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Attachment Or Aversion: A Study Of The Effects Of Parental Technoference On Child Emotion Knowledge, Brooklyn Coleman
Attachment Or Aversion: A Study Of The Effects Of Parental Technoference On Child Emotion Knowledge, Brooklyn Coleman
Theses and Dissertations
Young children's understanding of emotions is heavily socialized by their parents. Through interactions with parents, children learn what emotions look like, when they are expressed, and how they are labeled (Laible, 2004a). Interruptions to interactions between children and parents have the potential to influence the development of children's emotion knowledge. According to the DREAMER framework, how one family member uses media and technology can influence other family members (Barr et al., 2024). Technoference (i.e., digital distraction while with others) is one example of how media might interrupt family life and influence child development as a whole. The current study examined …
Comparing The Effectiveness Of Online Training With Behavioral Consultation: The Impact Of Teacher Buy-In And Efficacy, Allison C. Lindsey
Comparing The Effectiveness Of Online Training With Behavioral Consultation: The Impact Of Teacher Buy-In And Efficacy, Allison C. Lindsey
Theses and Dissertations
This study investigated the comparative effectiveness of two different behavioral training methodologies, online training and behavioral consultation, in supporting teacher implementation of evidence-based practices, with a focus on the roles of teacher buy-in and self-efficacy. Challenging behavior is on the rise and teacher's need to know how to apply behavior management strategies to their classroom in order for their students to be most successful. Many teachers do not begin their careers with proper behavior management knowledge, training experience, or do not feel a sense of efficacy in implementing behavior management. Lack of knowledge and training may lead to decreased teacher …
Refugee Families: Parental Traumatic Stress And Child Outcomes A Scoping Review, Britta Sedig
Refugee Families: Parental Traumatic Stress And Child Outcomes A Scoping Review, Britta Sedig
Theses and Dissertations
This scoping review synthesizes recent literature (2019-2024) to explore mechanisms linking parental trauma to child mental health outcomes within refugee families. Guided by a systemic and relational focus, 20 studies were identified and analyzed, revealing five central themes: intergenerational transmission of trauma, parenting practices as mediators, parent-child dyadic attachment, family functioning and conflict, and post-migration and acculturative stress. Findings highlighted associations between parental trauma-related symptoms and refugee children's emotional and behavioral concerns. Parenting practices were frequently linked to child wellbeing, with some studies identifying risk factors like harsh discipline and emotional unavailability, and others noting protective roles of intentional caregiving. …
Development Of Numerical Tools And Performance Metrics For Analysis Of Optical Particle Counters, Doug Webb
Development Of Numerical Tools And Performance Metrics For Analysis Of Optical Particle Counters, Doug Webb
Theses and Dissertations
Monitoring air quality is essential for understanding and mitigating the health impacts of airborne particulate matter (PM), which is linked to respiratory and cardiovascular disease. Optical particle counters (OPCs) are widely used for air quality monitoring, yet their precision and accuracy remain uncertain due to inconsistent performance evaluations. In this thesis, performance metrics are developed that can be used to assess the accuracy of OPCs in measuring PM concentrations and size distributions. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are employed to analyze the behavior of particle-laden air streams through representative OPC models. The impact of design parameters is quantified using newly …
Tracing Tremor: From Upper-Limb Neuromusculoskeletal Dynamics To Movement Signatures In Essential Tremor, Landon J. Beutler
Tracing Tremor: From Upper-Limb Neuromusculoskeletal Dynamics To Movement Signatures In Essential Tremor, Landon J. Beutler
Theses and Dissertations
Tremor is a common neurological condition that significantly impairs the quality of life for millions. Despite this prevalence, the underlying mechanisms of its propagation remain poorly understood, and current treatment options often rely on trial-and-error methods. Moreover, the most common type, Essential Tremor (ET), presents a unique challenge due to its heterogeneity--patients exhibit a wide range of symptoms, severities, and responses to treatment. This thesis primarily advances tremor understanding through computational modeling, with a secondary focus on data-driven subtyping of ET via cluster analysis. These parallel paths aim to improve both mechanistic insight and clinical classification. Tremor propagation refers to …
