Expériences Vécues Et Perceptions De Personnes Étudiantes Internationales Sur Les Mesures Et Les Services Offerts Par Les Universités Québécoises Pendant La Pandémie De Covid-19 = Experiences And Perceptions Of International Students Regarding Measures And Services Offered By Quebec Universities During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Farrah Bérubé, Jessica Dubé, Jorge Frozzini, Daniel Côté

Études primaires

Cet article fait état d’une partie des résultats d’une recherche menée auprès de personnes étudiantes internationales (PÉI) qui fréquentaient des universités québécoises pendant la pandémie de COVID-19. La recherche portait sur les usages sociaux des technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) et sur la qualité de vie des PÉI en période de confinement. Les résultats présentés et discutés dans cet article se rapportent plus spécifiquement aux expériences et perceptions des PÉI sur les mesures et les services offerts par les universités en contexte de confinement. Afin de répondre à cet objectif, des entretiens semi-dirigés, menés auprès de 40 …

The Incidence Of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer In Relation To Occupational Exposure To Textile Fibers And Dusts In Montreal, Canada, 2008-2011, Maymouna Myriam Ka, France Labrèche, Mark S. Goldberg, Vikki Ho

Études primaires

Objective To estimate the associations between occupational exposure to textile fibers/dusts, and incidence of postmenopausal invasive breast cancer.

Methods

A population-based case-control study conducted in Montreal (2008 − 2011) identified hospital cases (N = 695) and population controls (N = 608) from the electoral list. Occupational hygienists examined participants’ occupations and tasks, and attributed exposures to several textile fibers. For all tumors and according to biomolecular subtypes, odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated using logistic regression models with different exposure indices, adjusting for potential confounders.

Results

Ever exposure to cotton dust was associated with an increased …

Development And Validation Of A Subject-Specific Integrated Finite Element Musculoskeletal Model Of Human Trunk With Ergonomic And Clinical Applications, Farshid Ghezelbash, Amir Hossein Eskandari, Amir Jafari Bidhendi, Aboulfazl Shirazi-Adl, Christian Lariviere

Études primaires

Biomechanical modeling of the human trunk is crucial for understanding spinal mechanics and its role in ergonomics and clinical interventions. Traditional models have been limited by only considering the passive structures of the spine in finite element (FE) models or incorporating active muscular components in multi-body musculoskeletal (MS) models with an oversimplified spine. To address those limitations, we developed a subject-specific coupled FE-MS model of the trunk and explored its applications in ergonomics and surgical interventions. A parametric detailed FE model was constructed, integrated with a muscle architecture, and individualized based on existing datasets. Our comprehensive validation encompassed tissue-level responses, …

Vocational Training And Occupational Health: An Ergonomics Approach To Gender And Disabilities For Social Sustainability, Myriam Bérubé, Céline Chatigny, Marie Laberge

Études primaires

The Work-Oriented Training Path (WOTP) in Quebec, Canada, is a dual vocational training program that offers students with learning difficulties supervised traineeships. Teachers play a pivotal role in managing students' occupational health and safety (OHS), yet must do so under tight time constraints, limited institutional guidance and highly diverse student profiles. Building on an activity-centered ergonomics and capabilities framework, this multiple-case study explores how gender, disabilities, and work determinants shape OHS management within the WOTP, emphasizing their implications for social sustainability. Twenty-seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 WOTP teachers; 497 narrated anecdotes, which are units of speech when teachers' …

Evolution Of Stressors For Healthcare Workers Over The Covid-19 Pandemic, F. Labrèche, Q. Durand-Moreau, A. Adisesh, J.-M. Galarneau, Shannon Ruzycki, Tanis Zadunayski, Nicola Cherry

Études primaires

Background:

Many studies have documented exposure to psychosocial factors in healthcare workers (HCWs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Few have done it prospectively with open-ended questions.

Aims:

To describe the evolution of stress factors reported by HCWs during the pandemic.

