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Air Force Institute of Technology

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Interband Transitions And Critical Points Of Single-Crystal Thoria Compared With Urania, Christina L. Dugan, Lu Wang, Kai Zhang, James Matthew Mann, Martin M. Kimani, Wai-Ning Mei, Peter A. Dowben, James C. Petrosky Nov 2022

Interband Transitions And Critical Points Of Single-Crystal Thoria Compared With Urania, Christina L. Dugan, Lu Wang, Kai Zhang, James Matthew Mann, Martin M. Kimani, Wai-Ning Mei, Peter A. Dowben, James C. Petrosky

Faculty Publications

The interband transitions of UO2 are validated independently through cathode luminescence. A picture emerges consistent with density functional theory. While theory is generally consistent with experiment, it is evident from the comparison of UO2 and ThO2 that the choice of functional can significantly alter the bandgap and some details of the band structure, in particular at the conduction band minimum. Strictly ab initio predictions of the optical properties of the actinide compounds, based on density functional theory alone, continue to be somewhat elusive.

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Optimizing Switching Of Non-Linear Properties With Hyperbolic Metamaterials, James A. Ethridge, John G. Jones, Manuel R. Ferdinandus, Michael J. Havrilla, Michael A. Marciniak Nov 2022

Optimizing Switching Of Non-Linear Properties With Hyperbolic Metamaterials, James A. Ethridge, John G. Jones, Manuel R. Ferdinandus, Michael J. Havrilla, Michael A. Marciniak

Faculty Publications

Hyperbolic metamaterials have been demonstrated to have special potential in their linear response, but the extent of their non-linear response has not been extensively modeled or measured. In this work, novel non-linear behavior of an ITO/SiO2 layered hyperbolic metamaterial is modeled and experimentally confirmed, specifically a change in the sign of the non-linear absorption with intensity. This behavior is tunable and can be achieved with a simple one-dimensional layered design. Fabrication was performed with physical vapor deposition, and measurements were conducted using the Z-scan technique. Potential applications include tunable optical switches, optical limiters, and tunable components of laser sources.

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Incentivizing Innovation: Promoting Technical Competency To Win Future Wars., James E. Bevins Oct 2022

Incentivizing Innovation: Promoting Technical Competency To Win Future Wars., James E. Bevins

Faculty Publications

Despite numerous studies and initiatives, most current Air Force efforts to add science and technology talent have been insufficient. This begs the question: How does the Air Force incentivize and promote the necessary technical competence required to win future competition, conflicts, and wars? Several key initiatives, grounded in behavioral economics, can incentivize innovation and pursue science and technology expertise. Developed in the context of peer adversaries’ actions; global trends in technology, competition, and conflict; and the global competition for science and technology talent, these recommendations have the potential to reform institutional culture and unleash the creativity and talent of the …

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Oxygen Vacancies In Lib3O5 Crystals And Their Role In Nonlinear Absorption, Brian C. Holloway, Christopher A. Lenyk, Timothy D. Gustafson, Nancy C. Giles Oct 2022

Oxygen Vacancies In Lib3O5 Crystals And Their Role In Nonlinear Absorption, Brian C. Holloway, Christopher A. Lenyk, Timothy D. Gustafson, Nancy C. Giles

Faculty Publications

LiB3O5 (LBO) crystals are used to generate the second, third, and fourth harmonics of near-infrared solid-state lasers. At high power levels, the material’s performance is adversely affected by nonlinear absorption. We show that as-grown crystals contain oxygen and lithium vacancies. Transient absorption bands are formed when these intrinsic defects serve as traps for “free” electrons and holes created by x rays or by three- and four-photon absorption processes. Trapped electrons introduce a band near 300 nm and trapped holes produce bands in the 500-600 nm region. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is used to identify and characterize the …

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Innovation Transition Success: Practice Doesn't Make Perfect, Kaitlyn Ryan, Amy M. Cox, Ethan Blake, Clay Koschnick, Alfred E. Thal Jr. Oct 2022

Innovation Transition Success: Practice Doesn't Make Perfect, Kaitlyn Ryan, Amy M. Cox, Ethan Blake, Clay Koschnick, Alfred E. Thal Jr.

