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The Coins From The Excavations At Ketef Hinnom, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 59*–65*; English Summary, P. 144), Donald T. Ariel Jan 2025

The Coins From The Excavations At Ketef Hinnom, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 59*–65*; English Summary, P. 144), Donald T. Ariel

'Atiqot

In the excavations at Ketef Hinnom, 51 coins were found and 26 were identified. The Byzantine-period coins are all of small denominations, and do not postdate the mid-sixth century CE. This finding is of importance regarding the identification of the Byzantine church uncovered at the site.


Skeletal Remains From The Excavations At Ketef Hinnom, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 55*–58*; English Summary, P. 143), Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

Skeletal Remains From The Excavations At Ketef Hinnom, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 55*–58*; English Summary, P. 143), Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

The skeletal remains from the burial tombs at Ketef Hinnom date to Iron Age II and the Late Roman period. The bones from the Iron Age were scattered in a repository located in a Second Temple-period quarry; they probably belonged to a Jewish population. The bones from the Late Roman period were found in several tombs that contained mostly one interred; these burials seem to represent a pagan population. Bones from the Byzantine period were documented solely in previous excavations at the site.


Faunal Remains From The 1994–1996 Excavations At The Temple Mount, Jerusalem (Pp. 19–34), Ronny Reich, Ya'akov Billig, Dalia Hakker-Orion, Omri Lernau Jan 2025

Faunal Remains From The 1994–1996 Excavations At The Temple Mount, Jerusalem (Pp. 19–34), Ronny Reich, Ya'akov Billig, Dalia Hakker-Orion, Omri Lernau

'Atiqot

This study focused on the faunal remains (N = 3618) retrieved from three strata unearthed above the Second Temple-period stone-paved road along the southern part of the western wall of the Temple Mount. The three strata date to the Early Roman (first century BCE and first century CE–70 CE; Stratum 4), the Late Roman–Byzantine (second–sixth centuries CE; Stratum 3) and the Early Islamic (seventh–eighth centuries CE; Stratum 2) periods. The faunal remains from the Early Roman period reflect the large amounts of waste created by the various populations in the city, with a predominance of Jewish pilgrims. Following the destruction …


A Cemetery, A Quarry And Remains Of A Church At Ketef Hinnom, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 23*–53*; English Summary, Pp. 141–142), Rina Avner, Yehiel Zelinger Jan 2025

A Cemetery, A Quarry And Remains Of A Church At Ketef Hinnom, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 23*–53*; English Summary, Pp. 141–142), Rina Avner, Yehiel Zelinger

'Atiqot

The excavations at the site exposed the remains of two burial caves from Iron Age II, which were destroyed by quarrying activity during the Second Temple period. The area was exploited again for burial during the Late Roman period. This later cemetery held evidence of cremation—a burial custom attributed to the pagan population living in Jerusalem after the fall of the Second Temple. The architectural finds from the Byzantine period confirmed the previous identification of auxiliary rooms next to the apse of the church. The finds include pottery and stone objects dating to Iron Age II and the Persian, early …


An Israelite Basketry-Box Sealing From The Western Wall Plaza Excavations, Jerusalem (Pp. 1–12), Baruch Brandl Jan 2025

An Israelite Basketry-Box Sealing From The Western Wall Plaza Excavations, Jerusalem (Pp. 1–12), Baruch Brandl

'Atiqot

A clay sealing was retrieved from the Iron Age II building uncovered in the Western Wall Plaza excavations. It was identified as Israelite, based on typological and stylistic grounds, as well as on the geo-political distribution of such seals. The basketry-box sealing seems to have reached Judah either during the ninth century BCE, or in the hands of a refugee during the last decades of the eighth century BCE, between 850 and 722 BCE.


