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Reexamining The Croton Aqueduct: A Ward-Level Microhistorical Analysis Of Infrastructure And Cholera Mortality In 1849 New York City, Alexandria R. Toothman
Reexamining The Croton Aqueduct: A Ward-Level Microhistorical Analysis Of Infrastructure And Cholera Mortality In 1849 New York City, Alexandria R. Toothman
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
This work reexamines the Croton Aqueduct’s role in public health by shifting analysis from the citywide level to the ward level, revealing that infrastructure expansion did not produce uniform benefits across New York City. When the Croton Aqueduct opened in 1842, it was celebrated as an achievement that would deliver pure water and eliminate disease. However, only seven years after its opening, in 1849, cholera returned with greater force in the Sixth Ward. This work shows that the uneven distribution of Croton infrastructure corresponded with uneven cholera mortality rates, challenging narratives that present Croton as a singular triumph of urban …
A History Of The Underground Comix Scene: The Seriousness Of An Unserious Genre, Harris Darcie Shugart
A History Of The Underground Comix Scene: The Seriousness Of An Unserious Genre, Harris Darcie Shugart
Master's Theses
The Underground Comix Scene of the 1960s and 1970s was born out of an age of censorship. The Comics Code Authority, a regulatory body created by the Comics Magazine Association of America in 1954, established guidelines requiring publishing houses to self-regulate following a recommendation from the United States Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency in 1953. Comix with an X, for their X-rated nature, represent an emerging counter-culture in the latter half of the 1960s and the 1970s, with an epicenter of San Francisco. These comix and their artists were not interested in obtaining the looming ‘Seal of Approval’ from the …
Gathering Knowledge, Sustaining Science: The Female Forager And American Mushroom Culture, 1880–1930, Madeline S. Dede-Panken
Gathering Knowledge, Sustaining Science: The Female Forager And American Mushroom Culture, 1880–1930, Madeline S. Dede-Panken
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
Unearthing origins of modern mycophilia, this dissertation explores the mushroom mania which reverberated through American society at the turn of the twentieth century, empowering Anglo-American women in new ways. America’s largely forgotten first mushroom fad illuminates gendered negotiations of foraging culture and public science. Beginning in the 1880s, a remarkable cohort of women helped turn mushrooms from shunned, mysterious organisms into wholesome delicacies for culinary and intellectual enrichment. Female enthusiasts fostered a vibrant mushroom culture and nationwide network of mycophiles. Culinary applications and poisoning fears legitimized women’s presence in scientific endeavors, positioning mycology as vital female knowledge for public safety …
The History Of The Constitution Is Our Future., Maggie Blackhawk
The History Of The Constitution Is Our Future., Maggie Blackhawk
Michigan Law Review
The Constitution of the United States establishes a government; it also stands as the fundamental law of a people. It shapes daily life, distributes power, and sets a direction for the future. And yet when we ask about the reach and meaning of the Constitution, we are increasingly told to look backward. The answers to our future are said to lie in the past.
Legends, Lies, & Rewritten Lives: After The Little Bighorn: Forgotten Struggles Of Those Who Walked Away, 2nd Edition, Thomas B. Davidson
Legends, Lies, & Rewritten Lives: After The Little Bighorn: Forgotten Struggles Of Those Who Walked Away, 2nd Edition, Thomas B. Davidson
DU Textbooks
This Story surrounds an event that occurred one summer on June 25, 1876, along the banks of the Little Bighorn River in what is now the state of Montana. Seen from a 21st century perch, it is a story of a collision between two very different civilizations or empires. Both empire’s military fought in the manner of their society. This narrative will attempt to balance the believable truth of what happened in that contest between the military representatives of both societies while also trying to tell an engaging story, without drifting into naked partisanship, purple prose, or sensationalism. The narrative …
The Dolor: How A Generation Of Women Quietly Lost Their Children, Alexis Mclean
The Dolor: How A Generation Of Women Quietly Lost Their Children, Alexis Mclean
University Honors Theses
This thesis is an exploration of the phenomenon of increased adoption rates between the years of 1945 and 1973 and attempts to establish a cohesive explanation for and image of the experience of these birth mothers. My research found that adoptions during this time period are generally characterized by the utilization of maternity homes, coercion, and secrecy. The typical birth mother during this time was white and middle class, emblematic of the motivations of their adoptions: to maintain an idealist image of their motherhood and maintain socioeconomic status. Despite this position framed by privilege, these women too often report having …
Petals And Pride: A Botanical History Of Queer Expression, Sarah O. Kowal
Petals And Pride: A Botanical History Of Queer Expression, Sarah O. Kowal
