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A Capital Idea? The Welfare Effects Of Relocating Indonesia’S Government To A New City, Alexander D. Rothenberg, Radine Rafols, Yao Wang, Yi Jiang Nov 2025

A Capital Idea? The Welfare Effects Of Relocating Indonesia’S Government To A New City, Alexander D. Rothenberg, Radine Rafols, Yao Wang, Yi Jiang

Center for Policy Research

Many developing countries are planning to create new capital cities, a place-making policy designed to alleviate congestion and respond to climate change. To evaluate growth and welfare effects, we specify a dynamic quantitative spatial model with public employment, informality, fiscal transfers, and frictions in trade and migration. We calibrate the model with data from Indonesia and conduct policy experiments studying the creation of Nusantara in East Kalimantan. Despite increasing employment in the new capital region, we find that building Nusantara reduces national growth and welfare. Climate change attenuates its negative welfare effects, but only slightly.


Saussure’S Universal Distinctive Feature Dimensions, Thomas M. Eccardt Nov 2025

Saussure’S Universal Distinctive Feature Dimensions, Thomas M. Eccardt

Publications and Research

This paper revisits Saussure’s scalar analysis of phonemes, offering a modern reinterpretation that replaces binary features with phonological dimensions grounded in measurement theory. By redefining Saussure’s [openness] and [backness] as ordered scales and Chomsky and Halle’s “combination and concatenation” as partially ordered scales, the paper introduces a notion of “[phono]logical simultaneity.” This framework renders the variously-defined phoneme and segment redundant, and shifts the focus of distinctiveness to the linguistic sign, the morpheme. It demonstrates how phonological dimensions link continuous articulations and acoustic signals (e.g., F1 and F2) with discrete linguistic signs through calibrated distinctive features. The analysis identifies Saussure’s two …


“This Is Not Normal”: The Global Academy’S Resistance To Authoritarianism And Academic Capitalism, Catherine A. Labrenz, Christian Adeleke, Maria Lúcia T. Garcia, Aline Pandolfi, Mara Mattioni, Fabíola Xavier Leal, Marcela Nava Nov 2025

“This Is Not Normal”: The Global Academy’S Resistance To Authoritarianism And Academic Capitalism, Catherine A. Labrenz, Christian Adeleke, Maria Lúcia T. Garcia, Aline Pandolfi, Mara Mattioni, Fabíola Xavier Leal, Marcela Nava

Fast Capitalism

Summary: In the wake of rising authoritarianism and neoliberal retrenchment, academic institutions across the globe are increasingly pressured to suppress dissent, sanitize curricula, and deprioritize justice-based scholarship. Drawing from responses to political repression in Brazil and Argentina, this paper connects present-day U.S. conditions to transnational histories of academic resistance.

Findings: We locate today’s institutional silencing within the broader logics of academic capitalism and authoritarian governance, emphasizing how compliance, rather than critical engagement, is becoming the new normal.

Applications: Drawing on radical traditions of academic and professional resistance from the Americas, we present lessons learned and action steps …


Digital Competence In Early Childhood Formal And Informal Education: Findings From A Systematized Review, Davide Cino, Claudio D’Antonio, Federica Ranzani, Silvia Demozzi, Cosimo Di Bari Nov 2025

Digital Competence In Early Childhood Formal And Informal Education: Findings From A Systematized Review, Davide Cino, Claudio D’Antonio, Federica Ranzani, Silvia Demozzi, Cosimo Di Bari

Journal of Media Literacy Education Pre-Prints

This article reports on findings from a systematized literature review on digital competence in early childhood (age range, 0-6). Through a quantitative and qualitative analysis of 31 empirical studies, the article provides: 1) a mapping of key information contained in the dataset based on relevant variables inductively and deductively identified (i.e., children’s age, type of educational context, type of digital skill, caregiving actors, description of relevant activities, screen time discourse, risks and opportunities discourse, reference to wellbeing); and 2) a narrative in depth account of digital competence in early childhood in relation to the type of educational context investigated, i.e., …


From Red To Green: Using Gis To Examine Colorado’S Inequitable Housing Patterns In Urban Greenspace Accessibility, Jessica Howard Karr Nov 2025