Methods:

A prospective cohort of 4964 HCWs (physicians, nurses, healthcare aides, personal support workers), from four Canadian provinces, received four online questionnaires between the springs 2020 and 2022. Responses to an open-ended question on stressful events were coded into 25 stressors. Multilevel logistic regressions assessed trends in stressors, and the effect of gender, occupation, and age.

Results:

In 2020, 91% of …

The Role Of Social Isolation In Shaping Health Outcomes In Older Adults: A Regional Analysis, Vince Falco, Lynn Wiles, Jonathan Romero, Leorey Saligan

Ellmer School of Nursing Faculty Publications

Social isolation is a critical public health concern in older adults and is linked to a range of adverse health outcomes across diverse sociodemographic groups. This study investigated the associations between social isolation with physical and mental health of older adults residing in Hampton Roads, a racially diverse region in Southeastern Virginia, home to a large population of senior military veterans. Secondarily, the study explored how social determinants of health (SDoH) and comorbid medical conditions influenced the relationship of social isolation with physical and mental health of these seniors. Physical and mental health were measured using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement …

Codon Composition In Human Oocyters Reveals Age-Associated Defects In Mrna Decay, Pavla Brachova, Lane K. Christenson, Nehemiah S. Alvarez

Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences Faculty Publications

Oocytes from women of advanced reproductive age exhibit diminished developmental potential, but the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely defined. Oocyte maturation depends on translational control of maternal mRNA synthesized during growth. We performed a computational analysis on human oocytes from women < 30 versus ≥40 years and observed that mRNA GC content correlates negatively with half-life in oocytes from young (< 30 yr) but positively with oocytes from aged (>40 yr) women. In young oocytes, longer mRNA half-life is associated with lower protein abundance, whereas in aged oocytes GC content correlates positively with protein abundance. During the GV-to-MII transition, codon composition stratifies stability: codons that support rapid translation (optimal) stabilize mRNA, while slow-translating codons (non-optimal) promote decay. With reproductive aging, GC-containing codons become more optimal and align with increased …

Antibiotic Resistance: The Growing Threats And Potential Solutions, Olisaemeka Zikora Akunne, Blessing Nkechi Emmanuel, Umar Faruk Saidu, Ayobami Sunday Akinnawo, Nasiru Ademola Adeyemi, Livia Chinaza Egoh, Malami Aishatu Muhammad, Olusegun Ayo Ade-Adekunle, Deborah Ahuoyiza Peter, Anne Amina Freitas

Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences Faculty Publications

Antibiotic resistance (AR) has become a critical global health crisis, threatening the efficacy of antibiotics and increasing healthcare costs, morbidity, and mortality. The One Health approach, which emphasizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, is increasingly recognized as an essential framework for addressing the complex drivers of AR. This review explores the mechanisms of resistance, such as genetic mutations, horizontal gene transfer, and biofilm formation, along with contributing factors such as the overuse of antibiotics in healthcare and agriculture. We assess both traditional and emerging strategies to combat AR, including antimicrobial stewardship, the development of new antibiotics, and …

Transposable Element Activity Captures Human Pluripotent Cell States, Florencia Levin-Ferreyra, Srikanth Kodali, Yingzhi Cui, Alison R S Pashos, Patrizia Pessina, Justin Brumbaugh, Bruno Di Stefano

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) exist in multiple, transcriptionally distinct states and serve as powerful models for studying human development. Despite their significance, the molecular determinants and pathways governing these pluripotent states remain incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that transposable elements act as sensitive indicators of distinct pluripotent cell states. We engineered hPSCs with fluorescent reporters to capture the temporal expression dynamics of two state-specific transposable elements, LTR5_Hs, and MER51B. This dual reporter system enables real-time monitoring and isolation of stem cells transitioning from naïve to primed pluripotency and further towards differentiation, serving as a more accurate readout of pluripotency …

Tobacco Exposure Linked To Warthin’S Tumor Being The Most Common Benign Parotid Neoplasm In Veterans: A Retrospective Cohort Study, Louis Abarca, Linda K Green, Ray Y Wang, Vlad C Sandulache, David J Hernandez

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Objective: Parotid gland neoplasms account for a large proportion of benign salivary gland tumors, with pleomorphic adenomas (PA) being the most common in the civilian population, followed by Warthin's tumor (WT). However, the distinct risk profiles of Veterans significantly influence the incidence and prevalence of salivary gland neoplasms. We investigated the diagnostic and management algorithms for benign parotid gland neoplasms in Veterans.

