Digital Commons Network^™

Spain's Rapid Transition: A Case Study Of Late Modernization, Sydney Elizabeth Brown

Honors Theses

Throughout the mid-twentieth century, Spain was under the control of dictator Francisco Franco. Under Franco's rule, while the rest of the world was modernizing, Spain was a very conservative and traditional society, with many of its traditions and ideals centered on the Catholic Church. As time went on, Franco was forced to loosen his control on Spain ever so slightly, allowing Spain the freedom to begin the process of modernization. However, it was not until after the death of the dictator that the modernization process in Spain was able to fully take off. Spain is a unique case of modernization, …

Breastfeeding Support Programs: Systematic Review Of Socioeconomic Literature, Chinelo Ibekwe

Honors Theses

This thesis describes a systematic review and analysis of literature concerning breastfeeding and programs focused on improving breastfeeding participation. It examines breastfeeding programs with respect to intervention evaluation and the economic impact of breastfeeding programs, and scrutinizes social factors such as race, ethnicity, cultural identity, income, and age which potentially influence the outcomes of these breastfeeding programs. It explores how breastfeeding programs have reduced rehospitalization of low birth weight and preterm infants through the implementation of one or a combination of the following services to mothers and babies: breast pump supplies, education, and training on breastfeeding, transportation to and from …

Problematic Autoethnographic Research: Researcher’S Failure In Positioning, Ji Young Shim

The Qualitative Report

This article problematizes and discusses the “auto”ethnographical approach, which has recently become pervasive in research-oriented writings, to “tell the story of self and subject” in order to analyze wider cultural and social conditions. This method can be found in the remarkable array of a variety of disciplines in which scholars have explicitly and implicitly highlighted identity-related issues. One problem with this approach is its failure to recognize the ideological generalization in identifying the researcher’s position, with the risk of eventually becoming a neutral “truth through the researcher’s reality.” This paper focuses on the crisis between history and memory in contextualizing …

Correlating Residual Stress With Personal And Professional Characteristics In Aircraft Pilots, Erik Eckblad

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Every day aircraft pilots must successfully resolve significant inflight situations and then manage the possibility of residual psychological and physiological stress. Previous research has shown primary attention is given to presignificant event training and stress management, however there remains an important gap in the current literature regarding postsignificant event stress within the aviation profession. The purpose of this cross-sectional quantitative study was to use the observational lens of stress theory and survey U.S. pilots who have experienced an inflight emergency, looking for correlation between factors such as age, gender, flight experience, and training against a pilot's self-reported level of residual …

Reevaluating The Parenting Wellbeing Gap: Evidence From The Wellbeing Module Of The American Time Use Survey, Daniela Veronica Negraia

Theses and Dissertations

Both scholars and the public have been intrigued by the question of whether parents experience higher levels of emotional wellbeing than adults who are not raising children. Yet despite decades of research on the topic, the answer to this question remains unclear. Using a novel source of nationally representative data, the Wellbeing Module of the American Time Use Survey (2010, 2012, 2013), this dissertation aims to unpack and extend prior understanding of the parenting wellbeing gap by pursing two studies. The first investigates whether parenthood may have both positive and negative links to adults’ emotional wellbeing; whether the gap varies …

Queer People Navigating Experiences With Health Care Providers And Contraception, Dana Lavergne

Master's Theses

Contemporary views of contraception have intrinsically linked birth control to heterosexual sex and pregnancy prevention. As such, contraception is culturally understood to be exclusively for heterosexual women. Despite this, the little work that has been done on queer people1 and contraception use demonstrates they are also accessing birth control (Chrisler, Gorman, Manion, Murgo, Adams-Clark, Newton and McGrath 2015). This schism between the cultural understanding of contraception as a manifestation of heterosexual womanhood and the everyday use of contraception by both queer and heterosexual people takes root in the medical system. Based in heteronormative ideologies, the medical system fails to take …

Participation In Medical Research: Reasons Provided In Cognitive Interviews Of A Diverse Sample, Silvia Valadez

