Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- University of New Hampshire (139)
- SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad (40)
- University of Nebraska at Omaha (30)
- Western Kentucky University (28)
- University of Mississippi (22)
-
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (20)
- Nova Southeastern University (19)
- Indiana State University (17)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (14)
- Portland State University (14)
- University of Massachusetts Boston (14)
- Edith Cowan University (13)
- Population Council (13)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (13)
- Technological University Dublin (12)
- Universitas Indonesia (11)
- Walden University (11)
- Antioch University (10)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (10)
- Western Michigan University (10)
- Lingnan University (9)
- University of Kentucky (9)
- Claremont Colleges (8)
- Utah State University (8)
- Brigham Young University (7)
- Chulalongkorn University (7)
- Munster Technological University (7)
- South Dakota State University (7)
- Wilfrid Laurier University (7)
- College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University (6)
- Keyword
-
- Service learning (31)
- Community development (21)
- Sustainability (21)
- Community engagement (17)
- Community (16)
-
- English (13)
- Western Kentucky University (12)
- Civic engagement (10)
- Community service (10)
- Education (10)
- Development (9)
- Higher education (9)
- Sustainable development (9)
- Economic development (8)
- Equity (8)
- Tourism (8)
- Environmental justice (7)
- Leadership (7)
- Public health (7)
- Urban planning (7)
- Community Engagement (6)
- Diversity (6)
- Family Planning (6)
- Race (6)
- Racism (6)
- Rural (6)
- Social justice (6)
- Affordable housing (5)
- Agriculture (5)
- Biology (5)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Carsey Publications (137)
- Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection (26)
- The Qualitative Report (18)
- Journal of Community Engagement and Higher Education (15)
- Capstone Collection (14)
-
- Journal of Rural Social Sciences (13)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (12)
- UC Publications (11)
- Antioch University Dissertations & Theses (10)
- WKU Administration Documents (10)
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (10)
- Publications (9)
- The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare (9)
- Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Service-Learning 亞太地區服務研習會議 (8)
- Publications and Research (8)
- Reproductive Health (8)
- Nevada Journal of Public Health (7)
- Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD) (6)
- Dissertations and Theses (6)
- Journal of Nonprofit Innovation (6)
- The Journal of Social Encounters (6)
- Cal Poly Humboldt theses and projects (5)
- Community Engagement Institute (5)
- Community Engagement Student Work (5)
- Dissertations (5)
- Higher Education (5)
- Honors Theses (5)
- Journal of Indonesian Tourism and Policy Studies (5)
- Partnerships/Community (5)
- Service Learning, General (5)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 301 - 330 of 752
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Determining Pathways And Connections Between Access To Water And High School Noncompletion Rates For Communities Along The U.S.–Mexico Border, Margie R. Vela, Sarah E. Lind, Paul H. Gutierrez
Determining Pathways And Connections Between Access To Water And High School Noncompletion Rates For Communities Along The U.S.–Mexico Border, Margie R. Vela, Sarah E. Lind, Paul H. Gutierrez
Journal of Sustainable Social Impact
Lack of access to potable water through a conveyance system impacts all aspects of modern life. Many colonias, communities in the Southwestern United States along the U.S.–Mexico border, continue to lack access to piped and treated water. This article discusses a model for the pathway from lack of access to water to lack of high school completion, including intermediary conditions impacting wellness, health, and quality of life for community members. A facilitated discussion with five environmental and public health experts who frequently work in the colonias of El Paso County, Texas (border communities that resemble the developing world), established …
In Search Of Lasting Calmness: How Sustainable Is The Federal Government’S Amnesty Program As A Peace Strategy In The Niger Delta Region Of Nigeria?, Lasisi Raimi, Nwoke N. Bieh, Kidi Zorbari
In Search Of Lasting Calmness: How Sustainable Is The Federal Government’S Amnesty Program As A Peace Strategy In The Niger Delta Region Of Nigeria?, Lasisi Raimi, Nwoke N. Bieh, Kidi Zorbari
International Journal of African Development
The exploitation of natural resources and the associated marginalization of indigenous occupants of areas with such endowments continue to act as major driving forces for conflicts around the world, especially in Africa. In Nigeria’s Niger Delta Region, the major triggers of resource-based violent conflicts have been the subject matter of many academics and policy analysts. With the introduction of several peace strategies especially the Federal Government of Nigeria’s Amnesty Program notwithstanding, pockets of violent activities have generated questions as to the sustainability of the program. This study examines the sustainability of the Federal Government’s Amnesty Program in the Niger Delta …