Graduate Masters Theses
“Petals and Pride” examines the historical use of flowers as enduring symbols of queer expression and persecution across diverse cultures and time periods, paying particular attention to violets, green carnations, roses, lilies, pansies, and lavender. This study begins with the appearance of violets in the works of the Ancient Greek poet Sappho and traces their adoption by the lesbian community of Paris at the turn of the twentieth century. Around this same time, another floral symbol emerged across the English Channel: the green carnation. Popularized by Oscar Wilde, the green carnation functioned in Victorian Britain as an emblem of sexuality …
Benjamin Harrison V: The Hidden Founding Father, Jennifer A. Worman
Benjamin Harrison V: The Hidden Founding Father, Jennifer A. Worman
Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History
Benjamin Harrison V was an avid patriot, central and influential to revolutionary conflict and resolution, yet his contributions to America’s independence have been historically underrecognized due to overshadowing or misrepresentation. His lack of historical subsistence is a result of deliberate strategy from political opponents, obscurity due to his proximity to modernly more famous founders, or both. Primary sources of private and public correspondence place Harrison right where he was in actuality, but history was written with him as a triviality, his name hardly referenced and often omitted from events proven to be misrepresented once original sources are observed. The dissociation …
Out Of Scotland, America Arose, Angela Winters
Out Of Scotland, America Arose, Angela Winters
Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History
Within the annals of history, the American Revolution and the subsequent Founding Era could rival any other historical time frame for the amount of academic analysis that has been conferred upon the people, the documents, and the overall trends that led up to the world-changing establishment of the United States of America. However, one area that has had comparatively little focus given to it is the contribution of Scottish political writings from centuries of unrest and continual attempts to maintain their sovereign rights as a free people. Often overlooked due to the celebrity-like status of French and English Enlightenment writers, …
M.E. Bradford And The American Founding, Avery White
M.E. Bradford And The American Founding, Avery White
Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History
M. E. Bradford (1934-1993), a professor of English at the University of Dallas, wrote several books and essays about the Founding and engaged in a debate with Harry Jaffa about its meaning. Bradford brought a unique perspective to the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence. Focusing on historical continuity, he argued the Founding occurred in the seventeenth century when settlers were first arriving. The American “Revolution” was a conservative event meant to preserve established institutions, a “preservation by amputation.” Bradford viewed the Declaration as a strictly political document meant to achieve independence and not a statement of revealed principles. This …
Revival Song: The Significance Of Hymns In The First Great Awakening, Kaeley E. Whitacre
Revival Song: The Significance Of Hymns In The First Great Awakening, Kaeley E. Whitacre
Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History
This paper highlights the transition in church music during the First Great Awakening in Colonial America. It argues that hymns and new psalmody had a mutually beneficial relationship in the Awakening, as they aided one another in emphasizing personal salvation experiences. Prior to the Awakening, English-speaking churches in Colonial America sung almost exclusively literal translations of Psalms in a more formalized call-and-response format. While current scholarship on the First Great Awakening broadly analyzes the primary tensions and debates within New England churches regarding changes in music, it does not provide a comprehensive overview of the introduction of hymns in Colonial …
Christianity’S Champion In The Early United States: An Analyzation Of Benjamin Rush’S Theological Beliefs And Their Impact On The Ideals For Which He Advocated, Micah Velarde
Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History
Benjamin Rush, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and champion of the fusion of evangelical Christianity in America’s founding. Though somewhat unknown to most, he helped profoundly shape the formation of the United States of America in a variety of ways. His life was greatly influenced by his Christian beliefs and upbringing, having grown up in a devoutly God-fearing family. During his adolescent and young adult years, particularly his time spent studying at Princeton, his biblical worldview was greatly shaped and began to take hold of his life’s work. He subscribed to several ideals and dreams of independence. Through …
Alexander Campbell: The Legacy And Limits Of The American Revolution, Joseph Francis Super
Alexander Campbell: The Legacy And Limits Of The American Revolution, Joseph Francis Super
Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History
