Digital Commons Network^™

An Hsi Report: Human Health Implications Of Intensive Poultry Production And Avian Influenza, Humane Society International

HSI REPORTS

The high stocking density, stress, unhygienic conditions, lack of sunlight, and breeding practices typical of industrial poultry and egg production systems may facilitate the emergence and spread of diseases, including highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses with public health implications such as H5N1.

Parasite Pathoecology Of Salmon Pueblo And Other Chacoan Great Houses: The Healthiest And Wormiest Ancestral Puebloans, Karl Reinhard

Karl Reinhard Publications

Two fields of paleopathological investigation originated in the Southwest. Archaeoparasitology is the study of ancient parasite infection (Reinhard 1990, 1992b). It includes comparisons between time periods of single societies as well as comparisons of parasitism between different, contemporaneous cultures. For example, Fry (1980) compared Fremont and Anasazi parasitism, and also Archaic hunter-gatherer and ancestral Pueblo parasitism. All of these studies fall into the definition of archaeoparasitology.

By contrast, pathoecology is the reconstruction of relationships among behavior, environment, and disease organisms in the development of illness (Martinson et al. 2003; ReinhardandBuikstra2003; Reinhardet al. 2003; Santoro et al. 2003).1his field developed from …

Pengaruh Iklim Terhadap Kasus Demam Berdarah Dengue, Margareta Maria Sintorini

Kesmas

Penyakit demam berdarah dengue (DBD) telah menjadi penyakit endemik di kota-kota besar di Indonesia. Ramalan Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change tahun 1996 menyebutkan insidens DBD di Indonesia dapat meningkat tiga kali lipat pada tahun 2070. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk membuat model dinamika sistem dengan analisis ekologi untuk mengetahui dinamika kejadian DBD dalam kaitan dengan pola variablitas iklim di DKI Jakarta. Rancangan penelitian digunakan adalah ecologic study dengan uji hipotesis, permodelan, simulasi, dan intervensi. Wawancara terhadap 844 responden untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku (PSP) masyarakat. Pengukuran faktor iklim meliputi curah hujan, suhu, kelembaban, intensitas cahaya, dan kadar CO2. Aspek …

Association Between The Exposure To Aflatoxin And Micronutrient Status Of Hiv Infected Adults In Ghana, Francis Ayodele Obuseh

All ETDs from UAB

Aflatoxins, found naturally in some foods are toxic metabolites of some Aspergillus species.They constitute the most potent hepatocarcinogens known and are also mutagenic and hepatotoxic. The preponderance of evidence indicates that aflatoxin is the major cause of hepatocellular cancer. In studies conducted in Africa, food-borne aflatoxin exposure is common (Oyelami et al. 1996; Egal et al. 2005). There is a critical need for additional information on health outcomes associated with exposure to aflatoxin in humans, especially in developing countries with a higher degree of malnutrition and likelihood of HIV infections. We sought to test the hypothesis that aflatoxin B1 and …

The Association Between Adult Self-Reported Asthma & Potential Exposures To Asthma Triggers In Virginia Workplaces: An Ecological Study, Jeanette R. Bowman

Theses and Dissertations

Introduction: Work-related asthma (WRA) is thought to be the most common occupational lung disease in the U.S., but there is no standard case definition of WRA. Most states, including Virginia, do not require WRA diagnoses to be reported to health departments. At present, there is too little epidemiological data on WRA in Virginia to direct public health planning efforts. Objectives: The first objective of this study was to estimate potential exposure to workplace asthma triggers in each of Virginia's 35 health districts. The second objective was to examine associations at the health district level between workplace asthma triggers, other asthma …

Prevalensi Dan Determinan Hipertensi Di Pulau Jawa, Tahun 2004, Zamhir Setiawan

Kesmas

Hipertensi merupakan faktor risiko utama kardiovaskuler yang merupakan penyebab utama kematian di seluruh dunia. Peningkatan umur harapan hidup dan perubahan gaya hidup meningkatkan faktor risiko hipertensi di berbagai negara. Tujuan penelitian ini (1) Mengetahui prevalensi hipertensi dan penyebarannya di Pulau Jawa tahun 2004. (2) Mengetahui faktor-faktor sosiodemografi yang berhubungan dengan kejadian hipertensi. (3) Mengetahui kontribusi dan dampak potensial masing masing faktor tersebut. Penelitian dengan rancangan studi Ekologi Multilevel ini menggabungkan variabel tingkat pengukuran individu dengan tingkat pengukuran ekologi dalam analisis bersama, dengan unit analisis individu. Analisis kontekstual dilakukan melalui kerangka konsep hipertensi, menggunakan metode analisis regresi logistik ganda, dengan status …

