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Vertebrate Fauna Of The Idaho National Environmental Research Park, Timothy D. Reynolds, John W. Connelly, Douglas K. Halford, W. John Arthur Jul 1986

Vertebrate Fauna Of The Idaho National Environmental Research Park, Timothy D. Reynolds, John W. Connelly, Douglas K. Halford, W. John Arthur

Great Basin Naturalist

The relative abundance, habitat use, and seasonal occurrence are reported for the 6 fish, 1 amphibian, 9 reptile, 164 bird, and 39 mammal species recorded on the Idaho National Environmental Research Park in southeastern Idaho.


Breeding Records For Clark's Grebe In Colorado And Nevada, Richard L. Bunn Jul 1986

Breeding Records For Clark's Grebe In Colorado And Nevada, Richard L. Bunn

Great Basin Naturalist

Described as a new breeding species is Clark's Grebe in Colorado and Nevada.


Movements By Small Mammals On A Radioactive Waste Disposal Area In Southeastern Idaho, Craig R. Groves, Barry L. Keller Jul 1986

Movements By Small Mammals On A Radioactive Waste Disposal Area In Southeastern Idaho, Craig R. Groves, Barry L. Keller

Great Basin Naturalist

Average linear movement by populations of Dipodomys ordii, Microtus montanus, Perognathus parvus, and Peromyscus maniculatus was investigated over a 15-month period by live trapping on a low-level, radioactive waste disposal area in Idaho. No significant differences in movement among habitats were observed seasonally, excepting M. montanus in spring. Average linear movements within habitats ranged from 20 to 70 m for all species, but some patterns varied seasonally and among age classes for individual species. Although predation on contaminated small mammals from the disposal area is a vector of radionuclide transport, local movements by these rodents do not appear to be …


Genetic Variation Of Woodrats (Neotoma Cinerea) And Deer Mice (Peromyscus Maniculatus) On Montane Habitat Islands In The Great Basin, William T. Mewaldt, Stephen H. Jenkins Jul 1986

Genetic Variation Of Woodrats (Neotoma Cinerea) And Deer Mice (Peromyscus Maniculatus) On Montane Habitat Islands In The Great Basin, William T. Mewaldt, Stephen H. Jenkins

Great Basin Naturalist

Seventeen loci were examined for polymorphism in four populations of Neotoma cinerea and Peromyscus maniculatus on isolated mountain ranges in the Great Basin, one population of each in the Sierra Nevada, and one of each in the Rocky Mountains. All Peromyscus populations had higher levels of heterozygosity than syntopic Neotoma populations.


End Matter, Vol. 46 No. 3 Jul 1986

End Matter, Vol. 46 No. 3

Great Basin Naturalist

No abstract provided.


Habitat Relationships Of Saltcedar (Tamarix Ramosissima) In Central Utah, Jack D. Brotherson, Von Winkel Jul 1986

Habitat Relationships Of Saltcedar (Tamarix Ramosissima) In Central Utah, Jack D. Brotherson, Von Winkel

Great Basin Naturalist

Nineteen study sites were established in areas infested with saltcedar bordering Utah Lake in central Utah. Saltcedar cover on the sites averaged 57% but varied widely from community to community. Seventeen soil factors were measured relative to the stands studied. Cover of saltcedar was regressed against the different soil factors, but no patterns were detected. Saltcedar functioned equally well at all levels of each gradient studied and appeared able to accommodate wide variations in all factors studied. It is suggested that saltcedar has evolved a general-purpose genotype that contributes to its being a vigorous and troublesome weed. Criteria as to …


New Species And A New Combination Of Mentzelia Section Bartonia (Loasaceae) From The Colorado Plateau, H. Thompson, B. Prigge Jul 1986

New Species And A New Combination Of Mentzelia Section Bartonia (Loasaceae) From The Colorado Plateau, H. Thompson, B. Prigge

Great Basin Naturalist

A new species, Mentzelia (sect. Bartonia) cronquistii, subfamily Mentzelioideae, is described and a new combination, M. (sect. Bartonia) marginata (Osterhout) is made. These two species of the Colorado Plateau are closely related to each other, but their relationships to other species in section Bartonia are obscure.


