Digital Commons Network^™

Understanding The Relative Importance Of Positive And Negative Social Exchanges: Examining Specific Domains And Appraisals, Jason T. Newsom, Karen S. Rook, Masami Nishishiba, Dara H. Sorkin, Tyrae Mahan

Community Health Faculty Publications and Presentations

Negative social exchanges have been more reliably related to psychological health than have positive social exchanges. Little research, however, has sought to understand how underlying appraisal processes link such exchanges to psychological health. This study examined the frequencies of occurrence and appraisals of four parallel domains of positive and negative exchanges in relation to positive well-being and psychological distress in a national sample of 916 older adults. Structural equation analyses revealed that negative exchanges were related both to less well-being and greater psychological distress, whereas positive exchanges were related only to positive well-being. Furthermore, results supported a process in which …

The Effects Of Childhood Obesity On Self-Esteem, Heather L. Paxton

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Obesity is a growing health problem affecting children in the United States. The prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically over the past 10 years across virtually all populations and age groups. Recent data suggest that 15 percent of U.S. children are severely overweight or obese (National Center for Health Statistics, 2002) . Obese children are at risk for significant health problems, but also face many psychological and social consequences, including low self-esteem. Children who are obese face an increased risk of emotional problems lasting well into adulthood. Factors such as peer rejection, weight-related teasing, and internalized social standards play a …

The Case Of South African And Chilean Health Systems: Comparison Of Financial, Economic And Health Indicators, Alberto Coustasse, Peter Hilsenrath, Patricio Silva Rojas

Management Faculty Research

The purpose of this study is to identify similarities and differences between healthcare systems of South Africa and Chile. The World Health Report 2000, the Human Development Index, and financial indicators were used for comparison. Chile showed better performance than South Africa in most of the measures used. Significant progress has been made in South Africa, bringing better education, healthcare and housing to the deprived black majority. However, the HIV/AIDS epidemic, weighs heavily on health indicators. Chile decentralized its health services and implemented economic reforms during the 1980's and has had steady improvement in its healthcare indicators. Finally, these counties …

Evolutionary Genetics Of A New Pathogenic Escherichia Species: Escherichia Albertii And Related Shigella Boydii Strains, Katie E. Hyma, David W. Lacher, Adam M. Nelson, Alyssa C. Bumbaugh, J. Michael Janda, Nancy A. Strockbine, Vincent B. Young, Thomas S. Whittam

United States Public Health Resources

A bacterium originally described as Hafnia alvei induces diarrhea in rabbits and causes epithelial damage similar to the attachment and effacement associated with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Subsequent studies identified similar H. alvei-like strains that are positive for an intimin gene (eae) probe and, based on DNA relatedness, are classified as a distinct Escherichia species, Escherichia albertii. We determined sequences for multiple housekeeping genes in five E. albertii strains and compared these sequences to those of strains representing the major groups of pathogenic E. coli and Shigella. A comparison of 2,484 codon positions in 14 …

Molecular Cloning And Characterization Of A Porcine Ul16 Binding Protein (Ulbp)-Like Cdna, Carmen N. Garcia-Borges, Bounleut Phanavanh, Sarika Saraswati, Richard A. Dennis, Mark D. Crew

United States Public Health Resources

UL16 binding proteins (ULBPs) are ligands for the NK cell activating receptor NKG2D. A cDNA encoding a porcine ULBP-like protein (PULBP) was cloned and the predicted amino acid sequence exhibited 35–52% identity to human ULBPs. Southern blot analysis suggested that there is only one ULBP-like gene in the pig genome. Transcripts of PULBP and another potential NKG2D ligand, MIC2, were detected by RT-PCR in a wide range of tissues. Recombinant PULBP-Fc and human ULBP2-Fc fusion proteins were made and used to examine PULBP binding to porcine PBMCs and a human NK cell line (NKL cells). PULBP-Fc bound to a subpopulation …

From International Sanitary Conventions To Global Health Security: The New International Health Regulations, David P. Fidler

Articles by Maurer Faculty

In May 2005, the World Health Organization adopted the new International Health Regulations (IHR), which constitute one of the most radical and far-reaching changes to international law on public health since the beginning of international health cooperation in the mid-nineteenth century. This article comprehensively analyses the new IHR by examining the history of international law on infectious disease control, the IHR revision process, the substantive changes contained in the new IHR and concerns regarding the future of the new IHR. The article demonstrates why the new IHR constitute a seminal event in the relationship between international law and public health …