Master's Theses

Racial and ethnic minority groups are underrepresented in medical and health-related survey research, with implications for the generalizability across diverse populations of evidence gleaned from these studies. However, there is little known about the respondents’ reasons for participating—or not—in medical research studies, and how these reasons might vary across race/ethnicity, age, gender and education. In this thesis, I extend previous research by looking at data collected from cognitive interviewing techniques to examine 1) participants’ reported likelihood of participating in five increasingly invasive types of data collection, including research studies that ask participants to answer questions about themselves or provide samples …

“We’Re Being Left To Blight”: Green Urban Development And Racialized Space In Kansas City, Chhaya Kolavalli

Theses and Dissertations--Anthropology

In this dissertation, I explore ‘green’ urban development and urban agriculture projects from the perspective of residents of an African American majority neighborhood in Kansas City—who reside in an area referred to as a ‘blighted food desert’ by local policy makers. In Kansas City, extensive city government support exists for urban agricultural projects, which are touted not just as a solution to poverty associated issues such food insecurity and obesity, but also as a remedy for ‘blight,’ violence and crime, and vacant urban land. Specific narratives of Kansas City’s past are used to prop up and legitimate these future visions …

Contextualizing Lgbtq Faculty Experiences: An Account Of Sexual Minority Perceptions, Travis Dimitri David

All Theses And Dissertations

The well-being of faculty is susceptible to influence from intrinsic and extrinsic occupational characteristics. Heterosexism or hostile environments can be associated with decreased satisfaction amongst sexual minorities. As such, this transcendental phenomenology examined perceptions from tenured lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ) faculty of their workplace conditions. Eight participants reflected on experiences from within higher education, academic settings. This study purposefully probed how sexual orientation and sexual minority status impacted their overall job satisfaction. Through providing context for social interactions in a traditionally heteronormative environment, cultural and attributional behaviors associated with affecting LGBTQ faculty in higher education was analyzed. …

Chin Diaspora And Their Social Networks In Thailand : Implications For Development In Myanmar, Pau Sian Lian

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Due to socioeconomic and political reasons, Chin ethnic people from the western part of Myanmar have been migrating to inner part of the country and abroad. Economic growth and requirement of low skill labor in Thailand since the 1980s have been the pull factors for low skill migrants from its neighbors, including Myanmar. Chin people came to Thailand not only for economic opportunities but also for onward migration. The purpose of this research is to explore the social networks of Chin diaspora in Thailand and their implication to the economic and political development of their home community in Myanmar. With …