Iron Age And Second Temple-Period Remains At Ras El-‘Amud, Jerusalem (With A Contribution By Tamar Winter) (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–21*; English Summary, Pp. 139–140), Alla Nagorsky, Zvi Greenhut Jan 2025

Iron Age And Second Temple-Period Remains At Ras El-‘Amud, Jerusalem (With A Contribution By Tamar Winter) (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–21*; English Summary, Pp. 139–140), Alla Nagorsky, Zvi Greenhut

'Atiqot

The excavation in the neighborhood of Ras el-‘Amud yielded meager architectural remains. In the western area of the excavation, a large building, with two construction phases, was exposed. It was dated by pottery to the Second Temple period (second century BCE–70 CE), and was probably destroyed during the Jewish War. The northern area of the site yielded the remains of two walls and a floor. The pottery and coins associated with these remains date to the Iron Age and the Second Temple period. It seems that the building was an isolated dwelling located outside the urban zone, in an area …


An Ancient Wall Built To Prevent Erosion On The Bank Of Naḥal Sha‘Al In The Northern ‘Akko Plain (Hebrew, Pp. 93–99; English Summary, P. 92*), Nimrod Getzov, Hanaa Abu-‘Uqsa, Noam Greenbaum, Dina Vachtman, Moshe Inbar Jan 2025

An Ancient Wall Built To Prevent Erosion On The Bank Of Naḥal Sha‘Al In The Northern ‘Akko Plain (Hebrew, Pp. 93–99; English Summary, P. 92*), Nimrod Getzov, Hanaa Abu-‘Uqsa, Noam Greenbaum, Dina Vachtman, Moshe Inbar

'Atiqot

Excavations near the Naḥal Sha‘al streambed exposed a massive wall aligned in a roughly north–south direction. The eastern side of the wall is constructed of dressed stones cemented with lime mortar; the western side is irregular. At the base of the wall, a slope was constructed of lime mortar, reaching, at its thickest, up to one meter in width. Based on the scant pottery finds from the mortar fill between the stones, the construction appears to date from the Late Roman period. The wall would appear to have been constructed to prevent erosion of the bank at this particular place.


Marble Items From The Late Byzantine Buildings Along The Eastern Fringes Of Tel Shiqmona (Hebrew, Pp. 135–142; English Summary, P. 96*), Ira Barash Jan 2025

Marble Items From The Late Byzantine Buildings Along The Eastern Fringes Of Tel Shiqmona (Hebrew, Pp. 135–142; English Summary, P. 96*), Ira Barash

'Atiqot

Marble items found in the excavation at Tel Shiqmona include fragments of chancel screens, one of them decorated with the head of an animal—a ram or sheep; Corinthian capitals, characteristic of the fifth–sixth centuries CE; a column; carved items; and pavers and wall liners. Most of the marble items were found in a building that was probably a church, located in Area D/E.


The Mosaic From The Building (Church?) On The Eastern Fringes Of Tel Shiqmona (Hebrew, Pp. 143–145; English Summary, P. 97*), Ira Barash Jan 2025

The Mosaic From The Building (Church?) On The Eastern Fringes Of Tel Shiqmona (Hebrew, Pp. 143–145; English Summary, P. 97*), Ira Barash

'Atiqot

The mosaic was discovered in a building identified as a church, which was uncovered in Area D/E at Tel Shiqmona. The tesserae, of limestone, occur in shades of white, black, turquoise, red and yellow. The pattern of the central carpet is one of intertwined circles that form a motif of adjacent Maltese crosses. Based on the ceramic finds that were recovered from the bedding and the fill below it, the mosaic should be dated to the beginning of the seventh century CE.


Glass Vessels From The Late Byzantine Buildings Along The Eastern Fringes Of Tel Shiqmona (Hebrew, Pp. 131–134; English Summary, P. 95*), Ira Barash Jan 2025

Glass Vessels From The Late Byzantine Buildings Along The Eastern Fringes Of Tel Shiqmona (Hebrew, Pp. 131–134; English Summary, P. 95*), Ira Barash

'Atiqot

More than 1000 fragments of glass vessels were found in the excavation along the eastern fringes of Tel Shiqmona, of which c. 625 were identified. All the vessels were free-blown and produced from colorless, bluish green and greenish glass. The vessels include bowls, lamps, cups and goblets, a jar and bottles. They are of types that are


Late Byzantine Buildings On The Eastern Fringes Of Tel Shiqmona (Hebrew, Pp. 99–129; English Summary, Pp. 93*–94*), Hagit Torge, Uzi ‘Ad Jan 2025

Late Byzantine Buildings On The Eastern Fringes Of Tel Shiqmona (Hebrew, Pp. 99–129; English Summary, Pp. 93*–94*), Hagit Torge, Uzi ‘Ad