Reducing The Transmission Of Hiv And Sexually Transmitted Infections In A Mining Community: Findings From The Carletonville Mothusimpilo Intervention Project: 1998 To 2001, Lewis Ndhlovu, Catherine Searle, Johannes Van Dam, Yodwa Mzaidume, Bareng Rasego, Solly Moema

HIV and AIDS

The Horizons program, in collaboration with the Center for Scientific and Industrial Research, the South African Institute for Medical Research, and the London School of Economics, conducted an intervention study in the mining town of Carletonville, South Africa to examine the social determinants of the HIV epidemic, and to assess the impact of a targeted program of HIV and STI prevention and service delivery. The project did not reduce STI prevalence or HIV prevalence, as changing sexual behavior is far more complex than educating individuals about HIV. The report recommends interventions to support behavioral change education, STI treatment, the role …

The Role Of The Insecticide Ddt In Breast Cancer, Jared D. Taylor

International Journal of Global Health and Health Disparities

Breast cancer is by far the most common cancer among black and white females, with approximately 211,000 new cases expected to be diagnosed in the U.S. in 2004 (1). More importantly, incidence has been increasing. Age-adjusted breast cancer incidence in U.S. females rose from the 88.6 per 100,000 in the early 1970s to 109.8 in the early 1990s (2). This represents a 24 percent increase over that time. This trend is only partially explained by the known risk factors for breast cancer, including advancing age, early menarche, late menopause, late age at first parturition and family history. Therefore, researchers have …

Programming For Hiv Prevention In South African Schools: A Report On Program Implementation, Priscilla Reddy, Shegs James, Ann P. Mccauley

HIV and AIDS

An evaluation study conducted in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa, provides important insights into whether learners who participated in a fact-based, interactive course had more knowledge about HIV risks, prevention, and care practices; more positive attitudes toward prevention practices and people living with HIV and AIDS; and a higher prevalence of reported safe behaviors than comparable learners who did not participate in the course. Results show that the Life Skills Grade 9 Curriculum had a positive impact of students’ knowledge of HIV/AIDS, attitudes about abstinence, and intention to use condoms. There was, however, no evidence of increased adoption of such protective …

Saddle Height Positioning For Triathletes Ssing Road Cyclist Methods, Edith Ann Sherman

Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations

Triathlon is the combined sport of swimming, cycling, and running. Cycling is normally the longest portion of the race. Therefore, maintenance of comfort and efficiency while maintaining high power output is essential for success in the cycling portion. Several methods are currently used for determination of height for road cyclists. It has yet to be determined if these methods are applicable to triathletes. Because of the different geometry of a triathlon bicycle, the question remains whether road-saddle fitting techniques can be an applied and work for the triathlon bicycle.

This thesis evaluated the participant’s current saddle height in addition to …

Technical Assistance And Training For Procosi Operations Research Program, Bolivia, Fernando Gonzales Salguero, Ricardo Vernon

Reproductive Health

In September 1999, PROCOSI, a Bolivian network of 24 nongovernmental organizations that provide health services, invited the Population Council Frontiers in Reproductive Health (FRONTIERS) program to provide technical assistance for designing and conducting operations research aimed at increasing the quality and impact of their reproductive health programs. In collaboration with PROCOSI, FRONTIERS conducted four training workshops on design of operations research projects, qualitative research methods, utilization and dissemination of research results, and preparing research reports. Technical assistance on other topics, such as developing research instruments, creating databases, and using EpiInfo for transcribing and analyzing data was provided on-site to each …

Enquêtes D'Acceptation De Paiment Destinées À Déterminer Les Prix Des Produits Et Services Dans Le Domaine De La Santé De La Reproduction : Manuel De L'Utilisateur, Karen G. Fleischman Foreit, James R. Foreit

Reproductive Health

Les enquêtes d’acceptation de paiement (willingness to pay—WTP) permettent aux directeurs de programmes de simuler les changements intervenant dans la demande en raison des prix sans les modifier réellement, ce qui leur donne un moyen de prendre des décisions relatives à la détermination des prix sur la base d’informations empiriques. Le présent document décrit une méthode d’enquête simple qui donne une estimation de l’acceptation de paiement par les clients pour les biens et services, ce qui permet aux directeurs de prendre des décisions rationnelles dans ce domaine. Il présente les avantages et les précautions à prendre lors d’une enquête WTP. …

Understanding The Hiv/Sti Risks And Prevention Needs Of Men Who Have Sex With Men In Nairobi, Kenya, Washington Onyango-Ouma, Harriet Birungi, Scott Geibel

