Digital Commons Network^™

Seeking Solace: Regret, Grief, Anxiety, Rebecca Schroeder

Honors Projects

Seeking Solace: Regret, Grief, Anxiety is a triptych video and artifact piece inspired by the abstract analysis of my dreams. It recognizes worries held within my subconscious and brings them to life through graphic design, photography, and video. The process of creating provides a new perspective of looking at both art and occupational therapy as methods of solving emotional distress.

I have recorded over 80 of my dreams in the past year. In these dreams, regret, grief, and anxiety are common themes. These themes are represented in three triptychs that cycle through past, present, and future problems. The cycling of …

The Bg News March 01, 2016, Bowling Green State University

BG News (Student Newspaper)

The BGSU campus student newspaper. March 01, 2016. Volume 95-Issue 48.

Exploring Validity And Reliability For The Revised Smps Look-For Protocol, Jonathan D. Bostic, Gabriel T. Matney, Toni Sondergeld

School of Teaching and Learning Faculty Publications

The Standards for Mathematical Practice (SMPs) describe mathematical behaviors and habits that students should express during mathematics instruction. Thus teachers should promote them during classroom-based mathematics instruction. The purpose of this manuscript is to discuss the validation process for an observation protocol called the Revised SMPs Look-for Protocol, which is meant to fill this gap. An implication of this study is that users with a robust understanding of the SMPs may feel confident using the protocol as a validated and reliable tool in research and school-based settings.

The Bg News February 16, 2016, Bowling Green State University

BG News (Student Newspaper)

The BGSU campus student newspaper. February 16, 2016. Volume 95-Issue 44.

The Bg News January 26, 2016, Bowling Green State University

BG News (Student Newspaper)

The BGSU campus student newspaper. January, 26, 2016. Volume 95-Issue 38.

The Bg News January 21, 2016, Bowling Green State University

BG News (Student Newspaper)

The BGSU campus student newspaper. January 21, 2016. Volume 95-Issue 37.

The Bg News January 14, 2016, Bowling Green State University

BG News (Student Newspaper)

The BGSU campus student newspaper. January 14, 2016. Volume 95-Issue 35.

Race And Historiography: Advancing A Critical-Realist Approach, Dafina-Lazarus Stewart

Higher Education and Student Affairs Faculty Publications

This scholarly essay interrogates the seemingly necessary engagement of normative and essentialist characterizations of identity in the historical study of race in U.S. higher education. The author’s study of the experiences of Black collegians in private, liberal arts colleges in the Midwestern Great Lakes region between 1945 and 1965 grounds this discussion. Although engaging racial essentialism is necessary, the author presents alternative treatments of historicizing race to illustrate the benefits of a critical-realist approach to producing a synthetic cultural educational history.

Fractionating Choice: A Study On Reward Discrimination, Preference, And Relative Valuation In The Rat (Rattus Norvegicus), Joshua M. Ricker, Justin D. Hatch, Daniel D. Powers, Howard C. Cromwell

Psychology Faculty Publications

Choice behavior combines discrimination between distinctive outcomes, preference for specific outcomes and relative valuation of comparable outcomes. Previous work has focused on 1 component (i.e., preference) disregarding other influential processes that might provide a more complete understanding. Animal models of choice have been explored primarily utilizing extensive training, limited freedom for multiple decisions and sparse behavioral measures constrained to a single phase of motivated action. The present study used a paradigm that combines different elements of previous methods with the goal to distinguish among components of choice and explore how well components match predictions based on risk-sensitive foraging strategies. In …

Computer Proficiency For Online Learning: Factorial Invariance Of Scores Among Teachers, Amy L. Martin, Todd D. Reeves, Thomas J. Smith, David A. Walker

Mid-Western Educational Researcher

Online learning is variously employed in K-12 education, including for teacher professional development. However, the use of computer-based technologies for learning purposes assumes learner computer proficiency, making this construct an important domain of procedural knowledge in formal and informal online learning contexts. Addressing this concern, this study examined the score properties and invariance (N=11,709) of an eight-item self-report measure of computer proficiency for online learning, the CPOL. Results from a confirmatory factor analysis suggest that the hypothesized unidimensional structure undergirded the instrument’s scores, and invariance analyses suggested that the instrument functions similarly across teacher populations defined by gender, grade level …

Guidelines For Using The Q Test In Meta-Analysis, Yukiko Maeda, Michael R. Harwell