'Atiqot

Excavations at Tel Shiqmona, located on the southern outskirts of Haifa, revealed the remains of ashlar-built residential structures (Areas A–C); a large building, probably a basilica church (Area D/E); a foundation of a (city?) wall (Area F); two compounds (Area G), probably part of an industrial area; and a rock-hewn well (Area H). Based on the pottery vessels, metal artifacts, glass finds and coins, it seems that the buildings in Areas A–E were constructed during the second half of the sixth century CE, and were probably part of a neighborhood situated along the eastern fringes of the settlement. The buildings …


Three Persian-Period Metallic Finger Rings From Burial Cave 2, South Ḥorbat Tittora (Pp. 33*–40*), Baruch Brandl Jan 2025

Three Persian-Period Metallic Finger Rings From Burial Cave 2, South Ḥorbat Tittora (Pp. 33*–40*), Baruch Brandl

'Atiqot

Three metal finger rings were found in a repository in a burial cave, excavated at South Ḥorbat Tittora. The rings are all-metal products, and they are relatively well-preserved. They were dated to the Persian period (fifth–fourth centuries BCE), based on their shape, decoration and excavated parallels. They comprise a welcome addition to the relatively small number of all-metal rings from the Persian period that has been found in the country.


Tombs And Installations From The Iron Age Ii To The Byzantine Period From South Ḥorbat Tittora (With Contributions By Gabriela Bijovsky And Yossi Nagar) (Hebrew Pp. 13–92; English Summary, Pp. 89*–91*), Elena Kogan-Zehavi Jan 2025

Tombs And Installations From The Iron Age Ii To The Byzantine Period From South Ḥorbat Tittora (With Contributions By Gabriela Bijovsky And Yossi Nagar) (Hebrew Pp. 13–92; English Summary, Pp. 89*–91*), Elena Kogan-Zehavi

'Atiqot

The excavation was conducted south of Ḥorbat Tittora, in Modi‘in. The finds indicate the presence of an agricultural settlement that was active mainly from Iron Age II through the Byzantine period; also present at the site were installations dating to the Early Islamic, Mamluk and Ottoman periods. Among the installations are burial complexes and tombs, used continuously from Iron Age II until the Late Roman period; winepresses, ranging in date from the Hellenistic to the Byzantine periods; olive presses and crushing installations; quarries of various sizes; two limekilns; and twelve plastered cisterns.


Inscriptions And Incised Potsherds From The Western Wall Plaza Excavations, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 1–12; English Summary, Pp. 87*–88*), Daniel Vainstub Jan 2025

Inscriptions And Incised Potsherds From The Western Wall Plaza Excavations, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 1–12; English Summary, Pp. 87*–88*), Daniel Vainstub

'Atiqot

Excavations conducted approximately 100 m west of the Western Wall in Jerusalem revealed many incised pottery fragments bearing inscriptions and other markings. The form of the letters on the inscribed potsherds is generally consistent with the style common in Judah during the eighth–sixth centuries BCE. The markings were classified into five categories, four of which resemble similar groups of marks found at other sites, and the fifth consists of assorted marks, many of them unique. The assemblage exhibits clear similarities to assemblages found elsewhere in Jerusalem and at other Judahite settlements.


“The Lord Will Roar From Zion” (Amos 1:2): The Lion As A Divine Attribute On A Jerusalem Seal And Other Hebrew Glyptic Finds From The Western Wall Plaza Excavations (Pp. 1*–13*), Tallay Ornan, Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah, Shua Kisilevitz, Benjamin Sass Jan 2025

“The Lord Will Roar From Zion” (Amos 1:2): The Lion As A Divine Attribute On A Jerusalem Seal And Other Hebrew Glyptic Finds From The Western Wall Plaza Excavations (Pp. 1*–13*), Tallay Ornan, Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah, Shua Kisilevitz, Benjamin Sass

'Atiqot

A stamp seal bearing the image of a roaring lion and a Hebrew legend was found during the excavations of the Western Wall Plaza, Jerusalem. It is the first seal with a lion motif to be published from Iron Age II Jerusalem, and one of only a few from Judah bearing a lion motif. Two other glyptic finds include a fragment of a scaraboid, inscribed in Hebrew, and a bulla, with a palmette and traces of a Hebrew inscription. These finds are an important addition to the growing corpus of both inscribed and uninscribed seals that have been unearthed in …