HIV and AIDS

Despite increasing awareness of the role men who have sex with men (MSM) can play in the dynamics of HIV transmission in Africa, research on MSM in Kenya has been limited. In response to this gap, researchers from the Institute of African Studies at the University of Nairobi and the Horizons and FRONTIERS programs of the Population Council undertook a study of MSM in Nairobi. The overall goals of the study were to understand the extent to which MSM are at risk of HIV and other STIs, identify the factors associated with risk behaviors, and identify MSM sexual health needs …

Trends In The Timing Of First Marriage Among Men And Women In The Developing World, Barbara Mensch, Susheela Singh, John B. Casterline

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

The timing of first union merits investigation not only because of the close temporal link between marriage and the onset of childbearing, but also because the age when men and women marry has implications for the organization of family life and for gender relations within society. This paper begins by reviewing the contributions of various social science disciplines to an understanding of the timing of marriage. Using current status data from 73 countries provided by the United Nations Population Division and retrospective data from 52 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 1990 and 2001, we then examine recent trends in …

The Causes Of Stalling Fertility Transitions, John Bongaarts

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

An examination of fertility trends in countries with multiple DHS surveys found that in the 1990s fertility stalled in mid-transition in seven countries: Bangladesh, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Kenya, Peru, and Turkey. An analysis of trends in the determinants of fertility revealed a systematic pattern of leveling off or near leveling in a number of determinants, including contraceptive use, the demand for contraception, and wanted fertility. Findings suggest no major deterioration in contraceptive access during the stall, but levels of unmet need and unwanted fertility are relatively high and improvements in access to family planning methods would therefore be desirable. …

Accelerating Reproductive And Child Health Program Development: The Navrongo Initiative In Ghana, James F. Phillips, Ayaga A. Bawah, Fred N. Binka

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Successive global health and development agendas have been embraced by African governments—Alma Ata in 1978, the Bamako Initiative in 1987, the 1994 Cairo International Conference on Population and Development, and more recently the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)—only to be followed by widespread implementation failure. This paper presents an approach to program development in Ghana that is using research to accelerate policy implementation. Originally launched in 1994 as a participatory pilot project of the Navrongo Health Research Centre, a controlled experimental study was initiated in 1996 to assess the fertility and child-survival impact of alternative community health and family planning service …

The Effect Of Community Nurses And Health Volunteers On Child Mortality: The Navrongo Community Health And Family Planning Project, Brian Wells Pence, Philomena Nyarko, James F. Phillips, Cornelius Debpuur

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This report presents the child mortality impact of a trial of primary health-care service-delivery strategies in rural Ghana. After adjustment for sociodemographic factors, under-five mortality in areas with village-based community-nurse services fell by 16 percent during the five years of program implementation compared with mortality before the intervention. Reductions were observed in infant (6 percent), early child (20 percent), and late child (41 percent) mortality. Community involvement and training of a local health volunteer were associated with an 11 percent increase in mortality, primarily driven by a 124 percent increase in early child mortality. Areas with both nurses and volunteers …

Heart Rate Variability In Non-Apneic Snorers And Controls Before And After Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, Gregory J. Gates, Susan E. Mateika, Jason H. Mateika

Wayne State University Associated BioMed Central Scholarship

Abstract

Background

We hypothesized that sympathetic nervous system activity (SNSA) is increased and parasympathetic nervous system activity (PNSA) is decreased during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in non-apneic, otherwise healthy, snoring individuals compared to control. Moreover, we hypothesized that these alterations in snoring individuals would be more evident during non-snoring than snoring when compared to control.

Methods

To test these hypotheses, heart rate variability was used to measure PNSA and SNSA in 11 normotensive non-apneic snorers and 12 control subjects before and 7-days after adapting to nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP).

Results

Our results showed that SNSA was increased …

The Role Of Aromatase Inhibitors In Ameliorating Deleterious Effects Of Ovarian Stimulation On Outcome Of Infertility Treatment, Mohamed Fm Mitwally, Robert F. Casper, Michael P. Diamond

Wayne State University Associated BioMed Central Scholarship

Abstract

Clinical utilization of ovulation stimulation to facilitate the ability of a couple to conceive has not only provided a valuable therapeutic approach, but has also yielded extensive information on the physiology of ovarian follicular recruitment, endometrial receptivity and early embryo competency. One of the consequences of the use of fertility enhancing agents for ovarian stimulation has been the creation of a hyperestrogenic state, which may influence each of these parameters. Use of aromatase inhibitors reduces hyperestrogenism inevitably attained during ovarian stimulation. In addition, the adjunct use of aromatase inhibitors during ovarian stimulation reduces amount of gonadotropins required for optimum …

Prevalence Of Obesity And Lack Of Physical Activity Among Kentucky Adolescents, Hatim A. Omar, Kristin Rager