On October 5, 1829, prominent Virginia leaders gathered in Richmond to debate amending the state constitution originally adopted in 1776. One of the delegates was clergyman Alexander Campbell from Brooke County (now West Virginia), a noted reformer and contrarian. His service at the convention reflected his realistic and decidedly non-triumphalist view of the American Revolution, one informed by the Christian theology undergirding his reform movement, the Disciples of Christ. Campbell believed tensions were an inescapable feature of natural human life. Life in Christ did not make them all disappear; rather, it made them clearer, although still not completely understood or …
A Terrible Tranquility: John Adams, Christian Stoicism, And The Architecture Of American Virtue, William E. Shook
A Terrible Tranquility: John Adams, Christian Stoicism, And The Architecture Of American Virtue, William E. Shook
Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History
This paper challenges the historiographical binary of a “secular” versus “Christian” American founding by examining the intellectual architecture of John Adams during his formative early years. It argues that Adams did not possess a static or fully articulated dogma but instead engaged in a dynamic, lifelong struggle to define virtue amid profound socio-political upheaval. To resolve the tension between the grandeur of Enlightenment liberalism, pagan classical ideals, and his own Christian faith, Adams forged a pressurized personal philosophy: a “Christian Stoicism.” Drawing on a close reading of his private Diary and Autobiography, this study demonstrates that his inherited Puritan …
The Education Of Methodists: Unexpected Outcomes, Taylor Schmalz
The Education Of Methodists: Unexpected Outcomes, Taylor Schmalz
Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History
From its founding, the heart of the Methodist church was education. John Wesley believed in the education of Christians, and the church sought out to give everyone a religious education. Two educational initiatives from leaders of the Methodist Church had long lasting ripple effects on American society as a whole. These unexpected outcomes had a large hand in helping social movements, the economy, and advancing medical initiatives. Looking at the Methodist Book of Concern and the Free African Society as case studies can show the Methodists as leaders in education and creating change in societal issues during the process. Methodist …
Nathan Hale And His One Life To Give, Veronica Riddle
Nathan Hale And His One Life To Give, Veronica Riddle
Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History
Nathan Hale and American Revolutionary War espionage may be just like any topic; however, it is important to examine as many sources as possible thoroughly on both espionage and Nathan Hale. Due to this, it is no different when looking at the study of Espionage throughout the Revolutionary War and the influential spies who made the American victory possible like Nathan Hale. Further on into the study of information on espionage throughout the war and its aftermath, it is also important to look back into the history of the war, even going as far as to examine the historical background …
The Brabant Revolution And The American Revolution: Striking Resemblances, John Norman Patterson
The Brabant Revolution And The American Revolution: Striking Resemblances, John Norman Patterson
Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History
The American Revolution was the second major Western democratic republican revolution to precede the French Revolution. It was followed by the Brabant Revolution a decade later. The resemblances between the American Revolution of 1765-1783 and the Brabant Revolution of 1789-1790 in the southern Netherlands are evident. Even though the Brabant Revolution was short-lived in comparison to the American Revolution, both populaces sought to establish national independence from a European power. In the case of the American Revolution, the thirteen colonies sought to free themselves from the tyranny of Great Britain. During the Brabant Revolution, nine provinces in the Austrian Netherlands …
Revolutionary Leader: The Political Influence Of George Washington, Schuyler Ogden
Revolutionary Leader: The Political Influence Of George Washington, Schuyler Ogden
Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History
There are certain elements that have defined western and American civilization. One of these is the belief and implementation of limited government. Limited government is the practice of limiting government powers as an effort to protect individual freedoms and property. Such aspects include separation of powers, checks and balances, term limits, and even federalism. There have been many voices and people that have influenced American history and western freedoms. Among the well-known thinkers who have influenced these freedoms are Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Alexander Hamilton, but one that is often overlooked is George Washington. Washington was not a political …
The Wall Of Separation Between Church God And State, James B. Morgan
The Wall Of Separation Between Church God And State, James B. Morgan
Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History