A Hydraulic Construction Of The Mamluk Period At El-Madahil, Northeast Of The Hula Valley (Pp. 93*–108*), Hervé Barbé Jan 2025

A Hydraulic Construction Of The Mamluk Period At El-Madahil, Northeast Of The Hula Valley (Pp. 93*–108*), Hervé Barbé

'Atiqot

A water-related construction from the medieval period was exposed, revealing evidence for a strong flow of water. This observation was further confirmed by the eroded edges of the potsherds uncovered in the destruction phase. It is likely that this structure operated by means of the driving force of water, which enabled the rotating movement of a vertical mechanical wheel. The large number of iron nails retrieved from the site suggests that the machinery was constructed of timber, and was destroyed or dismantled. The finds, almost exclusively pottery, point to a date in the Mamluk period (fourteenth–fifteenth centuries CE).


Millstones And Oil-Press Weights For Stabilizing Slipways From The Seabed Opposite Tel Ashqelon (Hebrew, Pp. 129–137; English Summary, Pp. 123*–124*), Ehud Galili, Baruch Rosen Jan 2025

Millstones And Oil-Press Weights For Stabilizing Slipways From The Seabed Opposite Tel Ashqelon (Hebrew, Pp. 129–137; English Summary, Pp. 123*–124*), Ehud Galili, Baruch Rosen

'Atiqot

Underwater surveys on the seabed near Tel Ashqelon exposed the remains of basalt hourglass millstones (“donkey” millstones), limestone oil-press weights and a round kurkar stone. The millstones and oil-press weights were brought to the coast to be used for mooring the portable wooden winches, used to haul boats and small ships out of the water for docking and repairs. This system would have functioned between the Roman and Crusader periods, mainly during the Byzantine period, when the city of Ashqelon was a hive of economic activity.


An Engraved Carnelian Gem From Nysa-Scythopolis (Bet She’An) (Pp. 83*–88*), Gabriel Mazor Jan 2025

An Engraved Carnelian Gem From Nysa-Scythopolis (Bet She’An) (Pp. 83*–88*), Gabriel Mazor

'Atiqot

An intact carnelian gemstone was retrieved from the fill of the western therma in the Roman civic center of Nysa-Scythopolis (Bet She’an), along with an assortment of pottery and coins from the Roman and Byzantine periods. The gem, originally set in a ring, depicts Heracles in a scene of one of his labors: the overcoming of the Nemean lion. Based on its workmanship, style and provenience, it seems most likely that the gem dates to the second century CE.


Inscribed Stone Anchors From Ashqelon: Finds From Underwater Surveys (Hebrew, Pp. 113–127; English Summary, Pp. 121*–122*), Ehud Galili, Gerald Finkielsztejn, Josef Ayalon, Baruch Rosen Jan 2025

Inscribed Stone Anchors From Ashqelon: Finds From Underwater Surveys (Hebrew, Pp. 113–127; English Summary, Pp. 121*–122*), Ehud Galili, Gerald Finkielsztejn, Josef Ayalon, Baruch Rosen

'Atiqot

Underwater surveys near Ashqelon revealed a large number of different types of anchors, testifying to 3500 years of sea trade off the southern coast of Israel. Of the dozens of anchors found at Ashqelon, thirteen are inscribed. The large number of engraved anchors seems to derive from the region’s physical characteristics that made navigation difficult along the coastline, rendering its waters dangerous for shipping. Thus, the large number of engravings and inscriptions on the anchors was probably intended to assure the well-being of their users.


The Early Islamic Glass Finds From Khirbat El-Thahiriya (Pp. 57–72), Ruth E. Jackson-Tal Jan 2025

The Early Islamic Glass Finds From Khirbat El-Thahiriya (Pp. 57–72), Ruth E. Jackson-Tal

'Atiqot

The glass vessels unearthed in this excavation represent well-known types of Early Islamic-period tableware—bowls, wineglasses, bottles, jars, a jug, oil lamps, alembics, a spoon and windowpanes—some plain and others decorated in various techniques. The simple vessel shapes and the considerable number of lamp bowls and windowpanes support the identification of this site as a rural public building.