Pediatrics Faculty Publications

Lack of physical activity and overweight status continues to be a significant health problem in the United States. To assess the actual prevalence of these problems, we reviewed data from the School-based Health Promotion Centers in one middle school, and one High school in central Kentucky. A total of 232 6th graders and 607 9th graders were included. A total of 92% of 6th graders and 45% of 9th graders reported complete lack of regular exercise. 37% of 9th graders and 59% of 6th graders had inappropriate nutrition, 47% of 9th graders and 33% of 6th graders had Body Mass …

Développement D'Un Système D'Analyse D'Images Pour La Caractérisation Des Massifs Rocheux, John Hadjigeorgiou, Frank Lemy

Rapports de recherche scientifique

Depuis 1994, 352 accidents provoqués par l’impact d’une roche provenant directement du massif rocheux ont été constatés dans les mines souterraines du Québec (A.P.S.M., 2000). Ces accidents sont responsables d’invalidités temporaires ou permanentes et peuvent causer dans certains cas le décès de la victime.

Le problème majeur demeure la récolte d’informations fiables afin d’améliorer la conception des excavations souterraines. Une revue des différentes méthodes d’échantillonnage des faces rocheuses, effectuée par Hadjigeorgiou et al. (1995), a démontré que les relevés par traverses usuels permettent d’amasser l’essentiel de l’information structurale nécessaire: la position des discontinuités le long de la traverse, la longueur …

Prise En Charge Du Manganisme D’Origine Professionnelle : Consensus D’Un Groupe International D’Experts, Claude Ostiguy, Paul Asselin, Sylvain Malo, Daniel Nadeau, Philippe Dewals

Rapports de recherche scientifique

Click here for the English version of this report

Contexte

Au cours des dernières années, plusieurs travailleurs exposés aux fumées de manganèse ont développé des symptômes évoquant un manganisme d’origine professionnelle. La CSST (la Commission de la santé et de la sécurité du travail), qui est l’organisme d’indemnisation de la province de Québec, faisait face à une situation dans laquelle elle ne disposait pas de techniques normalisées pour la prévention primaire, secondaire et tertiaire du manganisme, menant à la possibilité d’un différend médico-légal, de même qu’à la possibilité d’iniquité pour les travailleurs et les employeurs.

Objectif

Grâce à la définition …

Management Of Occupational Manganism: Consensus Of An Experts' Panel, Claude Ostiguy, Paul Asselin, Sylvain Malo, Daniel Nadeau, Philippe Dewals

Rapports de recherche scientifique

Cliquez ici pour la version française de ce rapport

Contexte

Au cours des dernières années, plusieurs travailleurs exposés aux fumées de manganèse ont développé des symptômes évoquant un manganisme d’origine professionnelle. La CSST (la Commission de la santé et de la sécurité du travail), qui est l’organisme d’indemnisation de la province de Québec, faisait face à une situation dans laquelle elle ne disposait pas de techniques normalisées pour la prévention primaire, secondaire et tertiaire du manganisme, menant à la possibilité d’un différend médico-légal, de même qu’à la possibilité d’iniquité pour les travailleurs et les employeurs.

Objectif

Grâce à la définition …

Conception D’Un Intensimètre Économique Et Évaluation Préliminaire D’Un Nouveau Concept De Repérage Spatial Pour La Réalisation De Cartographie D’Intensité Acoustique, Michel Pearson, André L'Espérance

Rapports de recherche scientifique

Le défi proposé dans ce projet de recherche est de rendre l'intensimétrie acoustique accessible pour les intervenants en acoustique. Cet instrument permet de quantifier la puissance acoustique des sources pour parvenir à un plan d'intervention en acoustique efficace. Les contraintes majeures qui limitent l'utilisation de ce type d'appareil se situent au niveau du coût (plus de 30 000 $) et de la complexité d'utilisation. L'appareil développé dans le cadre de ce projet utilise des technologies moins onéreuses combinées à des corrections physiques et logicielles. Le niveau de performance obtenue est amplement suffisant pour le diagnostic acoustique en industrie. De plus, …

Développement D'Un Instrument De Mesure Pour Quantifier Les Postures Et Les Déplacements Du Tronc En Milieu De Travail, André Plamondon, Alain Delisle, Christian Larue, Pierre Desjardins, David Mcfadden, Christian Larivière, Denis Gagnon, Daniel Imbeau