Statistical Analysis Of Air Pollution Panel Studies: An Illustration, Holly Janes, Lianne Sheppard, Kristen Shepherd

UW Biostatistics Working Paper Series

The panel study design is commonly used to evaluate the short-term health effects of air pollution. Standard statistical methods for analyzing longitudinal data are available, but the literature reveals that the techniques are not well understood by practitioners. We illustrate these methods using data from the 1999 to 2002 Seattle panel study. Marginal, conditional, and transitional approaches for modeling longitudinal data are reviewed and contrasted with respect to their parameter interpretation and methods for accounting for correlation and dealing with missing data. We also discuss and illustrate techniques for controlling for time-dependent and time-independent confounding, and for exploring and summarizing …

Examining The Structural Covariates Of Methamphetamine Use: A Social Disorganization Perspective, Justin Smith

Masters Theses

There have been many anecdotal accounts describing the characteristics of individuals involved in methamphetamine use, trafficking and production. However, prior to the current study there was yet to be a macro-level analysis of methamphetamine use. The extant macro-level literature on drug use has suggested that areas with high levels of social disorganization experience high rates of drug use. It was expected that school-districts with low SES and high rates of ethnic heterogeneity, residential instability and family disruption will experience high rates of methamphetamine use. In addition, it was expected that rural school districts would show higher rates than urban and …

Hierarchical Models For Combining Ecological And Case-Control Data, Sebastien Haneuse, Jon Wakefield

UW Biostatistics Working Paper Series

The ecological study design suffers from a broad range of biases that result from the loss of information regarding the joint distribution of individual-level outcomes, exposures and confounders. The consequent non-identifiability of individual-level models cannot be overcome without additional information; we combine ecological data with a sample of individual-level case-control data. The focus of this paper is hierarchical models to account for between-group heterogeneity. Estimation and inference pose serious compu- tational challenges. We present a Bayesian implementation, based on a data augmentation scheme where the unobserved data are treated as auxiliary variables. The methods are illustrated with a dataset of …

Disease Mapping And Spatial Regression With Count Data, Jon Wakefield

UW Biostatistics Working Paper Series

In this paper we provide critical reviews of methods suggested for the analysis of aggregate count data in the context of disease mapping and spatial regression. We introduce a new method for picking prior distributions, and propose a number of refinements of previously-used models. We also consider ecological bias, mutual standardization, and choice of both spatial model and prior specification. We analyze male lip cancer incidence data collected in Scotland over the period 1975–1980, and outline a number of problems with previous analyses of these data. A number of recommendations are provided. In disease mapping studies, hierarchical models can provide …

A Geographic Study Of Childhood Cancers Near Hazardous Waste Sites In Florida., Gregory D. Kearney

All ETDs from UAB

No abstract provided.

Intimate Partner Violence Among Low -Income Pregnant Women: Multi-Level Analysis., Qing Li

All ETDs from UAB

No abstract provided.

A Hybrid Model For Reducing Ecological Bias, Ruth Salway, Jon Wakefield

UW Biostatistics Working Paper Series

A major drawback of epidemiological ecological studies, in which the association between area-level summaries of risk and exposure are used to make inference about individual risk, is the difficulty in characterising within-area variability in exposure and confounder variables. To avoid ecological bias, samples of individual exposure/confounder data within each area are required. Unfortunately these may be difficult or expensive to obtain, particularly if large samples are required. In this paper we propose a new approach suitable for use with small samples. We combine a Bayesian non-parametric Dirichlet process prior with an estimating functions approach, and show that this model gives …

Health-Exposure Modelling And The Ecological Fallacy, Jon Wakefield, Gavin Shaddick

UW Biostatistics Working Paper Series

Recently there has been increased interest in modelling the association between aggregate disease counts and environmental exposures measured, for example via air pollution monitors, at point locations. This paper has two aims: first we develop a model for such data in order to avoid ecological bias; second we illustrate that modelling the exposure surface and estimating exposures may lead to bias in estimation of health effects. Design issues are also briefly considered, in particular the loss of information in moving from individual to ecological data, and the at-risk populations to consider in relation to the pollution monitor locations. The approach …

Primary Prevention Healthcare Among Black American Men: Social Ecological Factors Predictive Of Prostate Cancer Early Detection Access, Virginia Diane Bush Agbonkhese Woods

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Access to healthcare requires individuals to have a place to go, a healthcare provider to see them, resources to obtain proper care, and the appropriate health services given in an appropriate timeframe. Non-Hispanic Black American men have the highest incidence rate of prostate cancer in the world, 180.6 per 100,000 (NCI, 2004). It is not clear as to why high rates persist, but higher death rates are associated with late detection. This mixed-methods ecological study was to investigate physician and Black male perceptions and practices regarding prostate cancer early detection with prostate specific antigen (PSA) blood test, and the digital …

Public Health Abstracts 2004

Florida Public Health Review

No abstract provided.