Mid-Western Educational Researcher

The Q test is regularly used in meta-analysis to examine variation in effect sizes. However, the assumptions of Q are unlikely to be satisfied in practice prompting methodological researchers to conduct computer simulation studies examining its statistical properties. Narrative summaries of this literature are available but a quantitative synthesis of study findings for using the Q test has not appeared. We quantitatively synthesized estimated Type I error rates and power values of a sample of computer simulation studies of the Q test. The results suggest that Q should not be used for standardized mean difference effect sizes like Hedges’ g …

Coach-Athlete Communication: Coaching Style, Leadership Characteristics, And Psychological Outcomes, Lashell West

Master of Education in Applied Human Development Graduate Projects

The way communication affects coaches and athletes depends on the content of the message, method of delivery, and the relationship between the sender and receiver(s). This manual addresses the different social agents that should be considered when delivering a message effectively to either a coach, athlete, or teammate. A brief introduction of the relevant theories on leadership and communication, such as Self-Determination Theory and the Multi-dimensional Model of Leadership, is provided. The theories provide a background for understanding the basics of communication, coaching/ leadership styles, and the characteristics of good leadership. The remaining portion of the manual will discuss the …

Organizational Value Of Social Responsibility In Sport: Creating A Conceptual Framework, Joseph E. Durant

Master of Education in Applied Human Development Graduate Projects

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a growing phenomenon in the corporate world, and with its growth comes related research. One of the biggest questions surrounding CSR as a part of business plans is whether it has verifiable benefits to the firm. Businesses typically make decisions based on what is best for the firm, so to inquire about the benefits of CSR is natural. Existing literature supports the monetary benefits of CSR as well as identifies non-monetary outcomes that are beneficial to the firm. Amongst the corporate markets that CSR has inhabited, the sport market is unique in its inherent marketing …

Mental Illness In Intercollegiate Athletics: Educating And Planning For Emergencies, Danielle Coppes

Master of Education in Applied Human Development Graduate Projects

The mental health of athletes is a growing frontier that presents with its own specific risk factors and manifestations of different psychiatric disorders. The purpose of this project was to obtain information about specific psychological illnesses that can then be communicated to all athletes, coaches, administrators, athletic trainers, and other stake holders in the overall health of athletes as well as create an emergency action plan (EAP) for Bowling Green State University in the case of an emergent situation involving an athlete suffering from a mental illness. This project focuses on signs and symptoms of specific mental illnesses including major …

Relationships Among Perceived Recovery, Vertical Jump And Change In Repeated Sprint Performance, Stephanie Douglas

Master of Education in Applied Human Development Graduate Projects

Recovery has routinely been determined by using a counter movement vertical jump (CMJ). While a CMJ has been proven effective to determine recovery, there may be alternatives that are more efficient and less physically taxing such as the Perceived Recovery Status Scale (PRS). The PRS is a non-invasive, and accurate psychophysiological tool designed to measure recovery and its correlation to performance. PURPOSE: To determine the relationship between vertical jump and perceptual recovery status as a method for monitoring recovery during repeated sprint efforts. METHODS: Eight college-aged individuals (age=23±0.9 yr; Ht=65.3±4.2 in; Wt=67.1±9.3.4 kg; BF%=17.5±8.4) performed repeated sprints. The protocol consisted …

Combating The Challenges Of Working As An Athletic Trainer In An Ego-Oriented Motivational Climate: Theory To Practice, Genna A. Fusco

Master of Education in Applied Human Development Graduate Projects

Achievement goal theory explains the underlying reasons for why people do what they do (Roberts & Papaioannou, 2014). At the heart of this theory are two goal orientations; task-orientation which describe individuals who view success as making improvements and giving high effort, while ego-oriented individuals view success by outperforming others (Duda & Treasure, 2015). In addition to having individual goal orientations, motivational climate is a construct within achievement goal theory that describes the environment created by authority figures, via their words and actions (Duda et al., 2014). The environment created is described as either being task- or ego-oriented. Previous research …

The Journey Of Transitioning: Being A Trans-Athlete In College Sport, Alexandra Klein

Master of Education in Applied Human Development Graduate Projects

The NCAA’s stance on transgender athletes is such that universities should adopt new policies and practices to best provide equal opportunities for all transgender students wishing to compete on a collegiate athletic team. However, there is very little research about transgender athletes in college sport. This case study serves as the voice of one collegiate-athlete who is transitioning from female to male while continuing to be a Division I athlete. The limited research on transgender athletes provides some insight into their experiences before, during and after the athlete came out as transgender (e.g., Lucas-Carr & Krane, 2012; Semerjian & Cohen, …