Faculty Publications

The authors of this research examine and evaluate organizational factors associated with commercialization under the Air Force Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program. Their objective is to improve return on investment. The data set used was the SBIR Phase II program data set, which contains information on 433 SBIR topics with closed contracts reported during Department of Defense (DoD) fiscal years (FYs) 2015 to 2018. Each data point contained characteristics of the topic, including commercialization. Military capability or topic areas were hypothesized to have varying commercialization rates. Incumbency was theorized to be a characteristic of successful programs, while increased company …

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Deep-Turbulence Phase Compensation Using Tiled Arrays, Mark F. Spencer, Terry J. Brennan Sep 2022

Deep-Turbulence Phase Compensation Using Tiled Arrays, Mark F. Spencer, Terry J. Brennan

Faculty Publications

Tiled arrays use modulo-2π phase compensation and coherent beam combination to correct for the effects of deep turbulence. As such, this paper uses wave-optics simulations to compare the closed-loop performance of tiled arrays to a branch-point-tolerant phase reconstructor known as LSPV+7 [Appl. Opt. 53, 3821 (2014) [CrossRef] ]. The wave-optics simulations make use of a point-source beacon and are setup with weak-to-strong scintillation conditions. This setup enables a trade-space exploration in support of a power-in-the-bucket comparison with LSPV+7. In turn, the results show that tiled arrays outperform LSPV+7 when transitioning from weak-to-strong scintillation conditions. These results are both …

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Pulse-Quality Metric For Nonstationary Partially Coherent Fields, Milo W. Hyde Iv, Olga Korotkova, Mark F. Spencer Sep 2022

Pulse-Quality Metric For Nonstationary Partially Coherent Fields, Milo W. Hyde Iv, Olga Korotkova, Mark F. Spencer

Faculty Publications

This paper generalizes a pulse-quality metric referred to as P2, i.e., the time analogue of Siegman’s beam quality factor M2, to include pulsed (nonstationary) random fields of any state of coherence. The analysis begins with the derivation of a general P2 relation, which we then specialize to the important cases of coherent and Schell-model pulsed beams. As examples, we derive the P2 for two stochastic sources: (1) a cosine Gaussian-correlated Schell-model pulsed beam and (2) a nonuniformly correlated pulsed beam. For both of these sources, we generate (in simulation) random instances of each and …

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Quantifying Dds-Cerberus Network Control Overhead, Andrew T. Park, Nathaniel R. Peck, Richard Dill, Douglas D. Hodson, Michael R. Grimaila, Wayne C. Henry Sep 2022

Quantifying Dds-Cerberus Network Control Overhead, Andrew T. Park, Nathaniel R. Peck, Richard Dill, Douglas D. Hodson, Michael R. Grimaila, Wayne C. Henry

Faculty Publications

Securing distributed device communication is critical because the private industry and the military depend on these resources. One area that adversaries target is the middleware, which is the medium that connects different systems. This paper evaluates a novel security layer, DDS-Cerberus (DDS-C), that protects in-transit data and improves communication efficiency on data-first distribution systems. This research contributes a distributed robotics operating system testbed and designs a multifactorial performance-based experiment to evaluate DDS-C efficiency and security by assessing total packet traffic generated in a robotics network. The performance experiment follows a 2:1 publisher to subscriber node ratio, varying the number of …

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Distribution Of Dds-Cerberus Authenticated Facial Recognition Streams, Andrew T. Park, Nathaniel Peck, Richard Dill, Douglas D. Hodson, Michael R. Grimaila, Wayne C. Henry Sep 2022

Distribution Of Dds-Cerberus Authenticated Facial Recognition Streams, Andrew T. Park, Nathaniel Peck, Richard Dill, Douglas D. Hodson, Michael R. Grimaila, Wayne C. Henry

Faculty Publications

Successful missions in the field often rely upon communication technologies for tactics and coordination. One middleware used in securing these communication channels is Data Distribution Service (DDS) which employs a publish-subscribe model. However, researchers have found several security vulnerabilities in DDS implementations. DDS-Cerberus (DDS-C) is a security layer implemented into DDS to mitigate impersonation attacks using Kerberos authentication and ticketing. Even with the addition of DDS-C, the real-time message sending of DDS also needs to be upheld. This paper extends our previous work to analyze DDS-C’s impact on performance in a use case implementation. The use case covers an artificial …