Cancer Incidence Among Pesticide Applicators Exposed To Atrazine In The Agricultural Health Study, Jennifer A. Rusiecki, Anneclaire De Roos, Won Jin Lee, Mustafa Dosemeci, Jay H. Lubin, Jane A. Hoppin, Aaron Blair, Michael C. R. Alavanja

United States Public Health Resources

Background: Atrazine is the most heavily applied agricultural pesticide for crop production in the United States. Both animal and human studies have suggested that atrazine is possibly carcinogenic, but results have been mixed. We evaluated cancer incidence in atrazine-exposed pesticide applicators among 53 943 participants in the Agricultural Health Study, a prospective cohort study of licensed pesticide applicators in Iowa and North Carolina.
Methods: We obtained detailed pesticide exposure information using a self-administered questionnaire completed at the time of enrollment (1993–1997). Cancer incidence was followed through December 31, 2001. We used adjusted Poisson regression to calculate rate ratios (RRs) and …

Study Of The Distribution And Variation Of The Herbicide Atrazine In Finished Drinking Water At A Small Community Water System In Kentucky, Vijay Golla

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

This study examines the variation in the distribution of the concentration of atrazine, a triazine herbicide used in Kentucky to control weeds primarily in corn fields. Atrazine is known to have carcinogenic properties and is an endocrine disruptor in aquatic species even at low concentrations. Atrazine has the ability to be transported through the environment into water bodies due to its physical and chemical properties favoring its occurrence and distribution. Raw and Finished drinking water samples were collected from the Lewisburg water treatment plant which derives its drinking water supplies from a source water intake namely Spa Lake, which has …

Cancer Surveillance Series: Non-Hodgkin’S Lymphoma Incidence By Histologic Subtype In The United States From 1978 Through 1995, Frank D. Groves, Martha S. Linet, Lois B. Travis, Susan S. Devesa

United States Public Health Resources

Background: Clinical investigations have shown prognostic heterogeneity within the non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHLs) according to histology, but few descriptive studies have considered NHLs by subgroup. Our purpose is to assess the demographic patterns and any notable increases in population- based rates of different histologic subgroups of NHL.
Methods: Using data collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program of the National Cancer Institute, we calculated incidence rates for the major clinicopathologic categories of NHL by age, race, sex, geographic area, and time period.
Results: Among the 60 057 NHL cases diagnosed during the period from 1978 through 1995, total incidence …

Chronic Arsenic Exposure And Risk Of Infant Mortality In Two Areas Of Chile, Claudia Hopenhayn-Rich, Steven R. Browning, Irva Hertz-Picciotto, Catterina Ferreccio, Cecilia Peralta, Herman Gibb

Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health Faculty Publications

Chronic arsenic exposure has been associated with a range of neurologic, vascular, dermatologic, and carcinogenic effects. However, limited research has been directed at the association of arsenic exposure and human reproductive health outcomes. The principal aim of this study was to investigate the trends in infant mortality between two geographic locations in Chile: Antofagasta, which has a well-documented history of arsenic exposure from naturally contaminated water, and Valparaíso, a comparable low-exposure city. The arsenic concentration in Antofagasta's public drinking water supply rose substantially in 1958 with the introduction of a new water source, and remained elevated until 1970. We used …

Male Circumcision And Hiv Prevention: Directions For Future Research, Johannes Van Dam, Marie Christine Anastasi

HIV and AIDS

A growing body of scientific publications suggests that male circumcision is associated with reduced risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Thus, male circumcision is being considered as a potential intervention in the prevention of sexually transmitted HIV infection, even though this procedure has profound cultural implications and carries the risk of complications, and its benefits are realized only many years later. This report presents the findings of a meeting of international researchers, organized by the Horizons Project to explore the programmatic and research implications of the association between male circumcision and HIV prevention. Most studies on male circumcision and …

Triazine Herbicide Exposure And Breast Cancer Incidence: An Ecologic Study Of Kentucky Counties, Michele A. Kettles, Steven R. Browning, Timothy Scott Prince, Sanford W. Horstman

Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health Faculty Publications

The incidence of breast cancer in the United States has steadily increased for the past three decades. Exposure to excess estrogen, in both natural and synthetic forms, has been implicated as a risk factor for the development of this disease. Considerable interest has been focused on organochlorines, such as the triazine herbicides, and their possible role in the initiation or promotion of human breast cancer. To explore this relationship, an ecologic study of Kentucky counties was designed. Exposure to triazines was estimated by use of water contamination data, corn crop production, and pesticide use data. A summary index of triazine …