The metaphorical wall of separation between church and state is a staple in American discourse. It is often used not only to separate church involvement in government affairs, but also to separate the government from all standards of biblical morality and any attempts to impose such standards in the public sphere. As the phrase originated more than 200 years ago, many Americans may not understand the historiography of the phrase and how common interpretations have evolved over the course of American history. Where and how did the phrase originate and what is its true meaning? In what ways have interpretations …
Fidelity And Fortitude: Dolley Madison’S Political Ideas Of The First Lady, Olivia Mares
Fidelity And Fortitude: Dolley Madison’S Political Ideas Of The First Lady, Olivia Mares
Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History
Dolley Madison helped create the modern idea of a First Lady taking political action and stances through her work to reelect her husband James, build a thriving city and capital for the nation to enjoy, and unite the new republic, further solidifying its place in history for decades. Dolley’s theory of the First Lady made her responsible for organizing, launching, and legitimizing James’ administration and the new capital while growing a sense of Americanness. She believed it was part of her public duty to encourage republicanism and work towards social solutions to make a cohesive government without threatening the current …
The Us Marine Corps And The Battle Of Belleau Wood, William Maass
The Us Marine Corps And The Battle Of Belleau Wood, William Maass
Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History
The central question of this research is how the United States Marine Corps shifted from an auxiliary naval force to an elite, mobile fighting force, and the role that the Battle of Belleau Wood played in that transformation. The Battle of Belleau Wood, fought from June 1-26, 1918, in France during the First World War, was a pivotal engagement where untested American forces were able to stop and drive back the German advance in the Chateau-Thierry sector. While there were both Marines and Army soldiers present at the battle, newspapers disproportionally showed the Marines’ actions, which created a public image …
To Be Not Idle In The Chain Of Union: Establishing The Georgia Continental Line, Christopher Long
To Be Not Idle In The Chain Of Union: Establishing The Georgia Continental Line, Christopher Long
Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History
By the summer of 1776, Georgia was committed to the idea of separation from Great Britain and the formation of a union with twelve other rebelling colonies. Due to its relative youth as a colony and the presence of a popular and dynamic governor, Georgia was slow to embrace the revolutionary enthusiasm which gripped the other colonies. However, once the decision was made to rebel against British authorities, Georgia’s revolutionary leaders were eager to demonstrate their enthusiasm for the self-described cause of liberty. One method of displaying revolutionary enthusiasm was the establishment, at the request of congress, of regular, or …
Loyalists In The American Revolution: Identity, Allegiance And Exile, Katherine L. Kloepping
Loyalists In The American Revolution: Identity, Allegiance And Exile, Katherine L. Kloepping
Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History
This paper examines the Loyalists of the American Revolution, exploring how their allegiance to the British Crown shaped their identities, influenced their social and economic lives, and often resulted in exile. While the dominant narrative of the Revolution emphasizes the experiences and perspectives of Patriots, the Loyalists offer a crucial counter-narrative that reveals the diversity of thought, motivation, and consequence during this transformative period in American history. Loyalist choices were driven by a complex mix of cultural, economic, and personal factors rather than a single political ideology. Loyalists’ decisions were shaped by religion, work, and family concerns, highlighting the personal …
The Legacy And Influence Of The Gist Family On The Expansion And Independence Of The United States Of America, Alethea Kilgore
The Legacy And Influence Of The Gist Family On The Expansion And Independence Of The United States Of America, Alethea Kilgore
Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History
The Gist family of 17th-century Maryland left a lasting legacy and impact on the development of Baltimore, Maryland, and the first known Anglican parishes in this city. Descendants of the Gist family also played significant roles in the Western expansion of British Colonial America, Indian relations, and the victory of the American Revolutionary War. This paper will include an overview of the history and genealogy of the Gist family, beginning with Christopher Gist Sr. (1650-1690), who immigrated from Wiltshire, England, to the Province of Maryland around 1679. This paper will focus on three descendants of the Gist family who made …
A Roller Coaster Ride With America’S Jefferson, Andrae Henderson
A Roller Coaster Ride With America’S Jefferson, Andrae Henderson
Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History