Development Of Low-Cost Small-Batch Flibe Filtration, And A Comparison Of Uranium Tetrafluoride And Ionic Oxygen Oxidation In Flibe, Jacob D. Christensen
Development Of Low-Cost Small-Batch Flibe Filtration, And A Comparison Of Uranium Tetrafluoride And Ionic Oxygen Oxidation In Flibe, Jacob D. Christensen
Theses and Dissertations
Low-cost benchtop-scale molten fluoride salt cleaning was investigated in FLiBe (LiF-BeF2), focusing on electrochemical cleaning and filtration. FLiBe filtration was demonstrated using both pressurized and open filtration systems. Copper and 400 Monel meshes were effective and reusable. Wetting appears to be the primary obstacle to FLiBe filtration. Oxygen oxidation behavior in FLiBe was examined using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and cyclic square wave voltammetry (CSWV) techniques. Standard addition height measurement was used to determine electrode surface area. Results support a single-step 2-electron process, matching observations in literature. Pt electrodes may be prone to oxidative side reactions, although more investigation is required. …
When Quitting Isn't An Option: Learner Perceptions Of Persistence Factors In A Faith-Based Online Global English As An International Language Course, Heather Porter Ugege
When Quitting Isn't An Option: Learner Perceptions Of Persistence Factors In A Faith-Based Online Global English As An International Language Course, Heather Porter Ugege
Theses and Dissertations
This paper explores the perceptions of learners in an online, global, faith-based, English as an international language (EIL) course. The course is designed to help students with limited access to educational opportunities develop English skills and prepare for enrollment in an online university. Since its launch, course enrollment, retention, engagement, and completion metrics have shown significant gains year over year. However, the number of learners in the course who have met all course completion criteria is still limited. This inquiry aims to gain a deeper understanding of the factors influencing learner persistence from the perspectives of both course completers and …
Perceptions Of Trauma-Informed Care Training For Teachers In Early Childhood Education Settings, Molly Michelle Michaels
Perceptions Of Trauma-Informed Care Training For Teachers In Early Childhood Education Settings, Molly Michelle Michaels
Theses and Dissertations
The maltreatment of children is currently a global health priority (Chamberlain et al., 2019). By the age of 16, over two-thirds of children report having experienced at least one traumatic event (Toof et al., 2020). Exposure to childhood trauma can negatively impact brain development, leading to problems functioning across community, home, and school settings (Burke Harris, 2018). In response, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration developed a framework for trauma-informed care to address the significant impact of trauma on individuals (Loomis, 2018). However, few studies exist that explore the use of trauma-informed care practices in early childhood education …
Seasonal Variation In Modulus Of Cement-Treated Base Layers And Untreated Base Layers In Utah, Mason Robert Kessler Millard
Seasonal Variation In Modulus Of Cement-Treated Base Layers And Untreated Base Layers In Utah, Mason Robert Kessler Millard
Theses and Dissertations
The objective of this research was to compare the stiffness of cement-treated base (CTB) layers and untreated base course (UTBC) layers in a cold region through a typical year. The scope of work included testing of three residential pavement segments comprising CTB layers and two comparable pavement segments comprising UTBC layers in northern Utah. Design thicknesses were verified through drilling and dynamic cone penetrometer testing in September 2024. Following 3 to 15 years of service, the sites were evaluated using portable falling-weight deflectometer (PFWD) testing in May 2024, July 2024, September 2024, November 2024, January 2025, and March 2025. After …
Extracting Magnetic Exchange Interactions From Magnetic Pair Distribution Function Data Via Monte Carlo Simulations, Emma Zappala
Extracting Magnetic Exchange Interactions From Magnetic Pair Distribution Function Data Via Monte Carlo Simulations, Emma Zappala
Theses and Dissertations
The magnetic pair distribution function (mPDF) is a powerful tool used to analyze diffuse magnetic scattering data in real-space. Presently, mPDF is usually used to model real-space spin configurations of materials, offering important insights into the local magnetic structure, but not to directly probe the magnetic interactions giving rise to the magnetic structure in the first place. Using Monte Carlo simulations, a robust algorithm to simulate the magnetic structure of materials, we can connect the underlying magnetic exchange parameters to the spin configurations from experimental mPDF data. We prove this concept using a simple two-dimensional Ising model and then demonstrate …