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Analytic Case Study Using Unsupervised Event Detection In Multivariate Time Series Data, Jeremy M. Wightman Sep 2022

Analytic Case Study Using Unsupervised Event Detection In Multivariate Time Series Data, Jeremy M. Wightman

Theses and Dissertations

Analysis of cyber-physical systems (CPS) has emerged as a critical domain for providing US Air Force and Space Force leadership decision advantage in air, space, and cyberspace. Legacy methods have been outpaced by evolving battlespaces and global peer-level challengers. Automation provides one way to decrease the time that analysis currently takes. This thesis presents an event detection automation system (EDAS) which utilizes deep learning models, distance metrics, and static thresholding to detect events. The EDAS automation is evaluated with case study of CPS domain experts in two parts. Part 1 uses the current methods for CPS analysis with a qualitative …

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Analysis Of Graph Layout Algorithms For Use In Command And Control Network Graphs, Matthew R. Stone Sep 2022

Analysis Of Graph Layout Algorithms For Use In Command And Control Network Graphs, Matthew R. Stone

Theses and Dissertations

This research is intended to determine which styles of layout algorithm are well suited to Command and Control (C2) network graphs to replace current manual layout methods. Manual methods are time intensive and an automated layout algorithm should decrease the time spent creating network graphs. Simulations on realistic synthetically generated graphs provide information to help infer which algorithms perform better than others on this problem. Data is generated using statistics drawn from multiple real world C2 network graphs. The three algorithms tested against this data are the Spectral algorithm, the Dot algorithm, and the Fruchterman-Reingold algorithm. The results include a …

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Learning Robust Radio Frequency Fingerprints Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks, Jose A. Gutierrez Del Arroyo Sep 2022

Learning Robust Radio Frequency Fingerprints Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks, Jose A. Gutierrez Del Arroyo

Theses and Dissertations

Radio Frequency Fingerprinting (RFF) techniques, which attribute uniquely identifiable signal distortions to emitters via Machine Learning (ML) classifiers, are limited by fingerprint variability under different operational conditions. First, this work studied the effect of frequency channel for typical RFF techniques. Performance characterization using the multi-class Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) revealed that using frequency channels other than those used to train the models leads to deterioration in MCC to under 0.05 (random guess), indicating that single-channel models are inadequate for realistic operation. Second, this work presented a novel way of studying fingerprint variability through Fingerprint Extraction through Distortion Reconstruction (FEDR), a …

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Impact Of Operational And Restoration Interdependencies On Cost And Disruptive Effect In Multilayered Infrastructure Networks, Brigham A. Moore, Steven J. Schuldt, Ramana V. Grandhi, David R. Jacques Sep 2022

Impact Of Operational And Restoration Interdependencies On Cost And Disruptive Effect In Multilayered Infrastructure Networks, Brigham A. Moore, Steven J. Schuldt, Ramana V. Grandhi, David R. Jacques

Faculty Publications

Network-based modeling and simulation of interdependent infrastructure systems has traditionally modeled 1 to 2 interdependency subtypes within a given model. Typically, different interdependency subtypes are modeled with special sets, variables, and parameters rather than integrated into the model as a standard feature. The most thorough current modeling efforts have modeled only four of the nine interdependency subtypes identified throughout academic literature. This paper presents the first model to incorporate all nine of the identified interdependency subtypes in a multiobjective mixed-integer program. The model is tested using a simulated flood event and a modified interdependent infrastructure dataset representing a medium- to …

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Analyzing Microarchitectural Residue In Various Privilege Strata To Identify Computing Tasks, Tor J. Langehaug Sep 2022

Analyzing Microarchitectural Residue In Various Privilege Strata To Identify Computing Tasks, Tor J. Langehaug

Theses and Dissertations

Modern multi-tasking computer systems run numerous applications simultaneously. These applications must share hardware resources including the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and memory while maximizing each application’s performance. Tasks executing in this shared environment leave residue which should not reveal information. This dissertation applies machine learning and statistical analysis to evaluate task residue as footprints which can be correlated to identify tasks. The concept of privilege strata, drawn from an analogy with physical geology, organizes the investigation into the User, Operating System, and Hardware privilege strata. In the User Stratum, an adversary perspective is taken to build an interrogator program that …