History’s pedestal stands as tall as mankind can imagine and the fall from such heights creates in us the adrenaline of the fall, the pain of impact, and worst of all the insecurities of an unsure footing in the world. According to some historians, few have fallen harder than Thomas Jefferson. Annette Gordon-Reed and Peter S. Onuf, two significant modern historians partnered to write, “There has been a reaction to these earlier portraits of Jefferson, and the pendulum appears to have swung all the way in the opposite direction. ‘Jefferson the God’ has given way to ‘Jefferson the Devil’.” Historiographical …
Between Devotion And Doctrine: Religion, Law, And The Struggle For Compliance During The War Of Regulation, Cynthia D. Hatch
Between Devotion And Doctrine: Religion, Law, And The Struggle For Compliance During The War Of Regulation, Cynthia D. Hatch
Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History
The Sandy Creek Baptist Association played a vital role in North Carolina's religious and political landscape before the Revolutionary War, with many Regulators connected to it. The Regulator movement is most recognized for its resistance to the Royal Governor of North Carolina, William Tryon, and his oppressive actions against the colony's residents. Many Regulators shared a common bond through their affiliation with the Sandy Creek Baptist Association in present-day Liberty, North Carolina. Under the leadership of Reverend Shubal Stearns and Reverend Daniel Marshall, the Sandy Creek Baptist Association helped establish a network of Baptist churches throughout the state. As political …
Influences Of The Declaration: Common Sense And Virginia Declaration Of Rights, Brendan Harris
Influences Of The Declaration: Common Sense And Virginia Declaration Of Rights, Brendan Harris
Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History
This paper will examine the interplay among key figures, events, and political documents of the Founding era to demonstrate how Thomas Paine’s Common Sense and the Virginia Declaration of Rights directly shaped the philosophical foundations and rhetorical structure of the Declaration of Independence. Published in January 1776, Paine’s pamphlet rapidly became the most influential political text of the revolutionary moment, reframing colonial grievances as part of a larger moral struggle against hereditary monarchy and political corruption. Paine’s accessible style and uncompromising argument for popular sovereignty catalyzed public support for independence at a time when many colonial leaders remained uncertain. His …
Washington’S War: The Evolution Of Strategy In America’S Fight For Independence, Connor S. Haines
Washington’S War: The Evolution Of Strategy In America’S Fight For Independence, Connor S. Haines
Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History
The American Revolution presented George Washington with an immense challenge as the commander of the Continental Army. Facing the most powerful empire in the world, Washington had to mold a loosely organized, often undisciplined force into an army capable of sustaining the revolutionary cause. His early campaigns, particularly the disastrous New York campaign of 1776, nearly destroyed the Continental Army and exposed the weakness of conventional European-style tactics when applied to America’s military situation. From these defeats, however, Washington began to reshape his approach, adopting a Fabian strategy of endurance that emphasized survival over decisive engagement. This transformation not only …
“We Will Soon Have Both”: Charles Lynch And Virginia’S Forgotten Struggle For Gunpowder In The American Revolution, Wyatt Golden
“We Will Soon Have Both”: Charles Lynch And Virginia’S Forgotten Struggle For Gunpowder In The American Revolution, Wyatt Golden
Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History
This paper examines the overlooked but decisive role of gunpowder in Virginia’s entry into the American Revolution, arguing that material scarcity helped to shape the colony’s revolutionary trajectory between 1775 and 1778. Beginning with the Gunpowder Incident in Williamsburg just days after Lexington and Concord, this paper argues that the contest for control over Virginia’s gunpowder supply irreparably damaged relations between Virginians and royal authority and marked the effective beginning of revolutionary conflict in the colony. Situating the incident within the broader imperial struggle for military resources, the paper highlights Britain’s mercantilist policies and the colonies’ dependence on imported gunpowder. …
Shepherds In The Great War: The Evolution Of The U.S. Army Chaplaincy And The Service Of Malcolm Taylor In World War I, Sydney Gilbert
Shepherds In The Great War: The Evolution Of The U.S. Army Chaplaincy And The Service Of Malcolm Taylor In World War I, Sydney Gilbert
Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History
From its beginnings in 1775, the U.S. military chaplaincy has been a vital but often overlooked component of the American military experience. Though the specific duties, expectations, and regulations for U.S. chaplains have evolved over time, the heart of the chaplaincy is rooted in sacrificial service, a ministry of presence, spiritual leadership, and moral guidance. The American entrance into the Great War in 1917 marked a period of exponential growth for the military chaplaincy as it faced unprecedented demand and growing professionalization. To meet the needs of the modern era warfare, a major shift occurred within the chaplaincy as it …