Transcendental Formulas For The Coefficients Of Ramanujan's Mock Theta Functions, Gradin Anderson
Transcendental Formulas For The Coefficients Of Ramanujan's Mock Theta Functions, Gradin Anderson
Theses and Dissertations
Ramanujan's 1920 last letter to Hardy contains seventeen examples of mock theta functions, including the famous third order function f(q), which resemble modular forms of weight 1/2. This list has since been expanded by individuals such as Gordon and McIntosh and the McKay--Thompson series arising in moonshine theory. In 1964, Andrews---improving on a result of Dragonette---gave an asymptotic formula for the coefficients of f(q) and conjectured an exact formula: a conditionally convergent series that closely resembles the Hardy--Ramanujan--Rademacher formula for the partition function. A key breakthrough came in 2001, when Zwegers wrote f(q) as the holomorphic component of a vector-valued …
Rotor Interaction Aerodynamics: Influence Of Phase And Spacing On Wake And Pressure Behavior, Nathan D. Welker
Rotor Interaction Aerodynamics: Influence Of Phase And Spacing On Wake And Pressure Behavior, Nathan D. Welker
Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation explores the aerodynamic behavior and interactions in the flow-fields of dual rotor systems. The experiments used Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) combined with pressure and force measurements to characterize the flow with an emphasis on side-by-side rotor flows at small separation distances. This work is separated into six main chapters: first, the topic is introduced with a thorough literature review in Chapter 1, the methodology and details of the experiments are discussed in detail in Chapter 2; the effects of phase offset on dual-rotor rotor flows is explored in Chapter 3; the influence of separation distance on the side-by-side …
Recreation Effects On Soil Carbon, Biocrust Presence, Soil Stability, And Invasive Species In Indian Creek, Bears Ears National Monument, Elisabeth M. Currit
Recreation Effects On Soil Carbon, Biocrust Presence, Soil Stability, And Invasive Species In Indian Creek, Bears Ears National Monument, Elisabeth M. Currit
Theses and Dissertations
Desert ecosystems perform essential ecosystem services, including playing a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. Because of this, it is important to understand how recreational activities, common in desert environments, impacts dryland ecosystems' ability to perform ecosystem services. The growing popularity of outdoor recreation in Western US poses a threat to desert ecosystems, and unregulated activities can harm soil health, particularly the presence and functioning of biological soil crusts (biocrusts). This study uses the Indian Creek Special Recreation Management area in Bears Ears National Monument, Utah, USA, as a case study for recreation impacted desert ecosystems. It examines the …
Consequences Of The Double Empathy Problem Within The Clinical Environment: A New Model For Neuroinclusive Care, Sofia Jimenez
Consequences Of The Double Empathy Problem Within The Clinical Environment: A New Model For Neuroinclusive Care, Sofia Jimenez
Theses and Dissertations
As diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) rise, the neurodiversity and autistic self-advocacy movements have challenged traditional deficit-based clinical models and called for more inclusive, affirming approaches to care. Recent research disputes the long-held belief that autistic individuals have deficits in perspective-taking, revealing that miscommunication between autistic and neurotypical individuals results from mutual misunderstanding, a concept known as the double empathy problem (DEP; Milton, 2012), with the triple empathy problem (TEP) extending this framework to healthcare settings. Our study investigates the consequences of the DEP and TEP within clinical environments, focusing on interactions between neurotypical speech-language pathologists (SLPs) and adult …
Coding For Nonstandard Channels: A Capacity-Oriented Approach, J Daniel Harman
Coding For Nonstandard Channels: A Capacity-Oriented Approach, J Daniel Harman
Theses and Dissertations
This work addresses the issue of coding for non-standard channel models with an emphasis on capacity-oriented channel analysis and system design. The first channel studied is the Wyner wiretap channel. Channel sounding results were obtained to calculate the capacity for the multi-antenna case of the Wyner wiretap channel to ascertain the potential for secure communication via secrecy coding. The second channel studied is an asymmetric binary crossover erasure channel (ABCEC) with a short-blocklength constraint. The capacity for this channel was derived, and linear codes were chosen and tested. Another study was conducted on the ABCEC within a degraded wiretap channel …
Exploring Soil-Derived Antimicrobials For Inhibiting Dairy-Associated Pathogens And Spoilage Bacteria, Michael Joseph Moran