The Motivation Of Seniors: Why They Participate In The Senior Games, Shuhui Zheng

Master of Education in Applied Human Development Graduate Projects

This project mainly talks about the reasons of senior athletes why they participate in the Senior Games. It was well known that physical exercise can promote healthy lifestyles and physical condition of human beings, and large numbers of research had been done to investigate the motives and benefits of youth and adults to do exercise. However, few researchers spent their time studying the motivational orientations of elderly adults to participate in activities, exercise or sports. Hence, the first purpose of this study is to reveal the reasons of seniors why they participate in sports, and the Senior Games is a …

Athletic Trainer’S Self-Confidence And Experience Level In Managing Exertional Heat Related Illnesses, Lindsey S. Griffes

Master of Education in Applied Human Development Graduate Projects

Objective: Explore the athletic trainer’s level of self-confidence and experience in managing and treating exertional heat illness. Design: Non-experimental, exploratory and descriptive research design. Participants: 110 respondents, 46% male, 54% female, representing all 10 National Athletic Trainers’ Association districts, highest representation from district four (N=50). Sixty-eight percent (68%) from high school outreach setting, 22% College or University settings, and 10% from clinic/hospital setting. Twenty-one percent of respondents reported earning ≥55K annual salary. Sixty-seven percent hold Masters degrees while 43% have practiced ≥11 years. Intervention: The Athletic Trainer’s Self-Confidence Scale (ATSCS), (scale range, 1=strongly agree to 7=strongly disagree) was distributed to …

How Does A Personal Trainer’S Appearance Impact How Potential Clients Perceive Them?, Kali Morgenstern

Master of Education in Applied Human Development Graduate Projects

Personal trainer’ duties are to assist clients with proper form, motivate, provide a sense of accountability, create individualized work out plans, and help clients achieve an overall healthy lifestyle. Oftentimes, personal trainers are judged base on physical appearance rather than certifications, education, and level of experience. The purpose of this study was to better understand how potential clients view personal trainers based on appearance. In an effort to assist and enhance the careers of personal trainers in the future, this study provides guidance regarding perceptions and opinions of potential clients. An Exploratory Design was used to lay the groundwork for …

What Effect Do Athletic Facilities Have On Recruitment Of Division I Athletes?, Daniel L. Sanger

Master of Education in Applied Human Development Graduate Projects

Context: Recruiting elite athletes to commit to a university athletic program is paramount in the success of any athletic department; in turn this has the potential to increase overall revenue and notoriety to the institution. Athletic facilities may have a significant role on an athlete’s selection process. Objective: To examine the impact sporting facilities have on the recruitment of Division I athletes. Design: Cross-sectional, descriptive study. Setting: Division I athletic program. Participants: 67 varsity athletes from 14 different teams. Intervention: A descriptive survey instrument was developed to identify the athlete’s top ten reasons they chose to attend/play for BGSU. Popular …

Being One Of The Gang: A Social Acceptance Approach To Establishing Productive Team Norms, Scott Graupensperger

Master of Education in Applied Human Development Graduate Projects

Social acceptance into a sport group is a critical motivating factor for sport participation. Indeed, this drive for in-group acceptance is also a key reason why individuals adhere to normative group behavior, which is sometimes dysfunctional, but often productive. The current theory-to-practice article offers a series of suggestions for coaches and practitioners, based on a framework that synthesizes components of the social identity approach (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) with the Waldron and Krane (2005) model. These suggestions are designed to create a sport environment that facilitates social acceptance, and subsequently promote the establishment of, and adherence to, productive team norms.