< >Methods: Retrospective cohort study. Descriptive statistics were calculated using Microsoft Excel. Categorical variables were compared using chi square tests, and were reported with 95% confidence intervals, with statistical significance set at P <  .05.

Results: The study included 158 patients …

Effectiveness, Acceptability, And Cost-Effectiveness Of Digital Health Interventions For Diabetes Self-Management In Adults With Or Without Hypertension: An Umbrella Review Protocol, Min Zhang, Jiahui Ge, Xinrong Yu, Tian Wang, Fenglan Wang, Madalo Gloria Kalero Kuchawo, Li Ge

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Objective: This review will synthesize evidence on the effectiveness, acceptability, and cost-effectiveness of digital health interventions in implementing and maintaining effective self-management among adults (≥ 18 years) with diabetes, with or without comorbid hypertension. Introduction: Diabetes and hypertension are becoming the most challenging global health burdens. Growing evidence underscores the effectiveness of digital health interventions for diabetes and hypertension. However, it is unclear whether these strategies can be recommended to improve diabetes self-management among adults with or without hypertension in primary health care. Inclusion criteria: We will include systematic reviews (with or without meta-analysis) examining the effectiveness, acceptability, and cost-effectiveness …

Cellular And Molecular Mechanisms Of Lung Regeneration, Repair, And Fibrosis, Volume Ii, Yong Qiu, Xiao Xiao Tang, Shigeyuki Shichino, Prem Prakash Kushwaha, Yan Y. Sanders, Remo Castro Russo, Chunheng Mo

Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences Faculty Publications

[Introduction] Organ fibrosis represents a substantial a major contributor to global disease burden, implicated in over 30% of cases leading to disability-associated and fatal conditions. Among these conditions, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) stands as a progressive and frequently fatal interstitial lung disease characterized by aberrant extracellular matrix deposition and parenchymal scarring. The prognosis for IPF patients is poor, with a median survival time of just 3–5 years (Bhattacharya and Ramachandran, 2023; Lederer and Martinez, 2018, Ma et al., 2024, Wei et al., 2024). Current FDA-approved therapeutics, Pirfenidone and Nintedanib, demonstrate capacity to attenuate functional decline in pulmonary fibrosis but remain …

A Study Of Glyphosate, Pesticide Mixtures, And Metabolic Health Outcomes: Integrating Epidemiologic, Mechanistic, And Ecological Evidence On Environmental Drivers Of Metabolic Health, Sarah Otaru

Electronic Theses & Dissertations (2024 - present)

Glyphosate, the most extensively used herbicide worldwide, has become a ubiquitous environmental contaminant. Although initially considered safe due to its specific biochemical target in plants, emerging evidence suggests that chronic, low-level human exposure may disrupt metabolic processes. Simultaneously, the global rise in metabolic disorders such as metabolic syndrome (MetS), obesity, and type 2 diabetes, has created a pressing need to identify novel, potentially modifiable environmental contributors. This dissertation investigates the relationship between glyphosate and metabolic health through a triangulated framework that integrates individual-level epidemiological analysis, systematic synthesis of mechanistic evidence, and ecological evaluation of pesticide mixtures.

The first study employed …

Using Ai To Improve Study Skills, Lesley L. Rennis

Open Educational Resources

This module consists of three lesson plans designed to teach students to use AI tools responsibly and ethically to create outlines, refine research questions, and use APA referencing. By integrating AI into study practices, students enhance their organizational, analytical, and citation skills, while maintaining academic integrity. The lessons emphasize using AI as a tool to improve study skills so that more time can be spent on deep learning and critically thinking about class material.