Exploring Soil-Derived Antimicrobials For Inhibiting Dairy-Associated Pathogens And Spoilage Bacteria, Michael Joseph Moran
Theses and Dissertations
Spore-forming bacteria are among the most problematic contaminants in fluid milk. They can survive pasteurization, grow at refrigeration temperatures, and secrete heat-stable enzymes, making them a major cause of spoilage in both pasteurized and reconstituted milk products. Current nonthermal strategies for reducing spore counts, including microfiltration and bactofugation, are often costly and inconsistent. The increasing consumer demand for natural additives in food products has sparked interest in the use of bacterially-derived antimicrobial compounds, particularly those from generally recognized as safe (GRAS) organisms, as an alternative method of dairy preservation. This study explores the antimicrobial potential of ten soil-derived Bacillus and …
Perspectives On Career Advising At A Large Private Religious Institution, Lane Toshio Muranaka
Perspectives On Career Advising At A Large Private Religious Institution, Lane Toshio Muranaka
Theses and Dissertations
This study examines the role of career advising at Brigham Young University (BYU), a faith-based institution where professional guidance focuses on spiritual development and purpose-driven learning. Through qualitative interviews with career advisors across various disciplines, the research explores how advisors define student success, integrate faith into their advising practices, and support students in aligning their career aspirations with personal meaning and the university's religious mission. Grounded in the belief that holistic education fosters lifelong success, BYU emphasizes the development of the "total person," including moral and spiritual dimensions. Findings reveal that student success is not solely measured by employment outcomes …
Opposing Roles For Iron Transport Systems In Gallium Tolerance In Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia Coli, Nagama Parveen
Opposing Roles For Iron Transport Systems In Gallium Tolerance In Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia Coli, Nagama Parveen
Theses and Dissertations
Iron is required for bacterial growth because it serves as a co-factor for enzymes involved in DNA synthesis, cellular respiration, and other processes. Disrupting bacterial iron homeostasis is an effective strategy to prevent the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and gallium (Ga³⁺) has emerged as a promising candidate due to its ability to displace iron (Fe³⁺) and prevent essential iron-dependent pathways. However, Escherichia coli are naturally less sensitive to gallium than many other bacteria, and the mechanisms that control gallium tolerance are not completely understood. To address this, we performed a genome-wide transposon sequencing (TnSeq) screen to identify genes important for …
Feasibility Of A Novel Combined Treatment For Apraxia Of Speech, Claire Evans Jensen
Feasibility Of A Novel Combined Treatment For Apraxia Of Speech, Claire Evans Jensen
Theses and Dissertations
Apraxia of speech (AOS) is a disorder of articulation and prosody interrupting the spatial and temporal planning and/or programming of speech movements and commonly co-occurs with aphasia. Most AOS treatment research has used single case experimental designs (SCEDS) to document the effects of treatment. The strength of SCEDs is that they can demonstrate clear causal relations between intervention and behavior change. The most studied AOS treatment is an articulatory-kinematic treatment called Sound Production Treatment (SPT). This study was designed to examine the effects of a novel treatment, Sound Production Treatment in a Metrical- Paced Frame (SPTMF), on the speech production …
Predicting The Yield Strength Of Aluminum Alloys Based On Composition, Clinton K. Waite
Predicting The Yield Strength Of Aluminum Alloys Based On Composition, Clinton K. Waite
Theses and Dissertations
This work describes a model to predict the yield strength of aluminum alloys, in either an annealed or T6 (peak aged) state, based solely on its composition. This is accomplished through the analyses of strengthening mechanisms common to aluminum, of which a novel semi-empirical model to predict precipitation strengthening is discussed. Solid solution strengthening and grain boundary strengthening are more simplistically considered but with significant accuracy. It is shown that by combining the strength contributions of each strengthening mechanism, the overall yield strength can be predicted by its composition in any of the 1xxx-7xxx series alloys. This allows the model …
Recent Advances In Developing Cell-Free Protein Synthesis Biosensors For Medical Diagnostics And Environmental Monitoring, Tyler P. Green, Joseph P. Talley, Bradley Charles Bundy
Recent Advances In Developing Cell-Free Protein Synthesis Biosensors For Medical Diagnostics And Environmental Monitoring, Tyler P. Green, Joseph P. Talley, Bradley Charles Bundy