A Building And An Olive Press From The Byzantine–Abbasid Periods At Khirbat El-Thahiriya (Hebrew, Pp. 81–112; English Summary, Pp. 118*–120*), Elena Kogan-Zehavi, Shulamit Hadad Jan 2025

A Building And An Olive Press From The Byzantine–Abbasid Periods At Khirbat El-Thahiriya (Hebrew, Pp. 81–112; English Summary, Pp. 118*–120*), Elena Kogan-Zehavi, Shulamit Hadad

'Atiqot

Excavations at Khirbat el-Thahiriya exposed a complex consisting of a large building, with an oil press to its northeast and an irrigation system to its west; a refuse heap; and a plastered surface. Also found were a quarry and a juglet dating to Early Bronze Age IB, not related to the other finds. The building (c. 1500 sq m) was partially exposed and three phases were identified, dating to the Byzantine (fifth–mid-seventh centuries CE; Phase 1), Umayyad (650–750 CE; Phase 2) and Abbasid (750–tenth century CE; Phase 3) periods. The three phases of the building were dated by pottery, metal …


The Coins From Ḥorbat ‘Illin (Upper) (Hebrew, Pp. 77–79; English Summary, P. 117*), Helena Sokolov Jan 2025

The Coins From Ḥorbat ‘Illin (Upper) (Hebrew, Pp. 77–79; English Summary, P. 117*), Helena Sokolov

'Atiqot

Nineteen bronze coins and one silver coin were discovered during the excavations at Ḥorbat ‘Illin (Upper). The earliest coin dates from the time of Alexander Jannaeus (76–79/80 BCE) and the latest, from the Mamluk period (fourteenth century CE).


The Glass Vessels From Ḥorbat ‘Illin (Upper) (Pp. 47*–56*), Natalya Katsnelson Jan 2025

The Glass Vessels From Ḥorbat ‘Illin (Upper) (Pp. 47*–56*), Natalya Katsnelson

'Atiqot

Six hundred seventy-one glass fragments were retrieved from Ḥorbat ‘Illin (Upper), only one-quarter of them were diagnostic. Most of the vessels were found within the settlement, and date from the Late Roman to the Abbasid periods. Several vessels, dated to the Early Roman and Byzantine periods, were unearthed in burial caves and dwelling caves, north and east of the settlement. There were also sporadic fragments from the Early Roman and Mamluk periods. Most of the vessels are free blown; one bottle is mold-blown; and two bowls are cast. The most common designs are applied trails and pinched decoration. The material …


Ḥorbat ‘Illin (Upper): Rock-Cut Installations From The Late Hellenistic And Early Roman Periods, And Remains Of A Settlement From The Byzantine And Early Islamic Periods (Hebrew, Pp. 13–75; English Summary, Pp. 112*–116*), Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah Jan 2025

Ḥorbat ‘Illin (Upper): Rock-Cut Installations From The Late Hellenistic And Early Roman Periods, And Remains Of A Settlement From The Byzantine And Early Islamic Periods (Hebrew, Pp. 13–75; English Summary, Pp. 112*–116*), Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah

'Atiqot

A salvage excavation conducted at Ḥorbat ‘Illin, on a hilltop in the Judean Shephelah, revealed the remains of burial caves, cisterns and underground installations. These were quarried out and used in the Hellenistic and early Roman periods (first century BCE–second century CE), suggesting the existence of a nearby settlement from the Second Temple period that has not been excavated. Some of the installations were in use in later periods, as shown by pottery finds from the Byzantine, Umayyad and Mamluk periods. The main excavated areas were located in the center of the western slope (c. 4000 sq m), revealing the …


The Coins From A Roman-Period Farmstead At El-Qabu, South Of Ashqelon (Pp. 35*–46*), Robert Kool Jan 2025

The Coins From A Roman-Period Farmstead At El-Qabu, South Of Ashqelon (Pp. 35*–46*), Robert Kool

'Atiqot

Fifty-seven bronze coins were found in several structures, installations and tombs at El-Qabu. Fifty-three of the coins, including a hoard of twenty-three bronzes, were identified. With the exception of two Hellenistic and three early Roman specimens, as well as a single Byzantine nummus (first half of the sixth century), all the isolated coins fall between the second half of the second century and the reign of Maximinian Herculius (286–305 CE). Among the early coins is a rare flan with a trapezoidal section, probably originating in Jerusalem. Another interesting and rare early find is a lead token minted under the Roman …