Korean And American Teachers’ Praising Styles And Teaching Practices, Hyeyoung Bang, Jungsub Kim

Mid-Western Educational Researcher

Praising is a crucial part of teaching performance that greatly impacts student performance and self-esteem. South Korean teachers are traditionally known to possess authoritarian attributes, whereas U.S. teachers have contradictory beliefs in terms of why and how to use praise. We used Q methodology among 16 American and 22 Korean teachers to understand their subjective views on their teaching and praising practices, intentions and orientations of praising in teaching. Five praising types were obtained. Most American teachers, dubbed as Proud Hedonistic Praisers, showed strong confidence in their teaching and a higher preference of praising. In contrast, most Korean teachers had …

Mcnair Scholars' Science, Technology, Engineering, And Mathematics (Stem) Graduate Experience: A Pilot Study, Senetta F. Bancroft, Susan Kushner Benson, Eugenia Johnson-Whitt

Mid-Western Educational Researcher

Nationally, racial and gender disparities persist in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines. These disparities are most notable at the doctoral level and are also found in the doctoral outcomes of Ronald E. McNair Postbaccalaureate Achievement Program participants (Scholars) despite opportunities designed to promote their doctoral success. Scholars from three McNair Programs were surveyed. The survey included items related to Scholars’ perceptions of their McNair Program experiences, graduate advisor relationship, and experiences with stereotype threat. Scholars overwhelmingly reported their McNair Program experiences as beneficial to their STEM graduate studies and their graduate research advisors as supportive. However, Black female …

Increasing Student Involvement In Ieps, Hannah Nolan-Spohn

Mid-Western Educational Researcher

Book Review

Centroid And Theoretical Rotation: Justification For Their Use In Q Methodology Research, Sue Ramlo

Mid-Western Educational Researcher

This manuscript’s purpose is to introduce Q as a methodology before providing clarification about the preferred factor analytical choices of centroid and theoretical (hand) rotation. Stephenson, the creator of Q, designated that only these choices allowed for scientific exploration of subjectivity while not violating assumptions associated with other choices like principal components (PCA) and Varimax. Although Q software offers Stephenson’s preferred choices as factor analytic options, today most Q methodologists use the more “modern” factor analytical choices of PCA and Varimax. Similarly, reviewers and critics of Q research often question the use of centroid with theoretical rotation, further discouraging their …

An Exploratory, Descriptive Study Of The Attitudes Of Instructors And Students Toward The Use Of Asynchronous Online Discussion At A Female University In Saudi Arabia, Hamed A. Alshahrani, David A. Walker

Mid-Western Educational Researcher

This exploratory, descriptive study examined instructor and female student attitudes toward asynchronous online discussion (AOD) in Saudi Arabia. Preliminary results, derived from an attitudinal-based survey, indicated that, in aggregate, instructors and students had positive attitudes toward using AOD at a female institution of higher education in Saudi Arabia. Inferentially, the two groups differed in their perceptions of using AOD in some instances. Additional results indicated that instructors were willing to teach using AOD and female students were agreeable to using AOD in their classes.

Student-Athlete Undergraduate Degree And Career Alignment, Courtney C. Cox

Master of Education in Applied Human Development Graduate Projects

Little research has been done on student-athletes after graduation. The question driving this study was do athletes use their degree after graduation in lieu of academic clustering, fraud, emphasis on winning and athletic identity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not student-athletes undergraduate degree and career alignment was greater, less, or similar to the average collegiate body. Data was collected from 65 former male student-athletes from a Midwest Division I Mid-Major University over the 2009 through 2015 athletic seasons. Two sports were evaluated, Football (n= 54) and Men’s Basketball (n= 14). Degree fields were determined by …

Sports Gambling: Software Design, Tianyi Zhang

Master of Education in Applied Human Development Graduate Projects

Sports gambling has been an attractive controversy for a long time. Fantasy sports, similar to most sports lotteries and gambling, allows customers to put bets of their choices of players and win certain rewards according to the real game data in each famous Sports League such as NFL, MLB, NBA, etc. Although Fantasy sports has always been at the forefront of legal issue discussions, it has become a popular activity of Americans. Even media are invading this grey industry to support data analysis and news for citizens’ pleasure. Despite the negative influence of sports gambling, there are several bright aspects …

Senior Women Golfers: A Pilot Study Of Their Fitness Characteristics And Mood Disturbance After Exercise, Matt Smith

Master of Education in Applied Human Development Graduate Projects

Senior golfers (>50 yrs of age) constitute more than 25% of the approximately 20 million Americans who are “committed” golfers (NGF, 2016). Golf is an excellent way to stay physically active and to participate in a “lifetime” sport. PURPOSE: The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate how senior golfers performed both functional and golf-specific fitness tests, and a 6-minute walk test (6-MWT) (aerobic fitness test). Possible changes in mood also were monitored before and after the 6-MWT to determine if walking influenced their total mood disturbance score (TMD). METHOD: Twelve female senior golfers (mean age of 62.9 …