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Risk Factors And Hiv/Aids Among The Msm In Developing Countries Outside Of The African Continent, India Dennis

International Journal of Global Health and Health Disparities

The spread of AIDS has seriously impacted developing countries on a scale unimaginable to industrialized countries. The number of people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide was estimated to be 46 million people as of Dec. 2003, with a total of over 60 million people who were affected by the virus globally. Sub-Saharan Africa is the region with the highest rate with 29 million cases (UNAIDS/WHO, 2003). However, the HIV cases within the confines of developing countries outside of the African continent have become a major concern for researchers and epidemiologist alike. This paper will review epidemiological literature that examines the connection …

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome : Description, Epidemiology, And Control Measures, Jorge E. Galva

International Journal of Global Health and Health Disparities

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (hereinafter SARS) is the first severe and readily transmissible new disease to emerge in the 21st century 1. The presence of this infectious agent was first recognized in early November 2002 in the province of Guangdong in the People's Republic of China. SARS rapidly spread from there to other parts of the world, notably Southeast Asia and Canada. According to data compiled in August 2003, altogether 8,422 cases occurred in 29 countries. The most severely affected countries were China (including the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong and Taiwan), Canada, Singapore and Vietnam, all of which …

Epidemiologic And Environmental Investigation Of A Recreational Water Outbreak Caused By Two Genotypes Of Cryptosporidium Parvum In Ohio In 2000, Els Mathieu, Deborah A. Levy, Fran Veverka, Mary-Kay Parrish, John Sarisky, Nancy Shapiro, Stephanie Johnston, Thomas Handzel, Allen Hightower, Lihua Xiao, Yeuk-Mui Lee, Steve York, Michael Arrowood, Robin Lee, Jeffrey L. Jones

Journal Articles: Epidemiology

In August 2000, the Ohio Department of Health requested assistance to investigate a cryptosporidiosis outbreak with more than 700 clinical case-patients. An epidemiologic and environmental investigation was conducted. Stool specimens, pool water, and sand filter samples were analyzed. A community-based case-control study showed that the main risk factor was swimming in pool A (odds ratio [OR] = 42, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 12.3-144.9). This was supported by results of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, which showed the presence of both the human and bovine genotypes of Cryptosporidium parvum in case-patients and samples from the filter of pool A. A …

Did A Severe Flood In The Midwest Cause An Increase In The Incidence Of Gastrointestinal Symptoms?, Timothy J. Wade, Sukhminder K. Sandhu, Deborah A. Levy, Sherline Lee, Mark W. Lechevallier, Louis Katz, John M. Colford

Journal Articles: Epidemiology

Severe flooding occurred in the midwestern United States in 2001. Since November 2000, coincidentally, data on gastrointestinal symptoms had been collected for a drinking water intervention study in a community along the Mississippi River that was affected by the flood. After the flood had subsided, the authors asked these subjects (n = 1,110) about their contact with floodwater. The objectives of this investigation were to determine whether rates of gastrointestinal illness were elevated during the flood and whether contact with floodwater was associated with increased risk of gastrointestinal illness. An increase in the incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms during the flood …

Patient Satisfaction And Disease Specific Quality Of Life After Uterine Artery Embolization, Wendy J. Smith, Elizabeth Upton, Elizabeth J. Shuster, Arnold J. Klein, Martin L. Schwartz

Faculty Publications - College of Medical Science

Objectives: This study was undertaken to evaluate changes in fibroid specific symptom severity and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) after uterine artery embolization (UAE) and to consider the impact of these changes on satisfaction with the procedure.

Study design: A validated, fibroid specific, symptom, and HRQOL questionnaire was mailed to 80 women who had undergone UAE from 1998 through 2002. Pre- and postprocedure symptom severity and HRQOL scores were obtained. The primary outcome measure was change in fibroid symptoms and HRQOL after UAE. Secondary outcomes included objective measures of patient satisfaction, and the decrease in uterine volume after UAE.