สาเหตุการข่มขืนกระทำชำเราเด็กหญิงอายุต่ำกว่า 13 ปี, ดวงกมล จักกระโทก

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การศึกษาเรื่อง "สาเหตุการข่มขืนกระทำชำเราเด็กหญิงอายุต่ำกว่า 13 ปี" นี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาสาเหตุปัจจัยการข่มขืนกระทำชำเราเด็กหญิงอายุต่ำกว่า 13 ปี ลักษณะความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างผู้กระทำผิดกับเด็กหญิง และแนวทางการป้องกันการข่มขืนกระทำชำเราเด็กหญิง การศึกษานี้เป็นการศึกษาวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพโดยใช้การสัมภาษณ์เชิงลึกนักโทษเด็ดขาดชายในคดีข่มขืนกระทำชำเราเด็กหญิงอายุต่ำกว่า 13 ปี ซึ่งถูกควบคุมตัวอยู่ในเรือนจำกลางคลองเปรม เรือนจำกลางพระนครศรีอยุธยา และทัณฑสถานวัยหนุ่มกลาง โดยนักโทษเด็ดขาดยินยอมให้ข้อมูล จำนวน 15 คน ผลการศึกษาพบว่า การข่มขืนกระทำชำเราเด็กหญิงมีสาเหตุปัจจัย 3 ส่วน คือ 1) สาเหตุปัจจัยจากตัวผู้กระทำผิด ที่ขาดความรัก ความอบอุ่น ไม่มีความผูกพันกับครอบครัวผู้ให้กำเนิด ไม่ได้รับการขัดเกลาทางสังคมอย่างเหมาะสม ทำให้เป็นคนที่มีการควบคุมตัวเองต่ำ มีบิดาหรือบิดาเลี้ยงเป็นต้นแบบในการดื่มสุรา ผู้กระทำผิดมีชีวิตคู่ที่ล้มเหลว ผิดหวังจากคนรัก 2) เหยื่อที่เหมาะสม คือ เด็กหญิงที่มีความอ่อนแอทั้งร่างกายและจิตใจ ถูกหลอกได้ง่าย และรู้จักคุ้นเคยกับผู้กระทำผิดมาก่อน 3) โอกาส เวลา สถานที่เหมาะสม คือ มีโอกาสอยู่กับเด็กหญิงเพียงลำพังในสถานที่มิดชิด เปลี่ยวมืด ปราศจากการตรวจตราของเจ้าหน้าที่รัฐ แนวทางในการแก้ไขปัญหาดังกล่าว แบ่งได้เป็น 3 แนวทาง คือ 1) การป้องกันจากตัวผู้กระทำความผิด โดยการที่บิดามารดาต้องให้ความรักความอบอุ่น อบรมขัดเกลาทางสังคมบุตรหลาน ให้เป็นคนที่รู้จักให้เกียรติผู้หญิง เป็นตัวอย่างในการประพฤติปฏิบัติตัว หลีกเลี่ยงการดื่มสุรา เสพยาเสพติด และเสพสื่อลามก 2) การป้องกันจากตัวเด็กหญิง โดยการที่บิดามารดาคอยสอดส่องดูแล ไม่ปล่อยให้เด็กหญิงอยู่กับผู้ชายสองต่อสองในที่ลับตาคน รวมทั้งสอนให้เด็กหญิงมีความเข้าใจสิทธิในร่างกายของตัวเองว่าบุคคลอื่นจะมาล่วงละเมิดในร่างกายของตัวเขาไม่ได้ 3) การป้องกันจากสภาพแวดล้อมและตัดโอกาสในการกระทำผิด โดยการติดกล้องวงจรปิด การตรวจตราของสมาชิกในชุมชนและเจ้าหน้าที่รัฐ และลดพื้นที่เสี่ยง เปลี่ยวร้าง

การตกเป็นเหยื่ออาชญากรรมในสถานศึกษา: กรณีศึกษาจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย, อู่ธนา สุระดะนัย

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การศึกษาเรื่อง การตกเป็นเหยื่ออาชญากรรมในสถานศึกษา กรณีศึกษาจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาสภาพปัญหาอาชญากรรมที่เกิดขึ้นในจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัยนั้น ศึกษาสาเหตุและปัจจัยที่ส่งผลให้นักเรียน นิสิต อาจารย์ และบุคลากรในจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัยเสี่ยงต่อการตกเป็นเหยื่ออาชญากรรม ทั้งด้านกายภาพ ปัจจัยที่เอื้อต่อการประกอบอาชญากรรม ลักษณะของเหยื่ออาชญากรรม และช่องโอกาสในการเกิดอาชญากรรม ตลอดจนศึกษาแนวทางหรือ มาตรการที่ช่วยลดการตกเป็นเหยื่ออาชญากรรม โดยใช้วิธีการวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพ โดยผู้วิจัยเก็บรวบรวมข้อมูลด้วยการสัมภาษณ์เชิงลึกและนำข้อมูลที่ได้มาวิเคราะห์และเขียนรายงานต่อไป จากการศึกษาพบว่าจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัยมีอาชญากรรมเกิดขึ้นทุกปี โดยเหยื่ออาชญากรรมเป็นนักเรียน นิสิต อาจารย์ รวมถึงบุคลากรในจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัยและประชาชนที่อาศัยอยู่บริเวณโดยรอบสถานศึกษา ซึ่งประเภทอาชญากรรมที่พบคือ อาชญากรรมต่อทรัพย์ ต่อชีวิตร่างกายและต่อเพศ จากการศึกษาวิเคราะห์สถิติคดียังพบอีกว่า มีแนวโน้มที่บุคลากรในจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัยจะตกเป็นเหยื่ออาชญากรรมประเภทดังกล่าว โดยมีสาเหตุและปัจจัยระดับปัจเจกบุคคลที่ทำให้ตกเป็นเหยื่ออาชญากรรมได้แก่ 1) พฤติกรรม 2) บุคลิกภาพ และ 3) ลักษณะทางชีวภาพ เมื่อพิจารณาถึงความตระหนักถึงความปลอดภัยพบว่า นิสิตและบุคลากร ตลอดจนประชาชนที่อาศัยอยู่โดยรอบสถานศึกษานั้นไม่ค่อยจะระมัดระวังตนเองหรือทรัพย์สิน มีความประมาท ประกอบกับจำนวนเจ้าหน้าที่รักษาความปลอดภัยต่อบุคลากรและต่อพื้นที่ไม่เพียงพอต่อการดูแล และไม่มีความชำนาญในพื้นที่ ตลอดจนขาดความชำนาญและขาดประสิทธิภาพในการป้องกันอาชญากรรม ในส่วนของโครงสร้างทางกายภาพ พบว่า สถานศึกษามีประตูเข้า-ออกหลายช่องทางหากมีเหตุอาชญากรรมเกิดขึ้นอาชญากรสามารถหลบหนีได้ง่าย อีกทั้งถนนภายในและภายนอกของสถานศึกษาบางแห่งมีแสงไฟส่องสว่างน้อย บางจุดไม่มีกล้องวงจรปิด โดยเฉพาะในช่วงที่มีการก่อสร้างปรับภูมิทัศน์ พื้นที่ดังกล่าวกลายเป็นจุดเสี่ยงที่จะเกิดอาชญากรรมได้