Dance-Related Fractures Occur In The Upper And Lower Extremities At Similar Rates: An Analysis Of The 2004-2023 National Electronic Injury Surveillance System Database, Senah E. Stephens, Joshua F. Edwards, Lisa K. Cannada

Department of Medicine Faculty Publications

Introduction

In the United States, 21% of adolescents participate in dance. Dancers are susceptible to injuries, particularly of the lower extremity, due to extreme positioning, dynamic overload, and repetitive movements.

Objectives

(1) to report the prevalence and describe demographic characteristics of dance-related fractures and (2) to analyze variables associated with disposition status.

Methods

The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database, published by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission, was used to investigate dance-related fractures diagnosed in a sample of 100 emergency departments over 20 years. Descriptive statistics and demographic variables were analyzed using chi square tests. Age was analyzed …

Delayed Hypertension Diagnosis And Its Association With Cardiovascular Treatment And Outcomes, Yuan Lu, John E. Brush Jr, Chungsoo Kim, Yuntian Liu, Xin Xin, Chenxi Huang, Mitsuaki Sawano, Patrick Young, Jacob Mcpadden, Mark Anderson, John S. Burrows, Jordan R. Asher, Harlan M. Krumholz

Department of Medicine Faculty Publications

Importance Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, yet delays in diagnosis may limit timely treatment initiation and increase cardiovascular risk.

Objectives To examine the timing of clinical hypertension diagnosis, its association with antihypertensive medication prescribing, and its association with long-term cardiovascular outcomes.

Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study analyzed electronic health record (EHR) data from an integrated health care system. Adults aged 18 to 85 years with at least 2 outpatient blood pressure (BP) readings of 140/90 mm Hg or more recorded at least 30 days apart from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2021, …

Group Antenatal Care Positively Transforms The Care Experience: Results Of An Effectiveness Trial In Malawi, Crystal L. Patil, Kathleen F. Noor, Esnath Kapito, Li C. Liu, Xiaohan Mei, Elizabeth Chodzaza, Genesis Chorwe-Sungani, Ursula Kafuulafula, Elizabeth T. Abrams, Allissa Desloge, Ashley Gresh, Rohan D. Jeremiah, Dhruvi R. Patel, Anne Batchelder, Heidy Wang, Jocelyn Faydenko, Sharon S. Rising, Ellen Chirwa

Department of Medicine Faculty Publications

Background

We developed and tested a Centering-based group antenatal (ANC) model in Malawi, integrating health promotion for HIV prevention and mental health. We present effectiveness data and examine congruence with only the Group ANC theory of change model, which identifies key processes as supportive relationships, empowered partners in learning and care, and meaningful services, leading to better ANC experiences and outcomes.

Methods

We conducted a hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial at seven clinics in Blantyre District, Malawi, comparing outcomes for 1887 pregnant women randomly assigned to Group ANC or Individual ANC. Group effects on outcomes were summarized and evaluated using t-tests, Mann-Whitney, …

Changes In Cardiovascular Risk Factors And Health Care Expenditures Among Patients Prescribed Semaglutide, Yuan Lu, Yuntian Lu, Tedi Totojani, Chungsoo Kim, Rohan Khera, Hua Xu, John E. Brush Jr., Harlan M. Krumholtz, Jason Abaluck

Department of Medicine Faculty Publications

Importance Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, has demonstrated substantial weight reduction and cardiovascular benefits in clinical trials. However, its association with clinical outcomes and health care expenditures remains underexplored.

Objective To evaluate changes in cardiovascular risk factors and health care expenditures among patients prescribed semaglutide across multicenter cohorts.

Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study included 23 522 adults (≥18 years) who received an initial semaglutide prescription between January 1, 2018, and January 1, 2025, at Sentara Healthcare and between January 1, 2018, and May 1, 2025, at Yale New Haven Health System.