From Red To Green: Using Gis To Examine Colorado’S Inequitable Housing Patterns In Urban Greenspace Accessibility, Jessica Howard Karr

Geography and the Environment: Graduate Student Capstones

Urban greenspaces provide numerous benefits to the mental and physical health of nearby people who access these locations for physical recreation, social interaction, and contemplation. Discriminatory urban planning policies from the past, such as redlining, have ensured that greenspace access is not always equitable for communities with diverse racial and socioeconomic compositions. This project utilizes Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to determine relationships between tree cover canopy, greenspace percentage within a census tract, and greenspace accessibility within a graded census tract system based on demographics and historic redlining locations in the Colorado cities of Denver, Colorado Springs, and Pueblo. The results …


Exploring Private And Governmental Interest In Bitcoin, Mina Khadem Nov 2025

Exploring Private And Governmental Interest In Bitcoin, Mina Khadem

Undergraduate Theses, Capstones, and Recitals

Regardless of one’s opinion, Bitcoin’s presence in the global economy is growing. However, Bitcoin’s emerging role and its implications are greatly under-researched, particularly in the context of government interest in Bitcoin. Nonetheless, increased private investment in Bitcoin and increased government interest in formally incorporating Bitcoin into existing economic systems, suggest a new development within the global economy that must be investigated. Through qualitative text analysis of pro-Bitcoin narratives presented in digital media platforms and official government policies and public statements, this thesis explores how private and government interest in Bitcoin is explained and framed within these contexts. This study finds …


Culturally Aware Mindfulness Training For Army Leaders: A Scalable Solution To Strengthen Mental Readiness, Katherine Dutler (Skowronski) Nov 2025

Culturally Aware Mindfulness Training For Army Leaders: A Scalable Solution To Strengthen Mental Readiness, Katherine Dutler (Skowronski)

Graduate School of Professional Psychology: Doctoral Papers and Masters Projects

This doctoral paper examines cost-effective, easily distributed mindfulness practices as a force-multiplier for psychological readiness in the U.S. Army. Daily mindfulness reduces symptom burden, raises distress tolerance, and sharpens performance—all without added equipment, appointments, or cost. However, stigma, long waitlists, and civilian-centric messaging still deter soldiers from adapting mindfulness practices. Rather than replacing clinicians, the program functions as preventive maintenance and a bridge while soldiers await care, thereby easing load on an overtaxed system. By embedding mental fitness alongside physical PT, the Army can advance its mandate to “deploy, fight, and win” with forces that are both mentally and physically …


Deaf Parents’ Infant-Directed Touch With Their Hearing And Deaf Babies: Intuitive, Cultural, Or In Need Of Instruction?, Brenda C. Seal Ph.D. Nov 2025

Deaf Parents’ Infant-Directed Touch With Their Hearing And Deaf Babies: Intuitive, Cultural, Or In Need Of Instruction?, Brenda C. Seal Ph.D.

Journal of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention

No abstract provided.


Developing A Research Agenda In Partnership With Parents Of Deaf/Hard-Of-Hearing Children, Carrie A. Davenport, Ursula M. Findlen, Ann Schenk Mcalearney, Lisa Vaughn Nov 2025

Developing A Research Agenda In Partnership With Parents Of Deaf/Hard-Of-Hearing Children, Carrie A. Davenport, Ursula M. Findlen, Ann Schenk Mcalearney, Lisa Vaughn

Journal of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention

Background: Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is an excellent fit for understanding and addressing the unique and diverse needs of deaf or hard-of-hearing (DHH) children and their families.

Objectives: We describe lessons learned from a capacity building project initiating an academic-community partnership between a multidisciplinary research team and a small group of parents of DHH children. Trainings and focus group style discussions created a research agenda reflective of families’ priorities.

Methods: Processes are described related to the development and composition of a Family Advisory Council, training topics and methods, the process for generating and prioritizing topics, and evaluation procedures.