Religion, Language, Gender, And Culture: Challenges Experienced By Saudi International Students In Humboldt County, Dafer Sahab Alqarni

Cal Poly Humboldt theses and projects

The effects of culture shock on individuals living abroad are well known. Less well known, however, are the specific experiences, needs, and challenges of Saudi Arabian students studying internationally, especially in Western nations. In this study, I used qualitative research to explore the needs and difficulties of Saudi international students in Humboldt County and at Humboldt State University (HSU). Using semi-structured interviews with eight participants, diversified by gender and marital status, I provide a holistic view of HSU Saudi international students’ experiences and challenges which could help to understand Saudi students’ experiences abroad generally, and in Humboldt County specifically. I …

Listening To Our Graduate Students' Feedback: Graduate Student Exit And Alumni Surveys, Alison W. Hong-Novotney

Cal Poly Humboldt theses and projects

Student and alumni surveys have become some of the most widely-used methods of assessment of student learning in higher education. While the majority of literature on student surveys and assessment focuses on undergraduate students, this study looks specifically at why graduate student exit and alumni surveys can be valuable tools within a comprehensive assessment plan. Listening to the feedback of current and former graduate students, and then acting upon that feedback, is crucial for the engagement and success of this unique population of students who bring their particular strengths and needs to their educational experiences. This study examined how master’s …

Routes, Locations, And Social Imaginary: A Comparative Study Of The On-Going Production Of Geographies In Somali Forced Migration, Marnie Shaffer, Giulia Ferrato, Zaheera Jinnah

All Faculty and Staff Scholarship

Drawing on the thresholds approach, a model that incorporates geography and mobility studies to understand migration from the perspective of migrants, this article examines the importance of location and route(s) in determining the journeys of Somali migrants. We use the protracted displacement of Somalis to address the process through which actual and perceived geographies are produced and reconfigured by Somali migrants on the move. In doing so, we look at how different migration paths, connected through transnational networks, influence the geographical perception of migrants at the core of any cross-border experience. Employing ethnographic fieldwork with Somalis in South Africa and …

"The Way To Become A Man": The Influence Of Commercial Sex On Male Psychosocial Development, Adrian Deluna Garcia

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

Hegemonic masculinity and the negative consequences that it has on men and women continues to gain increasing attention in research and in popular culture. Particular attention is paid to the sexual violence that is perpetrated by men towards women, however, the research on men’s sexual development and its relationship to this sexual violence focuses largely on biological explanations. The feminist literature, however, on sexual violence offers a differing perspective, which includes the socialization processes that men undergo in their sexual development that lead them towards normalizing sexual violence. One of these processes is the existence and normalization of the commercial …

An Auto-Ethnographic Examination Of Adapting To Life And Teaching In Rural Ukraine, Amanda Breitenstein

Student Research - Sociology and Anthropology

No abstract provided.