Front Matter, Vol. 46 No. 3 Jul 1986

Front Matter, Vol. 46 No. 3

Great Basin Naturalist

No abstract provided.


Status And Distribution Of The Fish Creek Springs Tui Chub, Gila Bicolor Euchila, Thomas M. Baugh, John W. Pedretti, James E. Deacon Jul 1986

Status And Distribution Of The Fish Creek Springs Tui Chub, Gila Bicolor Euchila, Thomas M. Baugh, John W. Pedretti, James E. Deacon

Great Basin Naturalist

The Fish Creek Springs tui chub, Gila bicolor euchila, is present in large numbers throughout its native habitat in spite of extensive man-caused habitat disturbance. This subspecies occurs further downstream in Fish Creek than previously reported.


Ponderosa Pine Conelet And Cone Mortality In Central Arizona, J. M. Schmid, J. C. Mitchell, S. A. Mata Jul 1986

Ponderosa Pine Conelet And Cone Mortality In Central Arizona, J. M. Schmid, J. C. Mitchell, S. A. Mata

Great Basin Naturalist

Ponderosa pine conelets in 10 stands on the Coconino and Kaibab national forests were observed periodically from July 1982 until they matured in September 1983. Abortion, ponderosa pine cone beetles (Conophthorus ponderosae Hopkins), and ponderosa pine coneworms (Dioryctria sp., probably Auranticella [Grote]) were the significant mortality factors. Cattle, tip moths, and squirrels rarely destroyed conelets or cones.


Grazing And Passerine Breeding Birds In A Great Basin Low-Shrub Desert, Dean E. Medin Jul 1986

Grazing And Passerine Breeding Birds In A Great Basin Low-Shrub Desert, Dean E. Medin

Great Basin Naturalist

Densities of passerine breeding birds were compared between four range pastures variously grazed by sheep over a 50-year period. The experimental pastures, located at the Desert Experimental Range in southwestern Utah, included three grazed and one ungrazed. Grazed pastures were each heavily stocked and grazed annually at one of three winter seasons (early, middle, or late). Important structural (physiognomic) and compositional differences existed in the vegetation of the experimental pastures. Horned Larks (Eremophila alpestris [Linnaeus]), numerically dominant in the pastures, apparently responded to those differences. Black-throated Sparrows (Amphispiza bilineata [Cassin]) and Loggerhead Shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus Linnaeus) were …


Chloroplast Ultrastructure In The Desert Shrub Chrysothamnus Nauseosus Ssp. Albicaulis, Craig E. Coleman, William R. Andersen Jul 1986

Chloroplast Ultrastructure In The Desert Shrub Chrysothamnus Nauseosus Ssp. Albicaulis, Craig E. Coleman, William R. Andersen

Great Basin Naturalist

Ultrastructure of the chloroplasts of white rubber rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pallas) Britt. ssp. albicaulis) was observed with electron microscopy. In addition, leaf anatomy was observed with light microscopy. Previously, it had been reported that the leaves of this desert shrub exhibited a relatively high rate of photosynthesis when compared to other C3 plants. Comparisons with chloroplasts of other C3 and C4 plants demonstrated a reduced amount of granal stacking in the rabbitbrush. However, the classification of rabbitbrush as a C3 plant is confirmed. RUBP-carboxylase concentration is reported at about 450 mg · ml-1 …


Technical Introduction, Tim W. Clark May 1986

Technical Introduction, Tim W. Clark

Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs

The contents of this volume and their relationship to ferret conservation and recovery are discussed.


Habitat Suitability Index Model For The Black-Footed Ferret: A Method To Locate Transplant Sites, B. R. Houston, Tim W. Clark, S. C. Minta May 1986

Habitat Suitability Index Model For The Black-Footed Ferret: A Method To Locate Transplant Sites, B. R. Houston, Tim W. Clark, S. C. Minta

Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs

A habitat suitability Index Model (HSI), following the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service HSI Model Series, is described for the black-footed ferret. The literature on which the model is based is reviewed, and model assumptions and structure are discussed. A realistic model is specified with variables and their functions that embody the critical spatial and resource heterogeneity characteristic of the broad geographic environment ferrets occupy. It assumes that ferrets can meet year-round habitat requirements within prairie dog colonies providing: (1) prairie dog colonies are large enough, (2) burrows are numerous enough, and (3) adequate numbers of prairie dogs and alternate …