Sustaining Autonomous Communities In The Modern United States (The United Communities Of America), Lucas Hester
Sustaining Autonomous Communities In The Modern United States (The United Communities Of America), Lucas Hester
Senior Theses
America has become industrialized and characterized by social anxiety and overconsumption. The inability to be sustainable has led the once plentiful and flourishing nation into an ongoing sustainability crisis. Even if there is a deep connection between them, this essay focuses on social sustainability rather than ecological. It argues for an intentional community-based framework to keep American life sustainable. Pollution, civil unrest, and intense social anxiety create unfulfilling life conditions for many American citizens. Using examples from modern American intentional communities, I will explain the need for self-directing, close-knit communities. Flourishing community members, as it will be considered from sociological …
Ua45/6 Commencement Program, Wku Registrar
Ua45/6 Commencement Program, Wku Registrar
WKU Administration Documents
Commencement program listing graduates.
Older People In A Community Gospel Choir: Musical Engagement And Social Connection, Dawn Joseph, Jane Southcott
Older People In A Community Gospel Choir: Musical Engagement And Social Connection, Dawn Joseph, Jane Southcott
The Qualitative Report
This research explores the role of community music in the lives of older Australians. This qualitative case study investigated the meanings and understandings ascribed by participants to their musical engagement in the South of the River Community Gospel Choir. This mixed a cappella SATB choir was formed in 2002 in Melbourne. The choir began with a repertoire of African-American Gospel music and South African Freedom Songs. With time their musical choices have transitioned to include more contemporary Australian composed works. The choir sings in diverse community settings such as high security prisons, palliative care, hospitals and the more common range …
Eco-Tourism And Sustainable Community Development In Cuba: Bringing Community Back Into Development, Jack Thornburg Ph.D.
Eco-Tourism And Sustainable Community Development In Cuba: Bringing Community Back Into Development, Jack Thornburg Ph.D.
Journal of International and Global Studies
This paper focuses on community development and its relationship to eco-tourism as a means of creating a sustainable future for local Cuban communities. If communities control local resources to create economic opportunities for local goals, there is a greater chance that community development will be more effective and sustainable. Local empowerment can play a key role in community development through ecological and cultural tourism. The focus of this paper is Cuba’s potential to develop into a major ecological and cultural tourism center within international tourism. Recent policy announcements regarding the intention to diversify Cuba’s economy and move people into private …
Ua41 University College Connection, University College
Ua41 University College Connection, University College
UC Publications
Newsletter created by and about WKU University College.
- George, Dennis. Message from the Dean
- Jennifer Brinkley Travels to Bosnia-Herzegovina
- Sara McCaslin Provides Workshop
- School of Professional Studies BIS
- Diversity & Community Studies
- New DCS Assistant Professor - Dana Cuomo
- African American Studies
- Gender & Women's Studies
- Center for Citizenship & Social Justice
- School of University Studies - Embedded English Tutors
- LAC Tutors - Alice Rowe Learning Assistance Center
- WKU 2017 Part Time Faculty Award Recipient - Diana McQuady
- University Experience Research Awards
- Student Support Programs Summer Early Entry
Ua77/1 Wku Spirit, Wku Alumni Relations
Ua77/1 Wku Spirit, Wku Alumni Relations
WKU Administration Documents
WKU alumni magazine. Contents:
- Ransdell, Gary. Letter from the President
- 20 Things You Didn’t Know About Gary Ransdell
- Scholarship Celebration
- U.S. News & World Report Ranks WKU Online Programs Among Best in Nation
- Gary Ransdell to Become President & CEO of Semester at Sea
- Six WKU Students Awarded Gilman International Scholarships for Summer 2017
- WKU Tied for 2nd in 2016-2017 List of Top Fulbright Producers
- Six WKU Faculty & Alumni Named 2017 Trailblazer Honorees
- University Distinguished Professor Gifts Proceeds from IRA to WKU
- Honors College at WKU Named for Dixie & Pete Mahurin
- Gabbi Doolin Memorial Scholarship
- Vic Richey …
Creating And Storing A Toolkit For Pilgrimage And Religious Tourism Sites, Peter Wiltshier
Creating And Storing A Toolkit For Pilgrimage And Religious Tourism Sites, Peter Wiltshier
International Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Conferences
This paper reflects our abiding interest in our origins and of those religious and pilgrimage spaces that we attest to actively being part of our cultural inheritance. It explores options for, and barriers, to the creation of a repository of information to support practitioners and the clergy to maintain and develop these religious and pilgrimage sites. A model toolkit for storing collected knowledge is presented with illustrative examples from a range of sources. The examples used are largely drawn from a North/West perspective.