Exposure The first prescription of …

Incorporating Social Determinants Of Health Into A Screening Tool Using Machine Learning To Predict Lung Cancer Diagnosis Among High Risk Patients, Bianca Jackson

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

This research aims to assess the impact of incorporating social determinants of health (SDoH) into prediction screening models for predicting lung cancer among high risk-patients. Lung cancer is typically diagnosed at a later stage when surival and health outcomes are poor. Screening guidelines are currently in place; however, patients at high risk can be missed. There is a need for short-term predictions, to better identify patients at an earlier stage. SDoH features, such as socioeconomic satus, can provide social context that improves identification of patients who might have otherwise been overlooked. The proposed framework includes developing an early detection tool …

An Epidemiological Study Of Finger, Hand, And Wrist Injuries In The Department Of Air Force And Us Workers, Melody Kay Gwilliam

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

ABSTRACT

An Epidemiological Study of Finger, Hand, and Wrist Injuries in the Department of Air Force and US workers

Melody Gwilliam

Background and Objectives: Fingers, hands, and wrists (FHW) are the leading injured body parts in work-related injuries in the United States (U.S.) and in the U.S. Department of the Air Force (DAF). There has been limited research on risk factors for FHW injuries. Workers across all industries are at risk for these injuries. The objectives of these studies are to 1) describe and compare FHW injuries among enlisted, officer, and civilian U.S. Department of the Air Force (DAF) …

Llm-Driven Fmea For Safe Human-Robot Collaboration In Disassembly, Morteza Jalali Alenjareghi, Samira Keivanpour, Yuvin Adnarain Chinniah, Sabrina Jocelyn

Articles dans des actes de congrès

Disassembly operations often present unstructured and unpredictable scenarios, such as handling hazardous materials, addressing ergonomic strain, and managing dynamic robot interactions that pose safety risks. To tackle these challenges, we propose an innovative use of large language models (LLMs) to enhance failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) in the context of human-robot collaboration (HRC) for disassembly tasks. We developed an LLM system leveraging retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) for real-time risk analysis and recommendation generation. RAG retrieves domain-specific information from the FMEA knowledge database, enabling accurate risk analysis, contextual understanding, and relevant recommendations based on user input and operational data. Evaluation of …

Effect Of Ventilation And Wearing A Facemask In Reducing Indoor Aerosol Transmission, Clothilde Brochot, Ali Bahloul

Articles dans des actes de congrès

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted research in respiratory protection and transmission routes. Indeed, the pandemic has highlighted a number of issues, including those related to the performance and use of respiratory protective equipment such as masks and ventilation. A plethora of commercial and homemade masks have widely appeared during the pandemic, although they are not yet fully regulated in performance and fit test. However, with regard to the source reduction process, testing facemasks not at the inhalation, but at the source (exhalation) offers a new perspective on how to prevent particle emissions. Different means of transmission reduction are measured …

Understanding Oncology Physician Movement And Its Implications On Cancer Care Teams And Patients, Sarah L. Cornelius

Dartmouth College Ph.D Dissertations

Nearly 20% of oncology physicians planned to move to new practices or leave practice altogether in 2023, with common stressors related to limited staffing and increased clinical burden. This combination of movement and departures is collectively referred to as turnover. High-quality cancer care relies on access to well-staffed and coordinated clinical teams, and thus, turnover within these teams can compromise care access, delivery, and quality. Prior research within primary care has demonstrated that turnover can result in delayed or worsened care and higher health care spending. However, there are limited studies of turnover within the oncology workforce. Understanding how oncology …

Financial Health Literacy Of Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Qualitative Research Study, Kimberly Davis

Theses and Dissertations

Background: Financial health literacy (FHL) is an emerging concept with unique application to older adults. Multiple complexities converge in older age that create increased financial vulnerability (e.g., retirement, chronic disease). However, low financial and health literacy are common in older adults, impacting their ability to self-manage. The AWV’s focus on prevention offers an opportunity to incorporate a proactive approach to financial-related assessment. This study will explore the perceived value of assessing FHL in primary care settings and the financial-related barriers and facilitators to implementing the personalized prevention plan.