Faculty Publications
Cell-free biosensors harness the selectivity of cellular machinery without living cells’ constraints, offering advantages in environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, and biotechnological applications. This review examines recent advances in cell-free biosensor development, highlighting their ability to detect diverse analytes including heavy metals, organic pollutants, pathogens, and clinical biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity. We analyze technological innovations in cell-free protein synthesis optimization, preservation strategies, and field deployment methods that have enhanced sensitivity, and practical applicability. The integration of synthetic biology approaches has enabled complex signal processing, multiplexed detection, and novel sensor designs including riboswitches, split reporter systems, and metabolic sensing modules. …
Classification And Analysis Of Families Of Graphs With Focus On Nordhaus-Gaddum Bounds, Sibi Pranav Muthuprakash
Classification And Analysis Of Families Of Graphs With Focus On Nordhaus-Gaddum Bounds, Sibi Pranav Muthuprakash
Theses and Dissertations
Nordhaus-Gaddum type problems focus on bounding characteristics of graph and its complement. There are certain families of graphs which yield optimal upper bounds on various Nordhaus-Gaddum characteristics of graph. In this paper, we will talk about bounding combinatorial algebraic connectivity, normalized algebraic connectivity, the Cheeger constant, and the isoperimetric number of a graph and its complement. We will identify some optimal or near optimal families of graphs and conduct an analysis on these families that will help to bound these characteristics. We will also prove and conjecture some bounds that can help in formulating stronger bounds on these characteristics of …
Understanding Administrator Approaches To Trauma-Informed Care: Findings From A Mixed Methods Study, Megan Coalwell
Understanding Administrator Approaches To Trauma-Informed Care: Findings From A Mixed Methods Study, Megan Coalwell
Theses and Dissertations
Traumatic events during childhood have been termed adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Experiencing traumatic events or ACEs is common for school-aged children. Research reports indicate that as many as two out of three children will experience at least one traumatic event by the time they are eighteen. The negative effects of experiencing trauma are well documented. Trauma can lead to long-term outcomes in adults such as chronic health problems, mental health problems, substance misuse, and even early death. During childhood, it can lead to internalizing and externalizing problems, as well as difficulties in school. Trauma-Informed Care (TIC) is an approach to …
Flowdb: A Complete Method For Extracting Queries From Functional Programs, Koby J. Lewis
Flowdb: A Complete Method For Extracting Queries From Functional Programs, Koby J. Lewis
Theses and Dissertations
Programmers working on database-backed applications frequently face trade-offs between designing maintainable software and efficient software due to the overhead of querying a database. We demonstrate FlowDB, an analysis for database-backed programs that can aid in program transformations that allow a program to be written in a maintainable style while still being performant. FlowDB employs demand-driven control flow analysis (DCFA) to produce a set of query sites that may be evaluated during the execution of a program. This set of query sites may then be used by a developer or compiler to cache needed results.
An Active Quasi-Circulator Ic And Technique For 1-255 Mhz Resonance-Based Spectroscopic Impedance Plethysmography, Sharisse Poff
An Active Quasi-Circulator Ic And Technique For 1-255 Mhz Resonance-Based Spectroscopic Impedance Plethysmography, Sharisse Poff
Theses and Dissertations
Impedance measurement is a promising avenue for noninvasive glucosemonitoring. Specifically,resonance-basedimpedancemeasurements exhibit good correlation with glucose levels at excitations from tens of MHztoover 100 MHz. Additionally, plethysmographic impedance measurements are needed to separate arterial blood signals, which contain strongerglucose information, frominterstitialfluidsignals. Weanticipate that plethysmographic measurements across a range of frequencies— spectroscopic plethysmography—at excitations from tens to over 100 MHz could enable resonance-based monitoring with higher selectivity for arterial glucose than previous work. Afour-point impedance measurement circuit is designed, and its ability to measure constant and periodically time-varying impedance is demonstrated. This circuit presents high impedance to the device-undertest (DUT), which fails …
The Effects Of A Tier 2 Intervention On The Behavior Of Elementary School Students Participating In Second Step: Enhancing A Schoolwide Social-Emotional Learning Curriculum, Charlotte Annalee Kennington