Lessons learned: …


Transnational Networks Of Film Repetitions In East Asia : Proliferation And Limitations, Roman Kusaiko Nov 2025

Transnational Networks Of Film Repetitions In East Asia : Proliferation And Limitations, Roman Kusaiko

Lingnan Theses (MPhil & PhD)

A growing number of contemporary film critics, influencers, and audiences criticize film remaking, a tested and successful Hollywood practice. The main complaints are a lack of originality, overreliance on repeated titles, and an openly commercial nature. Despite criticism, film remakes have existed for decades and are a vivid and resilient form of recycling under new cultural and geopolitical circumstances. Contemporary film remaking reflects the impacts of globalization, transnationalization, and the rapid development of new media and digitalization.

Nevertheless, there is a tendency to theorize on film remaking, often relying on the dichotomy of the source and a remake or, less …


Partnering For International Student Success: Opportunities For Academic Librarians And Esl Faculty To Support Research And Information Literacy Skills, Rachel E. Trnka Nov 2025

Partnering For International Student Success: Opportunities For Academic Librarians And Esl Faculty To Support Research And Information Literacy Skills, Rachel E. Trnka

Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works

Presentation at the Graduate Student Forum of the TESOL Virtual Conference

With the growing number of international students attending American universities in recent years, academic librarians recognize the importance of serving the needs of that population. However, many librarians acknowledge that they feel unprepared to support international students, due to a lack of training or experience working with multilingual or second-language learners. This presentation offers a review of the literature exploring collaborations between librarians and instructors to better support ELLs in a college and university setting and presents recommendations for both librarians and faculty. While this session focuses on academic …


Getting Started In Graduate School: An Online Tutorial For New Graduate Students, Jill Mcmillan, Elana Geller, Angie Gerrard, Nazreen Beaulieu Nov 2025

Getting Started In Graduate School: An Online Tutorial For New Graduate Students, Jill Mcmillan, Elana Geller, Angie Gerrard, Nazreen Beaulieu

Journal of Graduate Librarianship

In August 2024, our library launched an asynchronous online tutorial, Getting Started in Graduate School. The purpose of the tutorial was fourfold: to complement existing student orientation programming at the library and the university; to situate the library as a valuable resource for graduate student academic success; to align with a similar library-designed online tutorial for new undergraduate students; and to provide practical information about graduate school expectations, framed through existing library resources and programming. The tutorial was created using the Springshare LibGuide and LibWizard platform and features a mix of static and interactive elements, which were developed and …


Leadership Communication, Heather Arlen, Eli Bruess, Mitchell Buerkle, Ali Gravelle, Magdalen Kramer Nov 2025

Leadership Communication, Heather Arlen, Eli Bruess, Mitchell Buerkle, Ali Gravelle, Magdalen Kramer

Leadership Education Newsletters

No abstract provided.


Collaborative Opportunities Between Academic Librarians And Esl Faculty To Support International Students, Rachel E. Trnka Nov 2025

Collaborative Opportunities Between Academic Librarians And Esl Faculty To Support International Students, Rachel E. Trnka

Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works

Session for the Sunshine TESOL Conference

This session will explore ways academic librarians and ESL faculty can collaborate to support not only the research skills of international students but also out of classroom learning opportunities for students. As an academic librarian working on a TEFL certificate, I hope to highlight the value of librarians learning about teaching and outreach techniques targeted to English language learners and faculty learning about unique challenges international students face using American academic libraries and conducting research.


Practicing With Avatars: Exploring Mixed Reality Simulation To Develop Msjccs, Amy L. Cook, Lillian Day, Kristin M. Murphy, Taylor Healy, Julia Kausel, Lindsay M. Fallon, Christopher B. Denning Nov 2025

Practicing With Avatars: Exploring Mixed Reality Simulation To Develop Msjccs, Amy L. Cook, Lillian Day, Kristin M. Murphy, Taylor Healy, Julia Kausel, Lindsay M. Fallon, Christopher B. Denning

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

This study used qualitative content analysis (QCA) to explore perceptions of engaging in Mixed Reality Simulation (MRS) with avatars on the development of Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies (MSJCCs) for school counselors in training. Results suggested that MRS contributed to improving participants’ confidence in MSJCCs, and they would have valued additional practice with MRS to address implicit bias with clients. Results indicate the need for additional MRS research to advance the development of MSJCCs in school counselor training.