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Enabling Rapid Chemical Analysis Of Plutonium Alloys Via Machine Learning-Enhanced Atomic Spectroscopy Techniques, Ashwin P. Rao Sep 2022

Enabling Rapid Chemical Analysis Of Plutonium Alloys Via Machine Learning-Enhanced Atomic Spectroscopy Techniques, Ashwin P. Rao

Theses and Dissertations

Analytical atomic spectroscopy methods have the potential to provide solutions for rapid, high fidelity chemical analysis of plutonium alloys. Implementing these methods with advanced analytical techniques can help reduce the chemical analysis time needed for plutonium pit production, directly enabling the 80 pit-per-year by 2030 manufacturing goal outlined in the 2018 Nuclear Posture Review. Two commercial, handheld elemental analyzers were validated for potential in situ analysis of Pu. A handheld XRF device was able to detect gallium in a Pu surrogate matrix with a detection limit of 0.002 wt% and a mean error of 8%. A handheld LIBS device was …

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Multichannel Blind Deconvolution Of Circularly Polarized Imagery, Patrick B. Cunningham Sep 2022

Multichannel Blind Deconvolution Of Circularly Polarized Imagery, Patrick B. Cunningham

Theses and Dissertations

Current methods can be used to recreate an expected Stokes polarization vector from measured light for characterization purposes. However, this only applies to three of the Stokes parameters, that is, the linear polarization components. Circular polarization is not currently being utilized for object characterization because the mathematical complexity is greater than for that of linear polarization. This research will analyze a way to expand existing algorithms to include circular polarization and enable the complete reconstruction of the Stokes vector from the measured light into a blind deconvolution algorithm for Stokes estimation and image reconstruction.

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Quantum Error Detection Without Using Ancilla Qubits, Nicolas Guerrero Sep 2022

Quantum Error Detection Without Using Ancilla Qubits, Nicolas Guerrero

Theses and Dissertations

Quantum computers are beset by errors from a variety of sources. Although quantum error correction and detection codes have been developed since the 1990s, these codes require mid-circuit measurements in order to operate. In order to avoid these measurements we have developed a new error detection code that only requires state collapses at the end of the circuit, which we call no ancilla error detection (NAED). We investigate some of the mathematics behind NAED such as which codes can detect which errors. We then run NAED on three separate types of circuits: Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger circuits, phase dependent circuits, and a quantum …

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Leveraging Subject Matter Expertise To Optimize Machine Learning Techniques For Air And Space Applications, Philip Y. Cho Sep 2022

Leveraging Subject Matter Expertise To Optimize Machine Learning Techniques For Air And Space Applications, Philip Y. Cho

Theses and Dissertations

We develop new machine learning and statistical methods that are tailored for Air and Space applications through the incorporation of subject matter expertise. In particular, we focus on three separate research thrusts that each represents a different type of subject matter knowledge, modeling approach, and application. In our first thrust, we incorporate knowledge of natural phenomena to design a neural network algorithm for localizing point defects in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of crystalline materials. In our second research thrust, we use Bayesian feature selection and regression to analyze the relationship between fighter pilot attributes and flight mishap rates. We …

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Orthogonal Arrays And Legendre Pairs, Kristopher N. Kilpatrick Sep 2022

Orthogonal Arrays And Legendre Pairs, Kristopher N. Kilpatrick

Theses and Dissertations

Well-designed experiments greatly improve test and evaluation. Efficient experiments reduce the cost and time of running tests while improving the quality of the information obtained. Orthogonal Arrays (OAs) and Hadamard matrices are used as designed experiments to glean as much information as possible about a process with limited resources. However, constructing OAs and Hadamard matrices in general is a very difficult problem. Finding Legendre pairs (LPs) results in the construction of Hadamard matrices. This research studies the classification problem of OAs and the existence problem of LPs. In doing so, it makes two contributions to the discipline. First, it improves …

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Orbit Determination With Event-Based Cameras To Improve Space Domain Awareness, Conor M. Wisentaner Sep 2022

Orbit Determination With Event-Based Cameras To Improve Space Domain Awareness, Conor M. Wisentaner