Economic Efficiency And Consumer Choice Theory In Nutritional Labeling, Michael Mccann

Law Faculty Scholarship

As more Americans consume fast food each year, more Americans are contracting serious diseases related to obesity. Considering that obesity ranks second behind tobacco use as the largest contributor to mortality rates in the United States, and also that it gives rise to greater publicly funded health care expenses than does tobacco, this phenomenon begs the obvious question: To what extent does the growing consumption of fast food contribute to the obesity epidemic and the incidence of disease? If the answer indicates a meaningful contribution, a natural follow-up question then emerges: In a sensible legal system, what instruments would best …

Review Of Field Experiences: Integration Of Family Planning And Pmtct Services, Naomi Rutenberg, Carolyn Baek

HIV and AIDS

The Population Council and its research partners have been addressing several key questions about prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) services and how well they function in field settings. The World Health Organization asked the Population Council to provide a review of field experiences regarding the integration of family planning and PMTCT services. This report provides conclusions and recommendations as input into a WHO/UNFPA-sponsored consultative meeting on "The linkages between reproductive health and HIV/AIDS: Family planning and prevention of mother-to-child transmission."

An Interdisciplinary Learning Experience Through Applied Clinical Practice With Community Volunteers, Dana Howell, Nancy Devine, Lisa Portsman

Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy Faculty and Staff Research

Allied health professionals typically begin working on an interdisciplinary health care team immediately upon entering the workforce. Interdisciplinary health care teams are believed to be cost-effective, to result in better patient outcomes, and to lower staff burnout and turnover. Although teamwork often is standard practice in the workplace, allied health students may receive little to no formal training in working with other professionals while in school. Instead, it may be assumed that this knowledge is inherent or that developing the skills necessary to work as part of a team while on clinical affiliation or postgraduation is acceptable.

Correlates Of Adherence With Transdermal Nicotine., Theodore Cooper, M. Debon, M. Stockton, T. Steenbergh, D. Sherrill-Mittleman, L. Jennings, R. Klesges

Selected Works Temporary Series

No abstract provided.

Precautionary Approaches For Health And The Environment: Making The Case For A Toxics Reduction Strategy At Multnomah County And City Of Portland, Stephanie Farquhar, Molly Chidsey, Neha Patel

Community Health Faculty Publications and Presentations

This report summarizes an overview of the problem, local concerns, model policies, and best practices for toxic pollution prevention and provides recommendations for next steps to protect human health and the local environment in Portland and Multnomah County. This report accompanies the Multnomah County and City of Portland resolutions to "Recognize National Pollution Prevention Week and develop a Toxics Reduction Strategy jointly with City of Portland / Multnomah County using the Precautionary Principle."

Sars Surveillance During Emergency Public Health Response, United States, March-July 2003, Stephanie J. Schrag, John T. Brooks, Chris Van Beneden, Umesh D. Parashar, Patricia M. Griffin, Larry J. Anderson, William J. Bellini, Robert F. Benson, Dean D. Erdman, Alexander Klimov, Thomas G. Ksiazek, Teresa C. T. Peret, Deborah F. Talkington, W. Lanier Thacker, Maria L. Tondella, Jacquelyn S. Sampson, Allen W. Hightower, Dale F. Nordenberg, Brian D. Plikaytis, Ali S. Khan, Nancy E. Rosenstein, Tracee A. Treadwell, Cynthia G. Whitney, Anthony E. Fiore, Tonji M. Durant, Joseph F. Perz, Annemarie Wasley, Daniel Feikin, Joy L. Herndon, William A. Bower, Barbara W. Klibourn, Deborah A. Levy, Victor G. Coronado, Joanna Buffington, Clare A. Dykewicz, Rima F. Khabbaz, Mary E. Chamberland

Journal Articles: Epidemiology

In response to the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the United States established national surveillance using a sensitive case definition incorporating clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory criteria. Of 1,460 unexplained respiratory illnesses reported by state and local health departments to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from March 17 to July 30, 2003, a total of 398 (27%) met clinical and epidemiologic SARS case criteria. Of these, 72 (18%) were probable cases with radiographic evidence of pneumonia. Eight (2%) were laboratory-confirmed SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infections, 206 (52%) were SARS-CoV negative, and 184 (46%) had undetermined SARS-CoV status because of …

Pressure Ulcer Development And Prevention In Long-Term Care Facilities In Virginia: A Descriptive Survey, Audrey D. Arthur

Community & Environmental Health Theses & Dissertations

The development of pressure ulcers is a common occurrence among older persons who may be temporarily immobilized or confined to a bed. An estimated 60,000 deaths annually can be attributed to complications from pressure ulcers. Guidelines recommended by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research have been disseminated nationally and continue to be recommended as the standard of care for pressure ulcer prevention. In spite of the use of the recommended guidelines, pressure ulcer rates persist, suggesting there are other factors contributing to pressure ulcer development in long-term care facilities.