From Prompt To Prejudice: Visual Evidence From Ai Image Generation Platforms, Jinu K. Varghese, Padma Rani Nov 2025

From Prompt To Prejudice: Visual Evidence From Ai Image Generation Platforms, Jinu K. Varghese, Padma Rani

Markets, Globalization & Development Review

This study examines how AI image generation systems perpetuate digital orientalism through systematic cultural representation patterns that increasingly shape global digital markets and international development discourse. Using visual social semiotics methodology, we conducted comparative analysis of Midjourney and ChatGPT platforms across nine culturally specific prompts examining religious imagery, contemporary social dynamics, and power structures in Indian cultural contexts. Our findings reveal that both platforms consistently reproduce colonial-era representational frameworks despite culturally sensitive prompting and advanced technical capabilities. The analysis identifies three systematic patterns: temporal displacement strategies that acknowledge modernity while containing it within orientalist categories, institutional validation requirements that privilege …


Younger African American Men’S Beliefs And Attitudes Toward Prostate Cancer Screening, Linda Teemer-Baker Nov 2025

Younger African American Men’S Beliefs And Attitudes Toward Prostate Cancer Screening, Linda Teemer-Baker

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Prostate cancer screening has been a focus of scholars since the late 20th century, as researchers have sought to address persistent disparities in early detection and mortality rates among African American men. Researchers have demonstrated that cultural beliefs, mistrust of the medical system, and limited access to healthcare significantly influence prostate cancer screening behaviors within this population. However, researchers have yet to establish how younger African American men specifically interpret prostate cancer risk and how their beliefs and attitudes shape decisions regarding screening participation. The purpose of this study was to explore the beliefs, perceptions, and attitudes of younger African …


Editorial: Migration And Health: A Human Rights Perspective - Conference Insights And Beyond, Noemi Rodriguez, Mira Goral, Justine Mcgovern, Allison Squires, María Isabel Roldos Nov 2025

Editorial: Migration And Health: A Human Rights Perspective - Conference Insights And Beyond, Noemi Rodriguez, Mira Goral, Justine Mcgovern, Allison Squires, María Isabel Roldos

Publications and Research

No abstract provided.


Pauline Style And A Biblical Theology, Andrew Whitney Perkins Nov 2025

Pauline Style And A Biblical Theology, Andrew Whitney Perkins

Masters Theses

Advances in biblical linguistics, especially in the Greek of the New Testament, have provided a means for a better understanding of the text of Scripture. Advances in Greek lexicography, syntax, verbal aspect, discourse analysis, exegetical and hermeneutical methods, and the historical background behind the gospels and letters of the New Testament have greatly increased interpreters’ ability to determine what the text meant from both the writers and to the recipients of those documents. However, Christian theology, especially Systematic Theology, has remained mostly static, unaffected by these advances, and by a more accurate understanding of the biblical text. This thesis affirms …


Ancient Astronaut Theory And Christian Belief Among Evangelical Millennials: A Quantitative Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study, Richard Barry Bazzell Nov 2025

Ancient Astronaut Theory And Christian Belief Among Evangelical Millennials: A Quantitative Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study, Richard Barry Bazzell

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this quantitative, exploratory, non-experimental, cross-sectional study was to explore the possible influence of the Ancient Astronaut Theory upon Evangelical Christian millennials in the aspects of their biblical worldview, belief in the triune God, and Christian praxis. The researcher structured the study upon four pillars: (a) Evangelical millennials, (b) Evangelical theology, (c) Lev Vygotsky’s social constructivism, and (d) Eric Von Däniken’s Ancient Astronaut Theory. The study population was Evangelical millennials in the state of Texas. The study’s instrumentation was a researcher-designed 5-point Likert scale survey titled Ancient Astronaut Theory–Evangelical Christian Millennials (AAT–ECM). Because the respondents were fewer in …


Novice Teacher Voice Of Preservice Preparation To Support Low-Ses Students, Edna Richardson Richardson Billingsley Nov 2025

Novice Teacher Voice Of Preservice Preparation To Support Low-Ses Students, Edna Richardson Richardson Billingsley