Validation Of Vulnerability Markers Of Dysfunctions In The Socioemotional Development Of Infants, Daniel Ignacio Da Silva, Débora Falleiros De Mello, Renata Ferreira Takahashi, Cody S. Hollist, Verônica De Azevedo Mazza, Maria De La Ó Ramallo Veríssimo

Department of Child, Youth, and Family Studies: Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

The Entangled Student: Identity Control Theory And Student Identity, Joshua Smith

Cal Poly Humboldt theses and projects

This study examines the strengths and opportunities in applying the frame of Identity Control Theory (ICT) to understanding the first-year experiences of students in higher education. Through thirty-one semi-structured interviews with undergraduate and graduate students during their first term in the program of study, different components of the ICT model are explored and tested. Results indicate ICT is modestly effective in explaining the first term experience for these students, but could be enhanced through further development in the areas of identity connectedness, identity exploration and resources/resilience. Recommendations for higher education programming and suggestions for a potential research agenda for ICT …

Impacts Of Elephant Crop-Raiding On Subsistence Farmers And Approaches To Reduce Human-Elephant Farming Conflict In Sagalla, Kenya, Sophia Weinmann

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

As human and elephant populations grow in Kenya, elephants increasingly leave parks to eat farmers’ crops while foraging, which creates epicenters of human-elephant conflict (HEC). This conflict compromises farmers’ food and economic security, impedes elephant conservation initiatives, and threatens the safety of humans and elephants. In recent years, the situation has been exacerbated by drought and national-level infrastructure development that bisects key elephant habitat. Although researchers have widely studied elephant populations, few have examined the cultural, economic, and emotional effects of HEC on subsistence farmers. This project utilized a mixed methods approach to address this knowledge gap and understand the …

The Sylvan Blindspot: The Archaeological Value Of Surface Vegetation And A Critique Of Its Documentation, John S. Harris

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

Surface vegetation at archaeological sites is a resource overlooked in cultural resource management. Drawing upon comparative documentary surveys of site forms and human surveys of 161 archaeologists in 12 U.S. states, this thesis explores why surface vegetation offers archaeological data potential; how archaeological documentation is an artifact of archaeologists, shaped by various subjectivities; and how improvements can be made for vegetal description in cultural inventory site forms. The surveys offer a critique on how the site form records are a product of disciplinary training oversights, differing work background experience, cultural bias, limitations in botanical knowledge, regional differences in U.S. archaeological …

The Power In Dice And Foam Swords: Gendered Resistance In Dungeons And Dragons And Live-Action Roleplay, Rachel M. Just

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

Much of the existing research on gaming suggests that women are often excluded from or discriminated against in gaming communities. However, few scholars focus on women’s positive experiences within those communities, and even fewer examine tabletop and live-action roleplaying games. In this thesis, I utilized Jurgen Habermas’ theory of communicative action, Judith Butler’s theory of gender performativity, and James C. Scott’s theory of hidden transcripts to analyze how in-game and out-of-game comradery among players created a space in which passive resistance against normative gender expectations was possible. Specifically, the question I wanted to answer was how do women communicatively enact …

Kentucky 4-H Minimizes Barriers To Stem Education, Rachel Elizabeth Noble

Online Theses and Dissertations

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) programs are a national priority. The increase in the number of jobs that require a STEM-minded workforce raises the demand for education systems and communities to focus on fostering the development of STEM competencies of students. American youth are not gaining the skills necessary to compete in the global workforce. This study investigates how Kentucky 4-H minimizes the barriers of accessing STEM programs for youth in grades 4-8. Barriers of accessing STEM programs investigated are: lack of funding and resources, time, professional development, integration across curriculum, and out-of-school experiences. 4-H is the largest youth …

Resisting Gendered Sport Roles: A Criminological Sports Analysis Of Women's Rugby In The U.S., Kelsey Basham