Theses and Dissertations

The objective of this research is to assess the utility of a COTS EBC for SDA applications by evaluating its ability to produce data for orbit updates of resident space objects. Unlike traditional frame-based imaging sensors, the pixels on an EBC activate independently when a change in brightness is detected to produce a continuous data flow on a per pixel basis. This unique functionality provides much higher temporal resolution than traditional frame-based sensors, such that an EBC can generate far more data points from a single observation than a frame-based sensor. However, current COTS EBCs have less spatial resolution than …

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Evaluating Performance Competencies In The Royal Saudi Air Force Engineering Directorate And Squadrons, Faisal A. Al Dawood Sep 2022

Evaluating Performance Competencies In The Royal Saudi Air Force Engineering Directorate And Squadrons, Faisal A. Al Dawood

Theses and Dissertations

The effectiveness of tasks performed by the directorate of aeronautical engineering and squadrons in RSAF directly impacts flight safety, which in turn influences the organization either positively or negatively. Therefore, improving engineers' competencies will improve the overall performance of the organization. The study refined and reconstructed a model, namely a T-shape competency model, to assess the engineers' competencies which revealed some management and competency-related deficiencies and concluded with managerial recommendations.

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Modern Approaches And Theoretical Extensions To The Multivariate Kolmogorov Smirnov Test, Gonzalo Hernando Sep 2022

Modern Approaches And Theoretical Extensions To The Multivariate Kolmogorov Smirnov Test, Gonzalo Hernando

Theses and Dissertations

Most statistical tests are fully developed for univariate data, but when inference is required for multivariate data, univariate tests risk information loss and interpretability. This research 1) derives and extends the multivariate Komolgorov Smirnov test for 2 and into m-dimensions, 2) derives small sample critical values for the KS test that are not reliant on sample size simulations or correlation between variables, 3) extends large sample estimations and current KS implementations, and 4) provides sample size and power calculations in order to enable experimental design with respect to testing for differences in distributions. Through extensive simulation, we demonstrate that our …

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Development Of A Security-Focused Multi-Channel Communication Protocol And Associated Quality Of Secure Service (Qoss) Metrics, Paul M. Simon Sep 2022

Development Of A Security-Focused Multi-Channel Communication Protocol And Associated Quality Of Secure Service (Qoss) Metrics, Paul M. Simon

Theses and Dissertations

The threat of eavesdropping, and the challenge of recognizing and correcting for corrupted or suppressed information in communication systems is a consistent challenge. Effectively managing protection mechanisms requires an ability to accurately gauge the likelihood or severity of a threat, and adapt the security features available in a system to mitigate the threat. This research focuses on the design and development of a security-focused communication protocol at the session-layer based on a re-prioritized communication architecture model and associated metrics. From a probabilistic model that considers data leakage and data corruption as surrogates for breaches of confidentiality and integrity, a set …

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Retention Prediction And Policy Optimization For United States Air Force Personnel Management, Joseph C. Hoecherl Sep 2022

Retention Prediction And Policy Optimization For United States Air Force Personnel Management, Joseph C. Hoecherl

Theses and Dissertations

Effective personnel management policies in the United States Air Force (USAF) require methods to predict the number of personnel who will remain in the USAF as well as to replenish personnel with different skillsets over time as they depart. To improve retention predictions, we develop and test traditional random forest models and feedforward neural networks as well as partially autoregressive forms of both, outperforming the benchmark on a test dataset by 62.8% and 34.8% for the neural network and the partially autoregressive neural network, respectively. We formulate the workforce replenishment problem as a Markov decision process for active duty enlisted …

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Improving Country Conflict And Peace Modeling: Datasets, Imputations, And Hierarchical Clustering, Benjamin D. Leiby Sep 2022

Improving Country Conflict And Peace Modeling: Datasets, Imputations, And Hierarchical Clustering, Benjamin D. Leiby

Theses and Dissertations

Many disparate datasets exist that provide country attributes covering political, economic, and social aspects. Unfortunately, this data often does not include all countries nor is the data complete for those countries included, as measured by the dataset’s missingness. This research addresses these dataset shortfalls in predicting country instability by considering country attributes in all aspects as well as in greater thresholds of missingness. First, a structured summary of past research is presented framed by a developed casual taxonomy and functional ontology. Additionally, a novel imputation technique for very large datasets is presented to account for moderate missingness in the expanded …