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem that was addressed through this study was that there is a gap in the literature about the preparation of mid to lower elementary novice teachers to teach students with low-socioeconomic status (low-SES) in several districts throughout the Southern United States. Grounded in social justice theory, the purpose of the basic qualitative design was to explore lower to middle elementary teachers' perceptions on their preservice preparation to teach low-SES students. For this basic qualitative design, 12 novice teachers participated in semistructured interviews. Data were analyzed through thematic analysis with the following three top themes emerging: (a) poor preparation towards …


Patients’ Experiences Of Triage And Waiting In Emergency Departments: A Cross-Sectional Survey, Carrie Janerka, Leslie D Gavin, Fenella J Gill, Pcc Ed Triage Group Nov 2025

Patients’ Experiences Of Triage And Waiting In Emergency Departments: A Cross-Sectional Survey, Carrie Janerka, Leslie D Gavin, Fenella J Gill, Pcc Ed Triage Group

Patient Experience Journal

Objective: Patient experience is a core aspect of care quality. Patient experiences of emergency departments (EDs) have been examined, but there has been less focus on ED triage and waiting areas, often patients’ initial point of contact with a health service. This study aimed to understand patients’ experiences of ED triage and waiting room. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted across five Australian EDs to understand experiences of patients 14 years and over before, during and after triage. Quantitative data were analysed descriptively and explored for correlations. Qualitative responses for suggested improvements were analysed using a conventional content analysis approach. …


News Distribution Strategies For Social Media Engagement: A Case Study Of Liputan6 Sctv, Lale Sekar Idaman Pertiwi, Muhammad Jamiluddin Nur, Yy Wima Riyayanatasya Nov 2025

News Distribution Strategies For Social Media Engagement: A Case Study Of Liputan6 Sctv, Lale Sekar Idaman Pertiwi, Muhammad Jamiluddin Nur, Yy Wima Riyayanatasya

JURNAL KOMUNIKASI INDONESIA

The rapid advancement of digital technology has accelerated media convergence, positioning Instagram and YouTube as strategic platforms for visual and audiovisual news distribution in line with modern audience consumption patterns. This study examines Liputan 6 SCTV’s Instagram and YouTube distribution strategies and their impact on audience engagement, content reach, and news visibility in the digital media landscape. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach, data were collected through interviews, observations, and documents. The findings indicate that Liputan 6SCTV’s content distribution strategies embody a multidimensional form of media convergence that integrates technological, editorial, and cultural aspects. Nine key strategies were …


Unraveling The Lullabies Of Learning: Exploring The Role Of Individual Components Of Infant-Directed Speech In Language Learning, Stephanie L. Lopez Nov 2025

Unraveling The Lullabies Of Learning: Exploring The Role Of Individual Components Of Infant-Directed Speech In Language Learning, Stephanie L. Lopez

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Children learn language more effectively from infant-directed speech (IDS) than adult-directed speech (ADS). Three experiments were run (a pilot and two full experiments) testing the effects of pitch and pitch variability on segmenting a target word out of the speech stream and then associating it to an object. Visual prosody via eyebrow movements and lip contours were added as additional cues after the Pilot Study. Additional factors included after the Pilot Study were shortened sentences from 10 syllables each to seven syllables each, shortened target words from three syllables to two syllables, consistent syllable onset of target words, and two …


Access Denied: An Argument Against King’S Propositional Access Principle, Jesse Fitts Nov 2025

Access Denied: An Argument Against King’S Propositional Access Principle, Jesse Fitts

Philosophy Faculty Research

Accounts of propositions face a problem that originates in the ontology of numbers: If propositions are abstract and causally isolated, then it’s unclear how agents cognitively access them. Jeff King presents a solution to this problem for his theory of propositions. King’s solution follows from a more general principle of cognitive access, which this paper challenges.