A survey was conducted to investigate which provider related …

Health For All: Project Export Addresses An Elusive Goal With An Expanded Journal, Michele Yehieli

International Journal of Global Health and Health Disparities

During the past century, tremendous advances were made in reducing illness around the world. Many of these dramatic improvements in health status and life expectancy were the result of public health interventions such as clean water, better living conditions, prenatal care and immunizations. Nonetheless, with globalization and industrialization now increasing, significant health disparities still exist, both between nations and within them. Indeed, some 25 years after the historic Alma Ata primary care conference where the World Health Organization and leading non-governmental organizations called for "Health for All by the Year 2000," global health equity has yet to be achieved (PAHO, …

Monitoring Heavy And Trace Metals In Selected Children's Food, Gharib Mahmoud Taha, Abd El-Salam, Abd El-Ghanyarifien, Safaa El-Nahas Abas

International Journal of Global Health and Health Disparities

High or low levels of essential and trace elements in foods typically eaten by child re n (potato chips, "karate" [a crispy puffed corn paste], biscuits and cakes) may cause significant health problems. In this study, the amounts of 13 elements (Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn) were estimated in samples collected from supermarkets in Aswan City, Upper Egypt. Food samples included, 28 kinds of potato chips, 44 kind of karate, 15 kind of biscuits and 13 kind of cakes. One hundred samples were analyzed. The results showed that potato chips have …

Anthrax In A Highly Endemic Area: Survey Of Knowledge, Attitudes And Beliefs Among Haitian Livestock Owners And Follow-Up Public Health Practice, Katie Steneroden

International Journal of Global Health and Health Disparities

Anthrax, a zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution, is endemic and enzootic in Haiti. Hyper-endemic areas exist and regional outbreaks occur sporadically throughout the country. The number of cases of human cutaneous anthrax reported in a rural area of central Haiti has increased in the last several years. A cross-sectional questionnaire was developed to ascertain livestock owners' knowledge of anthrax and analyzed for potential risk factors and intervention strategies. Results of this survey indicate that a lack of knowledge of the signs, symptoms and transmission of anthrax may be contributing to an increase in human cases. Survey results have been reported …

Challenges For Reducing Inequities In Health And Healthcare For The 21st Century, Osman Galal, Roberto De Vogli

International Journal of Global Health and Health Disparities

Human life expectancy during the time of the Roman Empire was approximately 28 years. In 1990, global life expectancy had increased to 65 years. The advances in life expectancy in the 20th century were remarkable by any standard. Although many factors contributed to this enhanced life expectancy, including medical technologies, by far the largest proportion of the increase occurred as a consequence of economic growth, rising living standards and nutrition. Despite the large improvements in terms of life expectancy, significant health variations still remain between countries and across different socioeconomic classes with in countries. As the 20th century proceeded, a …

Hiv/Aids Related Stigma In Sub-Saharan Africa: Context And Consequences, Chinyelu B. Okafor, Barbara Holder

International Journal of Global Health and Health Disparities

While HIV infection has been a worldwide epidemic, minority and poor rural groups the world over have been disproportionately affected by the disease. People of color have been most affected, particularly in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa and the United States. HIV/AIDS is a highly stigmatized disease, and the stigma attached to the disease has fed into, and in many ways strengthened, pre-existing stigma and prejudice against certain groups in the society. This paper gives an analysis of factors that create and sustain such stigma in rural communities, with particular reference to Nigeria, which is Africa's most populous country. The …

Breast Feeding And Childhood Obesity, Ashley R. Mckenna

International Journal of Global Health and Health Disparities

Obesity is an epidemic in today's "obesogenic" society, a society that encourages excess food consumption but also idealizes thinness (Golan & Crow, 2004). One at-risk population that is gathering much attention, and much concern, is children. Obesity is the most frequent nutritional disorder in children (von Kries et al., 1999). Recent numbers indicate that the prevalence of obesity in children (ages six-11) has doubled, from seven percent in 1980 to 15.3 percent in 2000; the prevalence for adolescents (ages 12-19) has tripled, from five percent in 1980 to 15.5 percent in 2000 (AOA, 2004).