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Efficiency Quantification For Pulsed-Source Digital Holographic Wavefront Sensing, Steven A. Owens Sep 2022

Efficiency Quantification For Pulsed-Source Digital Holographic Wavefront Sensing, Steven A. Owens

Theses and Dissertations

The efficiencies of a digital holography (DH) system in the pulsed configuration and the off-axis image plane recording geometry are analyzed. First, the system efficiencies of an infrared-wavelength DH system in a homodyne-pulsed configuration are measured and compared to those of a visible-wavelength DH system in a homodyne-continuous-wave (CW) configuration. The total-system, excess-reference-noise, shot-noise-limit, and mixing efficiencies of the pulsed-source system were found to be consistent with those of the CW-source system. This indicated no new efficiencies were necessary to characterize pulsed-source systems when no temporal delay exists between the pulses. The consistency of efficiencies also showed infrared DH systems …

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Optimizing Optical Switching Of Non-Linear Hyperbolic Metamaterials, James A. Ethridge Sep 2022

Optimizing Optical Switching Of Non-Linear Hyperbolic Metamaterials, James A. Ethridge

Theses and Dissertations

Modern optical materials are engineered to be used as optical devices in specific applications, such as optical computing. For optical computing, efficient forms of a particular device, the optical switch, still have not been successfully demonstrated. This problem is addressed in this research through the use of designed optical metamaterials, specifically, hyperbolic metamaterials, which offer the possibility of large non-linear properties with a low switching intensity. One-dimensional layered hyperbolic metamaterials composed of alternating layers of metal and dielectric were used here, with ITO as the metal and SiO2 as the dielectric. The non-linear behavior of the ITO/SiO2 layered …

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Generative Methods, Meta-Learning, And Meta-Heuristics For Robust Cyber Defense, Marc W. Chalé Sep 2022

Generative Methods, Meta-Learning, And Meta-Heuristics For Robust Cyber Defense, Marc W. Chalé

Theses and Dissertations

Cyberspace is the digital communications network that supports the internet of battlefield things (IoBT), the model by which defense-centric sensors, computers, actuators and humans are digitally connected. A secure IoBT infrastructure facilitates real time implementation of the observe, orient, decide, act (OODA) loop across distributed subsystems. Successful hacking efforts by cyber criminals and strategic adversaries suggest that cyber systems such as the IoBT are not secure. Three lines of effort demonstrate a path towards a more robust IoBT. First, a baseline data set of enterprise cyber network traffic was collected and modelled with generative methods allowing the generation of realistic, …

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Statistical Inference On Desirability Function Optimal Points To Evaluate Multi-Objective Response Surfaces, Peter A. Calhoun Sep 2022

Statistical Inference On Desirability Function Optimal Points To Evaluate Multi-Objective Response Surfaces, Peter A. Calhoun

Theses and Dissertations

A shortfall of the Derringer and Suich (1980) desirability function is lack of inferential methods to quantify uncertainty. Most articles for addressing uncertainty usually involve robust methods, providing a point estimate that is less affected by variation. Few articles address confidence intervals or bands but not specifically for the Derringer and Suich method. This research provides two valuable contributions to the field of response surface methodology. The first contribution is evaluating the effect of correlation and plane angles on Derringer and Suich optimal solutions. The second contribution proposes and compares 8 inferential methods--both univariate and multivariate--for creating confidence intervals on …

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A Methodological Framework For Parametric Combat Analysis, Dustin L. Hayhurst Sr. Sep 2022

A Methodological Framework For Parametric Combat Analysis, Dustin L. Hayhurst Sr.

Theses and Dissertations

This work presents a taxonomic structure for understanding the tension between certain factors of stability for game-theoretic outcomes such as Nash optimality, Pareto optimality, and balance optimality and then applies such game-theoretic concepts to the advancement of strategic thought on spacepower. This work successfully adapts and applies combat modeling theory to the evaluation of cislunar space conflict. This work provides evidence that the reliability characteristics of small spacecraft share similarities to the reliability characteristics of large spacecraft. Using these novel foundational concepts, this dissertation develops and presents a parametric methodological framework capable of analyzing the efficacy of heterogeneous force compositions …

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