Perspectives Of Therapists Treating First Responders On The Role Of Peer Support In Psychological Recovery And Development Of Ptsd Symptoms, Audrey Ramos Nov 2025

Perspectives Of Therapists Treating First Responders On The Role Of Peer Support In Psychological Recovery And Development Of Ptsd Symptoms, Audrey Ramos

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

First responders face an increased risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to repeated exposure to traumatic events. While traditional treatments like cognitive-behavioral therapy and medication remain standard, peer support has become a supplementary strategy. However, limited research has investigated how licensed therapists view the role of peer support in clinical care. Therapists’ perspectives on the effectiveness, limitations, and integration of peer support in first responder PTSD recovery were explored in this qualitative, phenomenological study. Guided by Lazarus and Folkman’s transactional model of stress and coping and Masten’s resilience theory, how peer support serves as both a coping mechanism and …


Educators' Reflections On Competency-Based Learning: Reflecting 5 Years Of Nep 2020, Gaurav Agarwal, Anannya Chakraborty, Dimple Sood, Priyanka Sharma, Aditi Malviya, Shreevarshini K, Abha Bhagat Nov 2025

Educators' Reflections On Competency-Based Learning: Reflecting 5 Years Of Nep 2020, Gaurav Agarwal, Anannya Chakraborty, Dimple Sood, Priyanka Sharma, Aditi Malviya, Shreevarshini K, Abha Bhagat

ACER India

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 brought a significant transformation in India’s education system by promoting a more holistic, adaptable, and skills-focused approach to learning, moving beyond rote learning. At the core of this shift is Competency-Based Learning (CBL), which encourages the development of essential skills like critical thinking, creativity, and application of what students learn in real life. To make this shift meaningful, understanding the thought process and perspectives of teachers who operationalise CBL principles is crucial. Their experience and insights can help identify the systemic supports that are necessary to build a strong foundation for teacher and student …


Understanding The Barriers And Challenges Of Spanish-Speaking Latinos Who Received Calaim Initiative Social Support Services, Jessica De Lara Vallejo Nov 2025

Understanding The Barriers And Challenges Of Spanish-Speaking Latinos Who Received Calaim Initiative Social Support Services, Jessica De Lara Vallejo

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Spanish-speaking Latinos continue to face significant barriers when attempting to access social support services through healthcare initiatives such as California Advancing and Innovating Medi-Cal (CalAIM). Despite previous efforts to address this issue, this population continues to encounter barriers such as systemic discrimination, language barriers, and limited access to culturally responsive care. This qualitative study was guided by the consolidated framework for implementation research and used an interpretative phenomenological analysis approach to explore the lived experiences of Spanish-speaking Latino parents whose children received CalAIM asthma home remediation (AHR) services. The purpose of this study was to understand the barriers and challenges …


Do Perceptions And Explanations Of Supervisor Incivility Vary Based On Leader And Manager Prompt Terminology?, Elizabeth Russell, Caleb Pollard, Jack Carson Nov 2025

Do Perceptions And Explanations Of Supervisor Incivility Vary Based On Leader And Manager Prompt Terminology?, Elizabeth Russell, Caleb Pollard, Jack Carson

River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference

(1) Proposed and in-progress research The popular practice of using “leader” and “manager” terms synonymously in organizational practice, research, and public discourse has been suggested to pose issues given the implicit assignment of benevolence, merit, and morality to “leader” titles more so than “manager” titles (Learmonth & Morrell, 2021; McLaren, 2013). We contextualize this concern in the phenomenological space of workplace incivility, which consists of “rude, condescending, and ostracizing acts that violate workplace norms of respect, but otherwise appear mundane” (Cortina eta l., 2017, pg. 299). The purpose of our study is to understand what (if any) differences exist in …


Pedagogical Escapism And Western Performativity: A Psycho-Aesthetic Critique Of Belly-Dance Adaption Symbolics, Maryam Farahani Nov 2025

Pedagogical Escapism And Western Performativity: A Psycho-Aesthetic Critique Of Belly-Dance Adaption Symbolics, Maryam Farahani

Comparative Woman

This paper addresses positionality misreading in Western pedagogical adaptions of belly dancing. Raqs Sharqi, known in the West as belly dancing, is a predominantly West Asian and North African discipline and performance art with multimodal varieties, globally taught and practiced while crossing sport, narratology, and story-telling boundaries. As a unique performance activity, it portrays a dynamic entertainment space to connect one’s multiple identities. I argue that Raqs Sharqi, not only as an aesthetic-educational art form but also, perhaps unwittingly, reiterated as an Orientalist communication trope in belly dancing, has forged East-West performativity models. However, the historical education-literature for Western women …