of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure—confidential in 1941 and since forgotten. The draft reveals that reformers of criminal procedure turned to the new rules of civil procedure for guidance. The contents of this draft …


Adjudication In The Age Of Disagreement, John Fabian Witt Oct 2017

Adjudication In The Age Of Disagreement, John Fabian Witt

Fordham Law Review

In the time I have here with you today I would like to offer the beginnings of an answer. It does not lie in the distance between the court’s traditions and Manton’s conduct. That would be too easy. At base, I think the answer lies in something far more subtle and interesting: the relationship between acentral tradition of the Second Circuit and one of the great questions we face as a society today. That question is how to deal with disagreement.


Bathroom Laws As Status Crimes, Stephen Rushin, Jenny Carroll Oct 2017

Bathroom Laws As Status Crimes, Stephen Rushin, Jenny Carroll

Fordham Law Review

A growing number of American jurisdictions have considered laws that prohibit trans individuals from using bathroom facilities consistent with their gender identities. Several scholars have criticized these so-called “bathroom laws” as a form of discrimination in violation of federal law. Few scholars, though, have considered the criminal justice implications of these proposals. By analyzing dozens of proposed bathroom laws, this Article explores how many laws do more than stigmatize the trans community—they effectively criminalize it. Some of these proposed laws would establish new categories of criminal offenses for trans individuals who use bathrooms consistent with their gender identity. Others would …


Asset Forfeiture And Attorneys’ Fees: The Zero-Sum Game, Adam R. Cohen Oct 2017

Asset Forfeiture And Attorneys’ Fees: The Zero-Sum Game, Adam R. Cohen

Fordham Law Review

The history of asset forfeiture law spans almost as long as the history of the United States. However, in the last thirty years, the number of crimes for which asset forfeiture can be levied has grown exponentially both on the federal and state levels. As a result, a growing number of defendants face asset forfeiture. When these criminal defendants seek legal representation, they place their attorneys in a difficult legal and ethical position. Asset forfeiture has developed in such a way that the criminal defense attorney cannot provide her client with zealous advocacy if the attorney seeks to retain her …


2017-2018 Fordham Law School Faculty Bibliography, Fordham Law School Library Jul 2017

2017-2018 Fordham Law School Faculty Bibliography, Fordham Law School Library

Faculty Bibliography

No abstract provided.


Reflections On The Challenge Of Inez Moore: Family Integrity In The Wake Of Mass Incarceration, Ann Cammett May 2017

Reflections On The Challenge Of Inez Moore: Family Integrity In The Wake Of Mass Incarceration, Ann Cammett

Fordham Law Review

The U.S. Supreme Court case Moore v. City of East Cleveland has long been celebrated as affirming constitutional rights related to family integrity. The Moore holding specifically confirmed the Court’s obligation to scrutinize housing ordinances that regulate a traditional family’s household composition. By comparison and extension, one might assume that alternative family formations would trigger similar scrutiny, but the Court has been loath to extend these protections. Apart from the Court’s failure to increase protections beyond traditional extended families, an interesting phenomenon has gone largely unexplored in this jurisprudential framework. In the wake of late twentieth-century mass incarceration, lawmakers and …


John Moore Jr.: Moore V. City Of East Cleveland And Children’S Constitutional Arguments, Nancy E. Dowd May 2017

John Moore Jr.: Moore V. City Of East Cleveland And Children’S Constitutional Arguments, Nancy E. Dowd

Fordham Law Review

This Article is divided into three parts. First, I retell the story of Moore from John Jr.’s perspective and frame his potential claims. Second, I explore constitutional arguments under existing doctrine, using contemporary equal protection and substantive due process analyses. Finally, I suggest how a children’s rights perspective might be even more persuasive as a strategy for John Jr. as well as for achieving opportunity and equality on behalf of contemporary children living amid and affected by structural inequalities that impact their developmental capacity.


Riding The Wave Or Drowning?: An Analysis Of Gender Bias And Twombly/Iqbal In Title Ix Accused Student Lawsuits, Bethany A. Corbin May 2017

Riding The Wave Or Drowning?: An Analysis Of Gender Bias And Twombly/Iqbal In Title Ix Accused Student Lawsuits, Bethany A. Corbin

Fordham Law Review

This Article offers the first empirical analysis of dismissal trends in reverse Title IX cases and highlights that most courts erroneously dismiss these lawsuits at the 12(b)(6) stage. Through a misinterpretation of plausibility pleading, these courts hold that accused perpetrators have not shown causal evidence of discrimination at the outset of the lawsuit. This prodismissal approach, however, violates Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A.’s proclamation complaint. This Article proposes a more flexible causal pleading scheme that satisfies Twombly, Iqbal, and Swierkiewicz and ensures accused perpetrators receive their day in court. Alternatively, this Article argues for limited predismissal discovery in …