Methods: The conceptual framework was guided by the Individual and Family Self-Management …

Addressing Barriers In The Primary Prevention Of Hypertension In Black People, Makalah Pierre Rn Bsn

Honors Undergraduate Theses

Hypertension is a significant health concern among minority groups, and the black population is most at risk (Abrahamowicz et al., 2023). The black population experience higher prevalence rates of hypertension compared to other racial groups and are more likely to experience hypertension-related problems, including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD).  This literature review explores various nursing interventions aimed at preventing hypertension within this population. In this review, the term “black people or persons” is a broad term used to describe both African Americans and people of Afro-Caribbean decent. This includes various backgrounds such as Haitian, Jamaican, or otherwise …

Factors Associated With Fatalism Among Hispanic And Latina Breast Cancer Survivors, Liara Lopez Torralba

Honors Undergraduate Theses

As fatalism, a person’s attitude towards their life, increases, there is a significant level of medical mistrust and avoidance, which can delay cancer diagnoses and affect the prognosis of the disease. Literature has shown that many factors, including age, race, acculturation, locus of control, education, and fear can influence fatalism. However, little research has been conducted on whether fatalism differs independently by Hispanic origin and its associated factors among Hispanic breast cancer survivors. This study used data from the Hispanic Breast Cancer Study at the University of Central Florida. The original study recruited 408 women aged ≥ 20 years, diagnosed …

A Systematic Review Of Dietary Trends, Influencing Factors, And Their Impacts On Cardiovascular Health In Turkish Populations, Pelin L. Özoğlu

Honors Undergraduate Theses

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally, including in Türkiye. One key factor influencing CVD prevention is dietary patterns, which directly impacts cardiovascular health. Türkiye traditionally follows the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), which is acclaimed for its cardiovascular benefits. Despite this, Türkiye continues to experience high rates of CVD, with projections indicating that CVD mortality will double for both men and women by 2030. It is crucial to address diet-related factors, including potential nutritional deficiencies, to reduce cardiovascular health risks.

This research aims to analyze the Turkish community's adherence to the Mediterranean diet to understand why CVD prevalence …

Genomic Epidemiology Of Staphylococcus Aureus Sequence-Type 72, Sachitaa Senthilkumar

Honors Undergraduate Theses

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, SA) is a gram-positive bacterial colonizer and pathogen commonly carried on the skin and in the anterior nares of humans. SA colonization may lead to a variety of non-invasive (e.g., skin and soft tissue infections, SSTIs) and invasive (e.g., bacteremia and osteomyelitis) infections. The SA population is comprised of multiple lineages that can be delineated through multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), which compares nucleotide sequences within seven housekeeping genes. Strains belonging to an MLST share a common evolutionary history and phenotypic characteristics like antibiotic resistance or virulence. As a result, the epidemiology of lineages can be …

State Of The States: Blueprints For Building Age-Friendly Futures, Megan Stubbs-Richardson, Lauren E. Etheredge, Tockie V. Hemphill, Zaccheus J. Ahonle, Danielle K. Nadorff

Publications

Executive Summary:

Mississippi’s aging population growth mirrors national trends and suggests a need to establish equitable and sustainable age-friendly policies and programs. This report offers an overview of the best practices from age-friendly states, which can be adapted to meet unique challenges and opportunities for Mississippi’s aging population. We highlight five age-friendly policy areas that can improve Mississippi’s livability.

• Aging in Place: Best practices from California, Florida, and Massachusetts can be adapted to promote aging in place through structural changes to homes via universal design and home modifications, or through supportive housing programs and home care.

• Cross-Sector Collaboration: …

Study Of Maternal And Fetal Outcomes In Pregnancy Complicated By Thyroid Disorders, Sindhu Kumari, Poornima M

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Background:

Thyroid disorders, particularly hypothyroidism, are common during pregnancy and can significantly impact both maternal and fetal outcomes. Despite advancements in screening and treatment, thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy often remains underdiagnosed, especially in low-resource settings. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, outcomes and effective management strategies of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy.

Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence and outcomes of thyroid dysfunction, including both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, during pregnancy, and their associated maternal and fetal complications.

Methods: This prospective observational study included 281 pregnant women with thyroid disorders attending antenatal care at JSS Hospital, Mysuru, from August 2022 …