Community Civic Engagement As An Enabler Of Student Flourishing, Edel Randles, Bernie Quillinan
Community Civic Engagement As An Enabler Of Student Flourishing, Edel Randles, Bernie Quillinan
The ITB Journal
Civic Engagement is a process where people join together to conduct public work, it may be for political activism, advocating for social justice, consciousness raising, challenging and changing societal systems. It usually incorporates levels of social connectedness, coherence, shared philosophies, comradeship, social responsibility, compassion, courage and transcendence. Familiar civic engagement terms across Higher Education include, volunteering, service learning, community based learning/research, community engaged research and capacity building.
The Social Pillar Of Sustainable Development A Literature Review And Framework For Policy Analysis, Kevin Murphy
The Social Pillar Of Sustainable Development A Literature Review And Framework For Policy Analysis, Kevin Murphy
The ITB Journal
There is a need to develop a clearer understanding of what the social pillar of sustainable development means and how it relates to the environmental pillar. This article contributes to this process by presenting a conceptual framework that identifies four overarching social concepts and links them to environmental imperatives. These concepts are: public awareness, equity, participation, and social cohesion. The framework builds on concepts and policy objectives outlined in research on international sustainable development indicators and the social sustainability literature. The social pillar can be expanded to include environmental, international, and intergenerational dimensions. This framework can then be used to …
Towards Soulful And Sustainable Service: The Role Of Ethics In Global Service-Learning Programs Within Faith-Based Tertiary Institutions, Corrie Johnson
Towards Soulful And Sustainable Service: The Role Of Ethics In Global Service-Learning Programs Within Faith-Based Tertiary Institutions, Corrie Johnson
Capstone Collection
This research evaluates the practices of specified faith-based institutions within the field of undergraduate global service learning through the lens of each of the major themes in the Fair Trade Learning framework. These themes include equal partnership, mutual learning, cooperative and positive social change, economic equity, transparency, and sustainability. Initial survey outcomes present an overall picture of where these particular universities are at in regards to balancing student and community outcomes. Interview outcomes provide a more in-depth perspective of how mutual benefit for student participants and host communities is being considered within the global service-learning programs these programs facilitate. Some …
Community Engagement Institute 2017, Vedette Gavin, Lynn E. Pelco, Katie Elliott, Valerie Holton, Jennifer Early, Erin B. Brown
Community Engagement Institute 2017, Vedette Gavin, Lynn E. Pelco, Katie Elliott, Valerie Holton, Jennifer Early, Erin B. Brown
Community Engagement Institute
Agenda documenting time and dates of speaker presentations. Presentations varied from topics surrounding higher education, community-engaged research, service learning, collaboration between education and communities, and community-academic partner spotlights.
Ua45/6 Commencement Program, Wku Registrar
Ua45/6 Commencement Program, Wku Registrar
WKU Administration Documents
Commencement program listing graduates and a tribute to WKU president Gary Ransdell.