Some Guidelines For Management Of The Black-Footed Ferret, Tim W. Clark May 1986

Some Guidelines For Management Of The Black-Footed Ferret, Tim W. Clark

Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs

Management guidelines are specified for monitoring and protecting the Meeteetse black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) population and habitat and for dealing with a series of special management considerations. The Meeteetse ferret population and habitat status are summarized as background. An annual management schedule is outlined including methods and sources of existing baseline data with which to compare future results. The public support and organizational arrangements needed for successful overall management and recovery of the species are briefly discussed.


Estimating Genetic Variation In The Black-Footed Ferret—A First Attempt, C. William Kilpatrick, Steven C. Forrest, Tim W. Clark May 1986

Estimating Genetic Variation In The Black-Footed Ferret—A First Attempt, C. William Kilpatrick, Steven C. Forrest, Tim W. Clark

Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs

No genetic variation was observed for three proteins examined from samples of saliva from 22 black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes). The comparable data concerning levels of genetic variation in other taxa at these loci are too inconclusive to provide a meaningful interpretation of the observed absence of genetic variation. The absence of genetic variation observed in the black-footed ferret population is compatible with the reported levels of genetic variation in terrestrial carnivores and populations that have undergone bottlenecks. Suggestions for additonal studies using different approaches both to increase the number of loci that are used to determine the level …


Introduction, Archie Carr Iii May 1986

Introduction, Archie Carr Iii

Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs

Context for Meeteetse, Wyoming, black-footed ferret studies and recovery efforts, reported in this volume, is presented.


Descriptive Ethology And Activity Patterns Of Black-Footed Ferrets, Tim W. Clark, Louise Richardson, Steven C. Forrest, Denise E. Casey, Thomas M. Campbell Iii May 1986

Descriptive Ethology And Activity Patterns Of Black-Footed Ferrets, Tim W. Clark, Louise Richardson, Steven C. Forrest, Denise E. Casey, Thomas M. Campbell Iii

Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs

Aspects of the aboveground ethology and activity patterns of the black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigipes) are described for a population in northwestern Wyoming as a first step in building a descriptive ethogram and quantification of activity patterns. We observed at least 237 individual ferrets for 208 hr on 441 occasions from 2 December 1981 through 25 September 1984. Mainenance behaviors (locomotion, alert, grooming, and sunning, defecation and urination, digging, and predation) and social behavior (reproduction, ontogeny, maternal, play, agonistic) are described as well as some ferret-human interactions. Ferret vocalizations are subjectively described. We located ferrets during most months including …


Description And History Of The Meeteetse Black-Footed Ferret Environment, Tim W. Clark, Steven C. Forrest, Louise Richardson, Denise E. Casey, Thomas M. Campbell Iii May 1986

Description And History Of The Meeteetse Black-Footed Ferret Environment, Tim W. Clark, Steven C. Forrest, Louise Richardson, Denise E. Casey, Thomas M. Campbell Iii

Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs

The black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) occupied area lies in the western Big Horn Basin, Park County, Wyoming. Cody, a nearby town, shows a record high temperature of 40.5 C and a low of -43.3 C, with 173 days each year below 0 C. Area geology is dominated by Absaroka volcanics. Soils are shallow (0.5 m) and underlain by unconsolidated gravels; well-drained, medium-textured clay-loams (ca 1 m in depth); or clays derived from shale parent materials. Vegetation is characterized by a wheatgrass-needlegrass shrubsteppe type (Agropyron/Stipa/Artemisia). Prior to white settlement, the area hosted a diverse large mammal community. …


Annotated Bibliography Of The Black-Footed Ferret, Denise E. Casey, John Duwaldt, Tim W. Clark May 1986

Annotated Bibliography Of The Black-Footed Ferret, Denise E. Casey, John Duwaldt, Tim W. Clark

Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs

An annotated bibliography of 351 references on the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) shows 19 articles, mostly species descriptions, published from 1851 through 1899; 69 papers, mostly describing the range of the species, from 1900 through 1964; 156 papers dealing largely with the Mellette County, South Dakota, ferret research published from 1965 through 1980; and 107 publications since 1981 dealing primarily with the Meeteetse, Wyoming, ferrets.