Socioeconomic Status And Domestic Violence, Disa K. V. Lubker

International Journal of Global Health and Health Disparities

Domestic violence is pandemic and affects women and families all over the world. It involves the "systematic use of violence and abuse to gain power over and to control a partner of ex-partner (DVIP)." Forms of domestic violence include any physical or sexual contact, aggression or violence that is unwanted and may take the form of threats, harassment, verbal abuse, hitting, kicking, etc. (DVIP). It is estimated that 20 to 50 percent of the world's female population will be victims of domestic violence (Feminist Majority), and in the United States, it is estimated that at some point in their lives, …

Once Upon A Virus: Aids Legends And Vernacular Risk Perception, Diane E. Goldstein

All USU Press Publications

Once Upon a Virus explores how contemporary, or "urban," legends are indicators of culturally complex attitudes toward health and illness. Tracing the rich tradition of AIDS legends in relation to current scholarship on belief, Diane Goldstein shows how such stories not only articulate widespread perceptions of risk, health care, and health policy, they also influence official and scientific approaches to the disease and its management. Notions that appear in narratives of who gets AIDS, how and why, are indicators of broad issues involving health beliefs, concerns, and needs.

Characteristics Of Aboriginal Injecting Drug Users In Sydney, Australia: Prison History, Hepatitis C Status And Drug Treatment Experiences, Carolyn Day, Joanne Ross, Kate Dolan

Aboriginal Policy Research Consortium International (APRCi)

Australian Aboriginals are overrepresented in prisons and tend to be overrepresented in studies of injecting drug users (IDU). The aim of this study was to examine differences between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal IDUs in terms of gender, prison history and hepatitis C status and testing. Secondary analyses were conducted on data from three cross-sectional studies of IDUs. These studies employed similar methodologies, with recruitment being through needle and syringe programs, methadone clinics, snowballing and street intercepts. All studies were coordinated through the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre. Aboriginal people were overrepresented in all studies, were more likely to have been …

Correlates Of Adherence With Transdermal Nicotine., Theodore Cooper, M. Debon, M. Stockton, T. Steenbergh, D. Sherrill-Mittleman, L. Jennings, R. Klesges

Departmental Papers (Psych)

No abstract provided.

Lack Of Chart Reminder Effectiveness On Family Medicine Resident Jnc-Vi And Ncep Iii Guideline Knowledge And Attitudes, Paul S. Echlin, Ross Eg Upshur, Tsveti P. Markova

Wayne State University Associated BioMed Central Scholarship

Abstract

Background

The literature demonstrates that medical residents and practicing physicians have an attitudinal-behavioral discordance concerning their positive attitudes towards clinical practice guidelines (CPG), and the implementation of these guidelines into clinical practice patterns.

Methods

A pilot study was performed to determine if change in a previously identified CPG compliance factor (accessibility) would produce a significant increase in family medicine resident knowledge and attitude toward the guidelines. The primary study intervention involved placing a summary of the Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI) and the National Cholesterol …

Wif-B Cells As A Model For Alcohol-Induced Hepatocyte Injury, Courtney S. Schaffert, Sandra L. Todero, Benita L. Mcvicker, Pamela L. Tuma, Michael F. Sorrell, Dean J. Tuma

United States Public Health Resources

A potential in vitro model for studying the mechanisms of alcohol-induced hepatocyte injury is the WIF-B cell line. It has many hepatocyte-like features, including a differentiated, polarized phenotype resulting in formation of bile canaliculi. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of ethanol treatment on this cell line. WIF-B cells were cultured up to 96 h in the absence or presence of 25 mM ethanol and subsequently were analyzed for ethanol-induced physiological and morphological changes. Initial studies revealed WIF-B cells exhibited alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity, expressed cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1), and efficiently metabolized ethanol in culture. This cell …

Natural And Technologic Hazardous Material Releases During And After Natural Disasters: A Review, Stacy Young, Lina Balluz, Josephine Malilay