The Effects Of A Tier 2 Intervention On The Behavior Of Elementary School Students Participating In Second Step: Enhancing A Schoolwide Social-Emotional Learning Curriculum, Charlotte Annalee Kennington
Theses and Dissertations
After reviewing the current research literature on the effects of social-emotional learning (SEL) on the behavior of elementary-age children, it was clear that there was limited research data on the effects of Tier 2 interventions designed to augment the effects of schoolwide SEL programs. Specifically, to what extent could a brief, group-delivered intervention improve the academic engagement, problem behavior, and socially appropriate comments of fifth-grade students receiving schoolwide SEL through Second Step in a traditional public school? Three fifth-grade students were recruited to participate in this study who all engaged in frequent problem behavior during Second Step lessons and throughout …
Commitment And Betrayal In Intimate Relationships: A Grounded Theory Analysis, Megan Van Alfen Brown
Commitment And Betrayal In Intimate Relationships: A Grounded Theory Analysis, Megan Van Alfen Brown
Theses and Dissertations
Commitment and betrayal are key aspects of a relationship that have impact on the quality or health of the relationship. The purpose of this paper was to use qualitative grounded theory methods to explore how commitment and betrayal are experienced in intimate relationships and to explore the outcomes of both. The data were taken from a larger project on healthy and unhealthy relationships where participants were recruited through convenience and theoretical sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and constructivist grounded theory methods were used to code, generate, and refine prominent categories in the data. Findings revealed that commitment is experienced through …
Characterizing Host And Viral Factors Relevant To Turkey Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus-Induced Immunosuppression, Abraham Quaye
Characterizing Host And Viral Factors Relevant To Turkey Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus-Induced Immunosuppression, Abraham Quaye
Theses and Dissertations
Turkey hemorrhagic enteritis virus (THEV) is an adenovirus (AdV) that causes hemorrhagic enteritis (HE) in turkeys, a debilitating disease affecting predominantly 6-12-week-old turkey poults characterized by immunosuppression (IMS) and intestinal lesions leading to bloody diarrhea. Although a naturally-occurring avirulent THEV strain has been adopted as live vaccine and has proven effective at preventing HE in turkeys, it still retains its immunosuppressive ability. Thus, vaccinated birds are rendered more susceptible to opportunistic infections and death than unvaccinated cohorts, leading to substantial economic losses. This dissertation focuses on elucidating both host and viral factors mediating THEV-induced IMS in turkeys. As THEV gene …
Characterizing Gastric Cancer Tumor Immune Microenvironment Through Extracellular Vesicles, Claire Elizabeth Bruno
Characterizing Gastric Cancer Tumor Immune Microenvironment Through Extracellular Vesicles, Claire Elizabeth Bruno
Theses and Dissertations
The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) critically influences cancer progression and determining therapeutic response. As immunotherapies continue to improve and reshape cancer treatments, there is a need for tools that can more efficiently and accurately assess and monitor the TIME. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially small EVs (sEVs), are lipid-bound nanoparticles that carry proteins, DNA, and RNA reflective of their cell of origin, offering a novel, non-invasive biomarker of the TIME. This makes them a promising candidate for immune profiling and treatment monitoring in cancer. This thesis investigates the potential of EVs as biomarkers for TIME composition and immune activity. An analysis …
Modeling Steady-State Navier-Stokes Flow Using Structure-Preserving Truncated Hierarchical B-Splines, Daira Sofia Velasco Vega
Modeling Steady-State Navier-Stokes Flow Using Structure-Preserving Truncated Hierarchical B-Splines, Daira Sofia Velasco Vega
Theses and Dissertations
Accurate simulation of incompressible steady-state fluid flow is critical for engineering applications where mass conservation, numerical stability, and geometric fidelity are essential. This thesis develops and analyzes a structure-preserving isogeometric framework for steady-state incompressible Navier"“Stokes simulations using truncated hierarchical B-splines (THB-splines). By leveraging divergence-conforming spline spaces designed to keep the fluid's divergence exactly zero based on the mathematical de Rham complex, this method ensures the fluid remains incompressible everywhere without needing extra stabilization techniques. The use of THB-splines allows the mesh to be refined locally in areas where the flow changes sharply. It still keeps the solution smooth and ensures …