Online Theses and Dissertations

The passing of Title IX has allowed women of all ages to begin engaging with contact sports in the United States. Although growing, women's participation in contact sports remains adolescent in comparison to men's. The elements of physicality, masculinity, and gendered expression often associated with rough sports may affect women's willingness to play them as well as others' perceptions of the women who play them. Rugby, a high-intensity contact sport played by both men and women throughout the world, is one of the fastest growing sports in the U.S. Rugby offers a unique opportunity for women to play against other …

The Horse: A Driving Force For The Lifestyle Of Grooms, Nicole Foright

Online Theses and Dissertations

The fundamental components of co-occupational relationships between humans and animals and their impact on occupational identity is an area for exploration in the study of occupation. Evaluating the lives of persons whose daily occupations involve working with animals contributes to the exploration of human-animal co-occupations. The aim of this research was to understand the lifestyle of International 4-in-Hand Combined Driving grooms and their symbiotic relationship with horses. This qualitative descriptive study used three methods for data collection and triangulation: semi-structured interviews, observation, and photographs, from 4 participants who served as gatekeepers understanding the culture surrounding the driving community. The data …

Factors Contributing To Juvenile Crime Leading To The Disparity Of The Risk Levels For Secure Detainment, Dawn Prystajko

Theses and Dissertations

The main purpose of this research was to explore the factors that contributed to juvenile crime which in turn caused disparity in secure detainment among juveniles. This was based upon the alternate hypothesis that there is a noticeable disparity with minority youths being more securely detained opposed to majority youths. Therefore, the research was designed to examine raw data obtained from the Juvenile Justice Services Planner/JDAI Coordinator of the excel database of juvenile arrests/detainment.

The findings revealed several key points. The finding revealed that useable data extracted from the excel database was not able to neither agree with nor support …

Politics And The Perceived Boundaries Of Science: Activism, Sociology, And Scientific Legitimacy, Chris Scheitle

Faculty & Staff Scholarship

Research has suggested that public confidence in the scientific community has become politicized, but it is not clear that liberals and conservatives disagree on the more fundamental question of what counts as being scientific. An analysis of General Social Survey data finds that political conservatism is negatively associated with an individual’s rating of sociology as being scientific. This association is not found when examining ratings of economics or biology. Education moderates this association, as the gap between liberals’ and conservatives’ ratings of sociology’s scientific-ness is greater among those with more education. Although research has demonstrated that trust in the scientific …

Stress And Coping Abilities Of Swat Personnel In A Metropolitan Area Of Florida, Pedro Corpas

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

For decades, stress has been scientifically studied and found to have effects on the law enforcement community. Furthermore, scholars have thoroughly studied the correlation between stress and the law enforcement occupation which has been proven to affect their well-being. Although there is currently ample literature on stress and police officers, to date there has been little research on factors associated with stress and SWAT police officers. Using Lazarus and Folkman's cognitive theory of stress and coping as the foundation, the purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore how SWAT police officers cope with stress while on duty and off …

Family Reunification Among Women In Recovery From Substance Abuse And Complex Trauma, Cesha Tiffany Reese

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

For women in recovery from complex trauma and substance abuse, the lack of posttreatment family reunification services such as family engagement, service delivery, and aftercare planning increase the likelihood of parental relapse and children reentering foster care. A primary caregiver's continued relapse can lead to longer out of home placement for minor children and a loss of parental rights, with a negative impact on both children and parents. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to examine the lived experiences of women in recovery, their sobriety practices, and how they reunified their families. The theoretical framework was Herman's trauma …

Predictors Of Incarceration For African American Males Aging Out Of Foster Care, Marlean.Wrotten Wrotten

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Past research has shown that many youths in the United States age out of foster care group homes unprepared for independent living. Lack of connections to adults, low educational attainment, and homelessness are negative outcomes that have been linked to incarceration for youth who age out of foster care. The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to determine how well the independent variables of connection to adults, educational attainment, and homelessness predict the dependent variable of likelihood of incarceration for African American males (n = 504) within 3 years after aging out of foster care group homes. The Bridges …