Gracefully Unexpected, Deeply Present And Positively Disruptive: Love And Queerness In Classroom Community., Benjamin Lee Hicks
Gracefully Unexpected, Deeply Present And Positively Disruptive: Love And Queerness In Classroom Community., Benjamin Lee Hicks
Occasional Paper Series
During the winter of 2011, I was moving through some of the more overtly physical phases of gender transition. At the time, I was also a grade 6 teacher in a public elementary school. My presence as a visibly transitioning person in that environment was never intended to be a coming out; it was a choosing in… and there is a difference. I was “out” because I was visibly different, and I was visible because that difference was not expected. I - as a teacher of young children who identifies as a non-binary person, as genderqueer, as trans, and …
Sustainable Tourism Study Through Solimar International, S Silongwengjia
Sustainable Tourism Study Through Solimar International, S Silongwengjia
Capstone Collection
This inquiry explores a pragmatic approach of sustainable tourism and its application as a transformative development instrument. It seeks a general understanding of the global tourism sector, looks specifically at an individual tourism enterprise, Solimar International, and examines rural tourism, and its proposed standards. It discusses the opportunities and threats to the culture, ecology, and livelihoods of the residents of destination tourism and the unique experience to geotravelers. It analyzes the theoretical development history of tourism and the integrated approach of Solimar International as a leading agency in the tourism industry sector. And it seeks to understand a new type …
Emerson Garfield Neighborhood Beautification, Kristin Jensen, Madi Burke, Tristan Renz
Emerson Garfield Neighborhood Beautification, Kristin Jensen, Madi Burke, Tristan Renz
Planned Communities: SO 375H
The purpose of this neighborhood action plan is to enhance the aesthetic appeal, cohesion, and overall safety of the Emerson-Garfield neighborhood -- creating an environment that community members are proud to live in, and where parents can safely raise their children. An enhancement of appearances will work towards the fostering of a classy, family friendly, and local identity. These improvements will promote collaboration among community members, strengthening the neighborhood’s appeal, and implementing needed changes.
Documenting Social Enterprises: A Wider Look Into Best Practices, Jacqueline Calamari
Documenting Social Enterprises: A Wider Look Into Best Practices, Jacqueline Calamari
Honors Projects in History and Social Sciences
The Hunger Project is a global, non-profit, strategic organization committed to the sustainable end of world hunger. For my Senior Capstone Project, I applied to collaborate with The Hunger Project who then proposed a project to me. I have gained insight into the eight African countries’ current social enterprises supported by The Hunger Project, evaluated their success, and assessed what could be done to make them more successful. My project included completing three specific tas: first, cataloging the social enterprises, second, rating their profitability and social impact, and third, creating a leverage plan for those in need of improvement. These …
Reducing Caregiver Burden: Fostering Healthy Aging And Social Support, Maria A. Rodriguez
Reducing Caregiver Burden: Fostering Healthy Aging And Social Support, Maria A. Rodriguez
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Over 43.5 million Americans provide informal care to a fast-growing elderly population in the United States. Informal care allows care-recipients to remain functional members of society. However, research suggests that the demands of informal care can negatively impact the health of caregivers. For example, caregiver burden increases the risk for poor health in caregivers compared to non-caregivers. Caregiving research is on the rise, but the dynamics of informal care in active retirement communities remains widely unexplored. To provide adequate services to lessen caregiver burden and improve the Quality of Life (QoL) of informal caregivers, the various settings in which informal …
Served Through Service: Undergraduate Students’ Experiences In Community Engaged Learning At A Catholic And Marianist University, Elizabeth M. Fogle, Savio D. Franco, Edel M. Jesse, Brent Kondritz, Lindsay Maxam, Heidi Much-Mcgrew, Cody Mcmillen, Carolyn Ridenour, Daniel J. Trunk
Served Through Service: Undergraduate Students’ Experiences In Community Engaged Learning At A Catholic And Marianist University, Elizabeth M. Fogle, Savio D. Franco, Edel M. Jesse, Brent Kondritz, Lindsay Maxam, Heidi Much-Mcgrew, Cody Mcmillen, Carolyn Ridenour, Daniel J. Trunk
Educational Leadership Faculty Publications
Students participating in sustained community service at an urban Catholic and Marianist university were volunteer informants in this qualitative exploration of the meaning they make of their service experiences. A PhD student research team (nine members) interviewed fourteen undergraduate students (eleven of whom were seniors). Findings were organized as themes constructed within three domains: background, experience, and meaning. Within “background,” students who had prior work in faith-based service before college deepened their meaning of service. Within “experience,” there were social and cultural dynamics of navigating on and off campus life, including the roles students played as well as the challenge …
Coming Of Age At The End Of Nature Edited By Julie Dunlap And Susan A. Cohen, Matthew Zantingh
Coming Of Age At The End Of Nature Edited By Julie Dunlap And Susan A. Cohen, Matthew Zantingh
The Goose
Review of Julie Dunlap and Susan A. Cohen's edited collection Coming of Age at the End of Nature: A Generation Faces Living On a Changed Planet.