The Glass Finds From A Roman Farmstead At El-Qabu, South Of Ashqelon (Pp. 29*–34*), Natalya Katsnelson Jan 2025

The Glass Finds From A Roman Farmstead At El-Qabu, South Of Ashqelon (Pp. 29*–34*), Natalya Katsnelson

'Atiqot

The site at El-Qabu yielded a small amount of glass finds, consisting of 48 fragments, of which 14 were chosen for illustration and discussion. The material was found in a very poor state of preservation; no complete vessels were discovered and none was restored. The color, fabric quality and milky weathering are characteristic of glass finds from the second–fourth centuries CE; however, finds of this glass are quite rare in the region. The assemblage of vessels consists of bowls, beakers and bottles. One adorned body fragment of a flask was found, as well as an elaborately decorated bracelet and a …


The Pottery And Stone Objects From A Roman-Period Farmstead At El-Qabu, South Of Ashqelon (Pp. 21*–28*), Yehudah Rapuano Jan 2025

The Pottery And Stone Objects From A Roman-Period Farmstead At El-Qabu, South Of Ashqelon (Pp. 21*–28*), Yehudah Rapuano

'Atiqot

The ceramic finds from the site at El-Qabu comprise for the most part locally manufactured vessels, along with a few imported wares. The repertoire includes plain-ware utilitarian vessels produced on the southern coastal plain along with imported examples of Eastern Terra Sigillata Ware (ESA) and two foreign amphorae. The pottery is exceptionally homogeneous, ranging in date from the second century to the late third and possibly the very beginning of the fourth century CE. Among the finds were a figurine (of mourning Isis?) and a disc-lamp, decorated with what was probably an erotic scene. These pagan themes seem to give …


A Roman-Period Farmstead At El-Qabu, South Of Ashqelon (Hebrew, Pp. 1–12; English Summary, P. 111*), Ofer Sion Jan 2025

A Roman-Period Farmstead At El-Qabu, South Of Ashqelon (Hebrew, Pp. 1–12; English Summary, P. 111*), Ofer Sion

'Atiqot

El-Qabu is a farmstead where wine was produced in the Roman period (second half of the second to the third centuries CE). Buildings arranged around a courtyard, winepresses, tabuns and vaulted tombs were exposed. Storage jars were inserted into the floors of two of the rooms—a phenomenon that was noted at other sites in the coastal plain and the Negev during the Roman and Byzantine periods, probably attesting to the function of the rooms as storerooms. Based on the latest coin (286–305 CE) recovered from the excavation, the site was abandoned at the end of the third or the beginning …


Mi‘Ilya: Evidence Of An Early Crusader Settlement (Pp. 63*–76*), Edna J. Stern Jan 2025

Mi‘Ilya: Evidence Of An Early Crusader Settlement (Pp. 63*–76*), Edna J. Stern

'Atiqot

A salvage excavation carried out on the upper hill of the village of Mi‘iliya exposed remains from the Late Bronze Age, Iron Age and Crusader period. Fifty-six diagnostic sherds, dating to the Crusader period, were found in a pit. Most of them represent local Crusader types, with a few belonging to imported types. The chronological range of the Crusader-period pottery dates from the mid-twelfth to the early thirteenth centuries CE.


An Umayyad-Period Aqueduct For The Irrigation Of Farmland South Of Ramla (Hebrew, Pp. 145–152; English Summary, Pp. 92*–93*), Oren Shmueli Jan 2025

An Umayyad-Period Aqueduct For The Irrigation Of Farmland South Of Ramla (Hebrew, Pp. 145–152; English Summary, Pp. 92*–93*), Oren Shmueli

'Atiqot

A 150 m long section of an aqueduct was exposed approximately 100 m south of Ramla. The aqueduct is U-shaped, with three layers of plaster and traces of travertine. One covering stone was preserved in situ. Within the plaster mixture lining the aqueduct were sherds of Gaza-type jars, dating to the sixth–seventh centuries CE. Pottery vessels from the fill inside the aqueduct were attributed mostly to its final phase of use, during the eighth century CE. The excavated section appears to have been part of the aqueduct’s water conduit system, built at the beginning of the Umayyad period. It may …