Parasite Biodiversity And Emerging Pathogens: A Role For Systematics In Limiting Impacts On Genetic Resources, Eric P. Hoberg

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Emergence of pathogenic organisms continues as a threat to overall biodiversity and genetic resources. Macroparasites including helminths constitute a potential threat to economically important resources in agriculture and conservation biology. Limitation of this threat can be achieved through survey and inventory for biodiversity and the application of systematics to understand the host range , biogeography and history of faunas. Systematics constitutes the foundation for recognition of endemic and introduced elements of faunas and the basis for predicting the behavior of pathogens introduced to new ecological settings or host groups. The basis for emergence of pathogens has both a deep historical …

Residential Radon-222 Exposure And Lung Cancer: Exposure Assessment Methodology, R. William Field, Daniel J. Steck, Charles F. Lynch, Christine P. Brus, John S. Neuberger, Burton C. Kross

Physics Faculty Publications

Although occupational epidemiological studies and animal experimentation provide strong evidence that radon-222 (²²²Rn) progeny exposure causes lung cancer, residential epidemiological studies have not confirmed this association. Past residential epidemiological studies have yielded contradictory findings. Exposure misclassification has seriously compromised the ability of these studies to detect whether an association exists between ²²²Rn exposure and lung cancer. Misclassification of ²²²Rn exposure has arisen primarily from: 1) detector measurement error; 2) failure to consider temporal and spatial ²²²Rn variations within a home; 3) missing data from previously occupied homes that currently are inaccessible; 4) failure to link …

Case-Control Study Of Vitamin A Intake And Colorectal Cancer In Seventh-Day Adventists, John William Morgan

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer deaths in Americans; producing approximately 60,000 deaths in Americans each year. Studies of high and low risk populations have suggested a dietary etiology for colorectal cancer, although investigations of specific dietary factors have produced inconsistent results.

Population based studies of California Seventh-day Adventists demonstrate dietary variety regarding factors suspected as important in the etiology of colorectal cancer. These studies document a substantially reduced mortality and incidence from colorectal cancer in Seventh-day Adventists when compared to other California Populations. Although specific reasons for this difference remain obscure, the 'Unique lifestyle and …

Minnesota's Response: The Mosquito Research Program, John Washburn, Nancy Read

Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science

The Minnesota Mosquito Research Program (MMRP) was established in September 1984 in response to a request by Governor Perpich. The Minnesota Department of Health (MDH), as the lead agency, brought together a Working Group of distinguished North American experts to discuss the problems related to mosquito research and control. This Working Group- with advice from legislators and representatives from the community, environmental groups, and state and federal agencies- made recommendations for the development of a mosquito research and control program in Minnesota.

The Working Group divided its recommendations into two areas, research and administrative structure. An extensive research program in …

Namru-3 Translations Of Parasite Literature From Russian, French, Japanese, Etc. Into English (1940-1977) T1201-T1300, United States Naval Medical Research Unit Number Three, Cairo, Medical Zoology Department

United States Naval Medical Research Unit 3: Publications

T1201. TRANSLATION FROM RUSSIAN. GAIDAMOVICH, S. Ya., MEL'NIKOVA, E. E., OBUKHOVA, V. R. and KLISENKO, G. A. (1974). Errors during identification of arboviruses. In: Arboviruses, edited by Gaidamovich, S. Ya. Sborn. Trud. Inst. Virus. imeni D. I. Ivanovsky, Akad. Med. Nauk, SSSR, (1):89-93.

T1202. TRANSLATION FROM RUSSIAN. KARMYSHEVA, V. Ya., CHUMAKOV, M. P., BERYAEVA, A. P., BUTENKO, A. M. and MART'YANOVA, L. I. (1964). Study of interreaction between Astrakhan virus isolated from Hyalomma plumbeum plumbeum ticks and tissue cell cultures. Mater. 11. Nauch. Sess. Inst. Polio. Virus. Entsef. (Moscow, 1964), pp. 10-12.

T1203. TRANSLATION FROM RUSSIAN. DZHAFAROV, T. E. (1965). …

The Ecology Of Mosquito Borne Viruses, Carl M. Eklund

United States Public Health Resources

The ecology of a mosquito borne virus involves a consideration of the growth of the virus within the vertebrate and arthropod hosts, the reaction of these hosts to the presence of the virus, and the vertebrate-arthropod associations which are necessary for the dissemination and maintenance of the virus. Little is known of the physiological properties of a particular host and virus which permit multiplication of the virus. In this review stress will be laid u pon studies which attempt to discover the mechanisms in nature which maintain these viruses. The first section will relate to the geographical distribution and time …