How Do Communities Proactively Address Lead Remediation? Community Case Studies From Iowa, Emma Nordmeyer
How Do Communities Proactively Address Lead Remediation? Community Case Studies From Iowa, Emma Nordmeyer
2016-2017: Scott County, Iowa and the Scott County Health Department
Scott County Health Department officials reached out to the Sustainable Working Landscapes Initiative (SWLI) program at Augustana College to start a partnership to address environmental issues related to lead hazards in Scott County homes. Students in Fall 2016 Contemporary Social Issues class worked in teams to perform case studies on communities in Iowa that address lead remediation proactively. Teams of students studied Dubuque, Linn, Polk, Marshall, and Black Hawk counties in Iowa. The students worked to identify obstacles, successes, key questions, and recommendations for future directions in lead remediation from these communities. This report is a summary of those findings.
How Do Communities Proactively Address Lead Remediation? : Community Case Studies From Iowa, Dr. Angie L. Carter, Emma Nordmeyer
How Do Communities Proactively Address Lead Remediation? : Community Case Studies From Iowa, Dr. Angie L. Carter, Emma Nordmeyer
2016-2017: Scott County, Iowa and the Scott County Health Department
In 2016, Scott County Health Department officials reached out to the Sustainable Working Landscapes Initiative (SWLI) program at Augustana College to begin a partnership addressing lead poisoning in our community. Teams of students in the Fall 2016 Contemporary Social Issues class conducted sociological case studies of communities in Iowa that are proactively addressing lead remediation through combinations of United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and private funding. Groups of students conducted case studies in Dubuque, Linn, Polk, Marshall, and Black Hawk counties in Iowa. Students researched the demographics of these areas as well as successes, lessons learned, …
Exploring Alternative Funding Methods For The Lead Remediation Program In Scott County, Iowa, Dr. John Delaney, Brittany A. Poynor
Exploring Alternative Funding Methods For The Lead Remediation Program In Scott County, Iowa, Dr. John Delaney, Brittany A. Poynor
2016-2017: Scott County, Iowa and the Scott County Health Department
Lead poisoning is an environmental as well as social problem. Areas with more older housing and higher rates of poverty are also the areas with the most lead poisoned children. Though the United States banned the use of lead paint in in 1978 and lead poisoning is preventable, lead poisoning remains a public health problem. Homes built before 1978 may pose risk of lead paint exposure, but of special concern to Scott County are the number of homes built before 1950.