Rapports de recherche scientifique

Le besoin de mesurer quantitativement les postures contraignantes qui contribueraient aux affections vertébrales en milieu de travail est un prérequis essentiel à l’évaluation des expositions mécaniques des travailleurs sur le terrain. Le présent projet visait le développement d’un outil de mesure capable de quantifier en milieu de travail les postures et les déplacements tridimensionnels du tronc lors d’activités de travail de longue durée. Un dosimètre de posture a été construit et se compose de quatre parties : un senseur du bas fixé sur le bassin, un senseur du haut fixé sur le thorax, une structure flexible munie d’un potentiomètre qui …

Gants De Protection : Étude Sur La Résistance Des Gants Aux Agresseurs Mécaniques Multiples, Toan Vu-Khanh, Thi Bich Nga Vu, C. Thang Nguyen, Jaime Lara

Rapports de recherche scientifique

L’objectif principal de ce projet était d’étudier les aspects fondamentaux reliés au comportement des matériaux de protection vis-à-vis des agresseurs mécaniques multiples comportant la coupure et la perforation. Une meilleure compréhension de ces phénomènes permettra aux fabricants de gants et de vêtements de protection de développer des nouveaux matériaux plus performants. Comme point de départ, des études très fouillées concernant les phénomènes de coupure et de perforation, traitées comme des sujets de recherche indépendants, ont été réalisées. Cette étape était primordiale vu le peu d’information existante concernant les recherches sur les mécanismes de coupure et de perforation. L’absence de méthodes …

Évaluation En Temps Réel De Vapeurs De Formaldéhyde, Brigitte Roberge, Rodrigue Gravel

Rapports de recherche scientifique

Certains agresseurs chimiques, tels le formaldéhyde, ont une valeur d’exposition admissible (VEA) à ne pas dépasser (valeur plafond). Or, la méthode d’évaluation couramment utilisée en hygiène du travail nécessite un grand volume et une longue durée de prélèvement sur un milieu collecteur. Elle est mieux adaptée pour évaluer une exposition de longue durée qu’une valeur plafond. Dans une telle situation, l’utilisation d’instruments à lecture directe permet une évaluation instantanée en temps réel. Par contre, l’interprétation des lectures exige beaucoup de vigilance, car la présence concomitante d’autres substances peut induire des lectures erronées.

Les caractéristiques physiques de certains instruments à lecture …

Étude De La Problématique Santé Et Sécurité Du Travail Des Opérateurs Du Métro Et Des Possibilités De Réaménagement Des Loges De Conduite, Marie Bellemare, Sylvie Beaugrand, Danièle Champoux, Christian Larue, Paul Massicotte, Maud Gonella

Rapports de recherche scientifique

À la suite d’une demande des partenaires sociaux d’une grande entreprise de transport public, préoccupés par les niveaux vibratoires auxquels sont exposés les opérateurs de métro et par le siège inadéquat installé dans l’espace restreint de la loge de conduite, deux études ont été menées en parallèle. La première étude¹, objet du présent rapport, est une recherche exploratoire en deux volets : le premier vise à mieux définir la problématique de santé et de sécurité des opérateurs du métro alors que le second se concentre sur les possibilités d’améliorer le poste de conduite des trains construits il y …

Développement D’Une Banque De Données De Facteurs De Friction De Ventilation Pour Les Mines Québécoises, Charles Gagnon, Kostas Fytas

Rapports de recherche scientifique

Ce rapport est une synthèse des résultats obtenus dans le cadre d’une campagne de cueillette de facteurs de friction « K » dans les mines métalliques souterraines québécoises. L’objectif principal de ce projet était la mise sur pied d’une banque de données détaillée des facteurs K calculés lors de cette campagne et d’y inclure l’ensemble des facteurs K qui ont été publiés dans le passé ailleurs dans le monde. De ce fait, 137 facteurs K ont été mesurés dans 10 mines métalliques du Québec : Beaufor (Val-Senneville), Bell-Allard (Matagami), Bouchard- Hébert (Rouyn-Noranda), Doyon, (Rouyn-Noranda), Laronde (Cadillac), Louvicourt (Louvicourt), Géant-Dormant (Amos), …

A Legal Remedy For Homophobia: Finding A Cure In The International Right To Health, Michael Boucai

Journal Articles

This article argues that the international right to health obligates governments to combat homophobia. Part One presents the powerful evidence that stigma, prejudice, and violence directed toward lesbian and gay people drastically endanger their physical and mental well-being. Part Two defends an expansive interpretation of the international right to health. Applying this interpretation, Part Three proposes that gay men and lesbians are entitled to demand that their governments to eliminate all public and much private discrimination against gay men and lesbians, and requires them to combat homophobia through education and other positive efforts. Acknowledging that this obligation is unlikely to …