Black-Footed Ferret Recovery: A Discussion Of Some Options And Considerations., Louise Richardson, Tim W. Clark, Steven C. Forrest, Thomas M. Campbell Iii May 1986

Black-Footed Ferret Recovery: A Discussion Of Some Options And Considerations., Louise Richardson, Tim W. Clark, Steven C. Forrest, Thomas M. Campbell Iii

Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs

A framework for recovery planning for the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) is presented. Current species numbers are probably not sufficient to maintain longterm viability. Three options are presented for increasing ferret numbers: (1) increase available habitat for ferrets where they currently exist, (2) find more wild ferrets elsewhere, and (3) directly manipulate the ferret population through translocation and/ or captive rearing. The first two options are either unlikely or currently unfeasable, making it necessary to initiate the third option to ensure ferret recovery. Even if additional ferret populations are located, option three should still be implemented. Three options …


Paleobiology, Biogeography, And Systematics Of The Black-Footed Ferret, Mustela Nigripes (Audubon And Bachman), 1851, Elaine Anderson, Steven C. Forrest, Tim W. Clark, Louise Richardson May 1986

Paleobiology, Biogeography, And Systematics Of The Black-Footed Ferret, Mustela Nigripes (Audubon And Bachman), 1851, Elaine Anderson, Steven C. Forrest, Tim W. Clark, Louise Richardson

Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs

Extensive literature review and 48 mammal collections containing recent speciments of the endangered black-footed ferret (Musela nigripes) are used to characterize historic distribution of species. Specimens (n = 120) were measured from eight collections to characterize black-footed ferret morphology and variation. Twenty-one pleistocene and Holocene faunas in North America show ferrets dating back to 100,000 yr B.P. Recent specimens (n = 412) indicate close association with the prairie dog (Cynomys spp.) and suggest ferrets may have been less rare than previously thought. At least 103 (25%) of all specimens were taken by federal predator and rodent control …


Historic Status Of Black-Footed Ferret Habitat In Montana, Dennis L. Flath, Tim W. Clark May 1986

Historic Status Of Black-Footed Ferret Habitat In Montana, Dennis L. Flath, Tim W. Clark

Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs

Black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) use prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) for food and their burrows for shelter. Thus, prairie dog colonies are essential ferret habitat. Prairie dog control, which resulted in permanent loss of ferret habitat, is considered the primary reason for the ferret's endangered status today. Northern Pacific Railroad (presently Burlington Northern) lands were surveyed 1908–1914, just prior to the onset of widespread prairie dog control. In Montana the surveyed area included a belt about 483 km long and 192 km wide, from the Montana-North Dakota border westward to Livingston. In all, 6,661 sections (11.8%) of 22 …


Fecal Bile Acids Of Black-Footed Ferrets, Mark K. Johnson, Tim W. Clark, Max H. Schroeder, Louise Richardson May 1986

Fecal Bile Acids Of Black-Footed Ferrets, Mark K. Johnson, Tim W. Clark, Max H. Schroeder, Louise Richardson

Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs

Fecal bile acid characteristics have been used to identify scats to species of origin. Fecal bile acids in scats from 20 known black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes), 7 other known small carnivores, and 72 of unknown origin were analyzed to determine if this procedure could be used as a tool to verify ferret presence in an area. Seventeen ferret scats were suitable for analysis and had a mean fecal bile acid index of 156 ± 9. This was significantly different from mean indices for the other carnivores; however, subtantial overlap among confidence intervals occurred for badgers, kit foxes, and …


Determing Minimum Population Size For Recovery Of The Black-Footed Ferret, Craig R. Groves, Tim W. Clark May 1986

Determing Minimum Population Size For Recovery Of The Black-Footed Ferret, Craig R. Groves, Tim W. Clark

Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs

A minimum viable population (MVP) size is estimated for the critically endangered black-footed ferret by examining five basic methods: experiments, biogeographic patterns, theoretical models, simulation models, and genetic considerations. Each method is evaluated for its applicability to the feret and endangered species in general with two criteria in mind: (1) potential research impacts to target species and (2) the value of scientific accuracy and precision in relation to short-term conservation needs. For the black-footed ferret, the genetic method proved to be the most useful, resulting in an MVP estimate of about 200 ferrets for maintenance of short-term fitness. For most …