Scott County, Iowa is home to some of the oldest housing units in the U.S. Iowa ranks fifth among …
Working With Latinos In Rural Communities: “Nuts And Bolts”, Wilma Cordova, Aparecida De Fatima Cordeiro Dutra
Working With Latinos In Rural Communities: “Nuts And Bolts”, Wilma Cordova, Aparecida De Fatima Cordeiro Dutra
Faculty Publications
Latinos currently compromise 16% of the entire U.S. population and 9.3% live in rural areas ((U.S. Census, 2010). These current percentages indicate that most social workers will work with this population at least once during their careers. Therefore, it is important that social workers develop skills and knowledge to work effectively with Latinos. Working with Latinos in our current sociopolitical climate poses many challenges for social workers working in rural areas. However, if social workers adhere to the guidelines and standards initially established by the profession and implement best practices many of their efforts will be successful. This chapter aims …
Sms Parent Action Intervention (Span): A Pilot Study To Assess The Feasibility Of Using Text Messaging To Promote Child Health On An American Indian Reservation, Julia M. Malich
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
Abstract
Purpose: Childhood obesity and its associated health risks are widely recognized as a major public health crisis in the United States (Johnson & Johnson, 2014; Proctor, 2008; Rogers et al, 2013; Vinci et al, 2016) and worldwide (Elías-Boneta, Toro, Garcia, Torres, & Palacios, 2015). Among children in low-income families, American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) children have the highest prevalence of obesity (21.1%) compared to other racial/ethnic groups (14.74% overall) (Pan et al, 2015). Parents play an important role in introducing healthy foods and encouraging physical activity in young children (Birch & Ventura, 2009; Lindsay et al., 2006; Natale et al., …
Rail Rebound: The Impact Of Freight Rails On Regional Development In The United States, 1970-2010, Bishal Bhakta Kasu
Rail Rebound: The Impact Of Freight Rails On Regional Development In The United States, 1970-2010, Bishal Bhakta Kasu
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Railroads have played a critical role in economic growth and development, and they exert a tremendous impact on the distribution and redistribution of the population. However, the impacts of railroads, especially freight rails, on population change and socioeconomic development are not well understood. This study fills the gap in the literature by examining the demographic and socioeconomic impacts of freight rails using county-level data in the continental United States from 1970 to 2010. The demographic and socioeconomic changes are measured by eleven dependent variables. Of those eleven, six are demographic (population, young, old, White, Black, Hispanic) and five are socioeconomic …
Thinking And Acting Both Globally And Locally : The Field School In Intercultural Education As A Model For Action-Research Training And Civic Learning., Douglas D. Perkins, Benjamin W. Fisher, Holly L. Karakos, Sharon L. Shields, Elizabeth D. Gilbert, Meaghan M. Patterson
Thinking And Acting Both Globally And Locally : The Field School In Intercultural Education As A Model For Action-Research Training And Civic Learning., Douglas D. Perkins, Benjamin W. Fisher, Holly L. Karakos, Sharon L. Shields, Elizabeth D. Gilbert, Meaghan M. Patterson
Faculty and Staff Scholarship
We present the Field School model of intercultural civic education, service-learning, action research training, and collaboration (with local academic and community partners) based on field work in applied anthropology. Theoretical and methodological foundations of the Field School also include experiential learning and immersive pedagogy, multiculturalism and cross-cultural communication, international education and study abroad programs, collaborative international development, participatory research, and in-depth knowledge in one’s own specific discipline. The primary goals of these intensive, short-term action research projects in other, less-developed countries or regions are benefits for community partners that are as sustainable as possible and to foster and assess learning …
The Andacollo's Mining Community: Ethnographic Work-Based Approach To Corporate Social Responsibility Policies And Practices, Ubirata De Oliveira
The Andacollo's Mining Community: Ethnographic Work-Based Approach To Corporate Social Responsibility Policies And Practices, Ubirata De Oliveira
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This ethnographic study was designed to explore the phenomenon of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the mining industry. The research addressed the impacts of a problematic, systemic, and ethnocentric (top-down) CSR approach driven by a transnational mining company, and proposed a novel cultural relativist (bottom-up) CSR approach looking at the social needs of the community. Solving the problem stemming from the ethnocentric approach is important for both the mining company and the community affected by the CSR program, as it will alter dynamics between actors and mitigate social conflicts. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors that improve …
Catalyzing Entrepreneurship And Economic Development Program: An Analysis Of The Educational Opportunities In Mississippi's Tourism Industry, Holly Ruth Pitts
Catalyzing Entrepreneurship And Economic Development Program: An Analysis Of The Educational Opportunities In Mississippi's Tourism Industry, Holly Ruth Pitts
Honors Theses
The purpose of this thesis is to provide an analysis of the educational opportunities provided by the tourism industry in Mississippi, and to highlight the University of Mississippi's efforts to institutionalize community engagement. I undertook this study as a result of my role as a Catalyzing Entrepreneurship and Economic Development (CEED) innovation scholar at the McLean Institute for Public Service and Community Engagement. The McLean Institute was expanded as part of UM's 2020 strategic action plan, and its mission statement involves advancing transformative service and fighting poverty through education. I began my research as a participant observer serving as an …