United States Public Health Resources

Natural disasters may be powerful and prominent mechanisms of direct and indirect hazardous material (hazmat) releases. Hazardous materials that are released as the result of a technologic malfunction precipitated by a natural event are referred to as natural-technologic or na-tech events. Na-tech events pose unique environmental and human hazards. Disaster-associated hazardous material releases are of concern, given increases in population density and accelerating industrial development in areas subject to natural disasters. These trends increase the probability of catastrophic future disasters and the potential for mass human exposure to hazardous materials released during disasters. This systematic review summarizes direct and indirect …

Real-Time Fluorescence Pcr Assays For Detection And Characterization Of Heat-Labile I And Heat-Stable I Enterotoxin Genes From Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli, Udo Reischl, Mohammad T. Youssef, Hans Wolf, Eija Hyytia-Trees, Nancy A. Strockbine

United States Public Health Resources

To facilitate the diagnosis of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infections in humans, we developed and evaluated real-time fluorescence PCR assays for the Roche LightCycler (LC) against the enterotoxin genes commonly present in strains associated with human illness. Separate LC-PCR assays with identical cycling conditions were designed for the type I heat-labile enterotoxin (LT I) and the type I heat-stable enterotoxin (ST I) genes, using the LC hybridization probe format. A duplex assay for ST I with two sets of amplification primers and three hybridization probes was required to detect the major nucleotide sequence variants of ST I, ST Ia and …

West Nile Virus Blood Transfusion-Related Infection Despite Nucleic Acid Testing, Alexandre Macedo De Oliveira, Brady D. Beecham, Susan P. Montgomery, Robert S. Lanciotti, Jeffrey M. Linnen, Cristina Giachetti, Larry A. Pietrelli, Susan L. Stramer, Thomas J. Safranek

United States Public Health Resources

BACKGROUND: A case of West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis associated with transfusion of blood that did not react when tested for WNV by minipool (MP) nucleic acid testing (NAT) is described. A Nebraska man developed clinical encephalitis 13 days after surgery and transfusion of 26 blood components. Antibody testing confirmed WNV infection. An investigation was initiated to determine the source of this infection.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The patient’s family members were interviewed to identify risk factors for WNV infection. Residual samples were retested for WNV RNA using transcription-mediated amplification (TMA) assay and two polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. …

Farm Fatalities To Youth 1995–2000: A Comparison By Age Groups, Michael Goldcamp, Kitty J. Hendricks, John R. Myers

United States Public Health Resources

Problem: Although a myriad of research illustrates the safety issues related to farm fatalities in youth populations, very little empirical evidence exists that includes work and non-work related farm fatalities to all youths under 20 years of age at the national level.
Methods: This research will use death certificate data for the six years from 1995 to 2000 that were collected by NIOSH from all 50 state vital statistics registries. Demographic data from the 1998 CAIS were used in rate calculations. In addition to providing annual fatality rates and descriptions of the general causes of death, this research will examine …

Agricultural Pesticide Use And Adenocarcinomas Of The Stomach And Oesophagus, W. J. Lee, W. Lijinsky, E. F. Heineman, R. S. Markin, D. D. Weisenburger, M. H. Ward

United States Public Health Resources

Aims: To evaluate the risk of the stomach and oesophageal adenocarcinomas associated with farming and agricultural pesticide use.
Methods: Population based case-control study in eastern Nebraska. Telephone interviews were conducted with men and women diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the stomach (n = 170) or oesophagus (n = 137) between 1988 and 1993, and controls (n = 502) randomly selected from the same geographical area. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for farming and for use of individual and chemical classes of insecticides and herbicides, including pesticides classified as nitrosatable (able to form N-nitroso compounds on …

Neurobehavioral Evaluation For A Community With Chronic Exposure To Hydrogen Sulfide Gas, Steven G. Inserra, Betty L. Phifer, W. Kent Anger, Michael Lewin, Roberta Hilsdon, Mary C. White

United States Public Health Resources

In May 2000, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry of the US government conducted a health investigation in response to community concerns regarding ambient and indoor hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), odor, and health symptoms in Dakota City, Nebraska. The objective was to determine whether adult residents in an area with repeated exposure to H₂S showed poorer performance on neurobehavioral tests than unexposed residents. Study participants were required to meet age (≥16 years of age) and length of residency (2 years) eligibility requirements. A battery of computer-assisted standardized neurobehavioral tests was administered in English or Spanish. …