Activity Of Radio-Tagged Black-Footed Ferrets, Dean E. Biggins, Max H. Shroeder, Steven C. Forrest, Louise Richardson May 1986

Activity Of Radio-Tagged Black-Footed Ferrets, Dean E. Biggins, Max H. Shroeder, Steven C. Forrest, Louise Richardson

Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs

Activity of two radio-tagged black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) was investigated during October–November 1981 (an adult male monitored for 16 days), and during August–November 1982 (a young female monitored for 101 days). Aboveground activity of the male averaged 2.95 hr/night, 15% of the total time monitored. From 22 September to 5 November, aboveground activity of the female averaged 1.69 hours; 26% of the time she was stationary and 74% of the time she was moving. During August the juvenile female emerged at least once on 93% of the nights. She was least active in November. Both animals were primarily …


Biology Of Red-Necked Phalaropes (Phalaropus Lobatus) At The Western Edge Of The Great Basin In Fall Migration, Joseph R. Jehl Jr. Apr 1986

Biology Of Red-Necked Phalaropes (Phalaropus Lobatus) At The Western Edge Of The Great Basin In Fall Migration, Joseph R. Jehl Jr.

Great Basin Naturalist

Large numbers of Red-necked Phalaropes migrate overland across the Great Basin in fall, occurring commonly at highly saline lakes. Migrants occur at Mono Lake, California, from mid-July to mid-October. The earliest migrants are adult females, followed several weeks later by adult males, and finally by juveniles. Adults make up ca 75% of the population, with males outnumbering females by 5:4. From 1980 through 1984 an estimated 52,000–65,000 birds passed through the area each year, except in 1983, when only 36,000 were recorded. The low number might be attributable to high mortality on oceanic wintering grounds in the Southern Hemisphere in …


Wintering Bats Of The Upper Snake River Plain: Occurrence In Lava-Tube Caves, David L. Genter Apr 1986

Wintering Bats Of The Upper Snake River Plain: Occurrence In Lava-Tube Caves, David L. Genter

Great Basin Naturalist

Distribution and habitat selection of hibernating bats at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) and adjacent area are reported. Exploration of over 30 lava-tube caves revealed that two species, Myotis leibii and Plecotus townsendii, hibernate in the upper Snake River Plain. Five species, M. lucifugus, M. evotis, Eptesicus fuscus, Lasionycteris noctivagans, and Lasiurus cinereus are considered migratory. Myotis leibii and P. townsendii hibernate throughout much of the area, occasionally in mixed-species groups. Myotis leibii uses the dark and protected regions of the cave, usually wedged into tiny pockets and crevices near or at the highest portion of the ceiling. Individuals …


Effect Of Excluding Shredders On Leaf Litter Decomposition In Two Streams, James R. Barnes, J. V. Mcarthur, C. E. Cushing Apr 1986

Effect Of Excluding Shredders On Leaf Litter Decomposition In Two Streams, James R. Barnes, J. V. Mcarthur, C. E. Cushing

Great Basin Naturalist

The effect of excluding shredders on leaf processing rates was studied in a Rocky Mountain stream in Utah and a cold desert stream in Washington. Experimentally excluding shredders significantly decreased the processing rate in both streams. Processing rates (k) were higher in the desert stream, and it is postulated that this is related to increased microbial activity due to the higher water temperatures.


Dam-Raised Fawns, An Alternative To Bottle Feeding, Kathrin M. Olson-Rutz, Philip J. Urness, Laura A. Urness Apr 1986

Dam-Raised Fawns, An Alternative To Bottle Feeding, Kathrin M. Olson-Rutz, Philip J. Urness, Laura A. Urness

Great Basin Naturalist

Rearing young ungulates for ecological studies is costly and time consuming. Doe-rearing mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) fawns is a viable alternative to the common method of bottle-feeding. Fawns tamed while nurtured by their tractable dams showed no marked difference in tractability over bottle-reared orphans. The advantages of doe-rearing are better health for the young and convenience for the handler.