Thinking Outside The Box: Reforming Commercial Discrimination Doctrine To Combat The Negative Consequences Of Ban-The-Box Legislation, Nina Kucharczyk May 2017

Thinking Outside The Box: Reforming Commercial Discrimination Doctrine To Combat The Negative Consequences Of Ban-The-Box Legislation, Nina Kucharczyk

Fordham Law Review

This Note suggests a new approach to address the unintended consequences of ban-the-box legislation. The solution to combat unconscious discrimination during the hiring process is not to eliminate ban- the-box laws entirely; instead, lawmakers must modernize and strengthen Commercial discrimination doctrine to empower racial minorities who suspect discrimination and to ensure employers are critically analyzing their hiring processes.


Jail Isolation After Kingsley: Abolishing Solitary Confinement At The Intersection Of Pretrial Incarceration And Emerging Adulthood, Deema Nagib May 2017

Jail Isolation After Kingsley: Abolishing Solitary Confinement At The Intersection Of Pretrial Incarceration And Emerging Adulthood, Deema Nagib

Fordham Law Review

In 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court held that allegations of excessive use of force in pretrial detention are subject to an objective standard. However, it is unclear whether the objective standard extends to claims arising out of different factual circumstances. The Second Circuit’s recent decision in Darnell v. Pineiro to extend Kingsley v. Hendrickson to conditions-of- confinement cases provides hope. This Note argues that Kingsley should extend to solitary confinement litigation—particularly the isolation of emerging adults in pretrial detention. Solitary confinement is a widespread practice in the criminal justice system, but the implications of its use in pretrial detention have …


Constraining Monitors, Veronica Root Apr 2017

Constraining Monitors, Veronica Root

Fordham Law Review

Part I of this Article explains the failure of recent attempts by courts and legislators to constrain monitor behavior. Part II then argues that one reason for the lack of monitorship regulation lies in the reluctance of bar associations to oversee quasi-legal behavior. It then explains why reputation appears to be the primary factor reigning in monitor behavior today. Part III discusses implications of this Article’s findings. Specifically, it discusses concerns regarding the disclosure of information, the boundaries of the relationship between a monitor and other parties, and the ways a monitor’s identity might be utilized as a sanctioning mechanism. …


Mens Rea And Methamphetamine: High Time For A Modern Doctrine Acknowledging The Neuroscience Of Addiction, Meredith Cusick Apr 2017

Mens Rea And Methamphetamine: High Time For A Modern Doctrine Acknowledging The Neuroscience Of Addiction, Meredith Cusick

Fordham Law Review

Neuroscience research reveals that drug addiction results in catastrophic damage to the brain resulting in cognitive and behavioral deficits. Methamphetamine addiction is of particular interest to criminal law because it causes extensive neural destruction and is associated with impulsive behavior, violent crime, and psychosis. Furthermore, research has revealed important distinctions between the effects of acute intoxication and addiction. These findings have implications for the broader doctrine of mens rea and, specifically, the intoxication doctrines. This Note argues for the adoption of an addiction doctrine that acknowledges the effect of addiction on mens rea that is distinct from doctrines of intoxication.


Keeping Gideon’S Promise: Using Equal Protection To Address The Denial Of Counsel In Misdemeanor Cases, Brandon Buskey, Lauren S. Lucas Apr 2017

Keeping Gideon’S Promise: Using Equal Protection To Address The Denial Of Counsel In Misdemeanor Cases, Brandon Buskey, Lauren S. Lucas

Fordham Law Review

The Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees criminal defendants the right to counsel, and the U.S. Supreme Court has made clear that right is applicable to all defendants in felony cases, even those unable to afford a lawyer. Yet, for defendants facing misdemeanor charges, only those defendants whose convictions result in incarceration are entitled to the assistance of counsel. The number of misdemeanor prosecutions has increased dramatically in recent years, as have the volume and severity of collateral consequences attached to such convictions; yet, the Court’s right to counsel jurisprudence in this area has remained stagnant. Critics of the …


Civil Trials: A Film Illusion?, Taunya L. Banks Apr 2017

Civil Trials: A Film Illusion?, Taunya L. Banks

Fordham Law Review

As Judge Elrod’s comments suggest, the most well-known courtroom film classics, like 12 Angry Men, Anatomy of a Murder, or Witness for the Prosecution are about criminal trials. This fact may be unimportant because the distinction between criminal and civil trial films often is lost on the general public. Unanswered is whether the distinction between criminal and civil trials is important when determining the impact of the decline in real-life civil trials on American popular culture and courtroom films in particular. This question is the focus of this Article.