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Public Acceptance Of Meat-Reduction Policies Across Cultures: Comparing Singapore And Switzerland, Bianca Wassmann, Shu Tian Ng, Mark Chong, Angela K. Y. Leung, Michael Siegrist Jun 2026

Public Acceptance Of Meat-Reduction Policies Across Cultures: Comparing Singapore And Switzerland, Bianca Wassmann, Shu Tian Ng, Mark Chong, Angela K. Y. Leung, Michael Siegrist

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Purpose – As meat-reduction policies are discussed across the globe, many are met with public resistance. Cultural values may help explain this pushback, yet their role in shaping support for food policy remains poorly understood. This study is the first to apply cultural cognition theory to food policy by examining how cultural worldviews shape the acceptance of meat-reduction interventions in Singapore and Switzerland—two economically developed countries with contrasting cultural profiles. Design/methodology/approach – In an online survey, participants (Singapore: n = 357; Switzerland: n = 495) rated their acceptance of 11 meat-reduction interventions (e.g. taxes, subsidies, labelling). We then analysed to …


Vehicle-Based Multi-Services For Future Smart Cities, Hao Sun, Jinhua Zhao, Hai Yang, Shenhao Wang, Hamsa Balakrishnan, Thomas W. Malone, Hai Wang Jun 2026

Vehicle-Based Multi-Services For Future Smart Cities, Hao Sun, Jinhua Zhao, Hai Yang, Shenhao Wang, Hamsa Balakrishnan, Thomas W. Malone, Hai Wang

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Vehicles are crucial for sustaining socioeconomic activity and improving quality of life in modern cities by offering diverse services. These include passenger mobility, goods delivery, information acquisition, and acting as mobile servers such as food trucks and mobile lockers. At the same time, they also contribute to traffic congestion and air pollution. This tension fosters the rise of urban resource-conserving and sustainable service solutions. In this article, we introduce the concept of “Vehicle-Based Multi-Services” (VeMuS), in which a single vehicle offers multiple services simultaneously. Drawing on practical use cases, we examine service classification and integration for vehicles and the potential …


Graduates Of The College Of The Holy Cross Naval Rotc Unit 1944-2026, Brendan J. O'Donnell Jun 2026

Graduates Of The College Of The Holy Cross Naval Rotc Unit 1944-2026, Brendan J. O'Donnell

Naval Science Department

In 2016, the O’Callahan Society, in support of the Naval ROTC Unit at the College of the Holy Cross, published a history of the Unit which included statistics on the Navy and Marine Corps officers commissioned through the Unit since 1944. These statistics were largely based on a 2004 annual report submitted by the Unit (on file in the Navy Archives in Washington D. C.) and that report, in turn, built on a previous report that was prepared in 1990. These reports were combined with information from other Unit annual reports in the Navy Archives and from binders prepared by …


Breaking Barriers: Harnessing Collaboration Between Individuals With Disabilities And Emergency Management In New Jersey, Daniel Wrinn Jun 2026

Breaking Barriers: Harnessing Collaboration Between Individuals With Disabilities And Emergency Management In New Jersey, Daniel Wrinn

Master of Science in Emergency & Disaster Management Capstones

No abstract provided.


Collaborating For Community Impact: Smart Parks, Natasha Rascon Jun 2026

Collaborating For Community Impact: Smart Parks, Natasha Rascon

2026 Spring Reports (Terre Haute)

Through collaborations with the City of Terre Haute, specifically the City Parks and Recreation, the following community issue was identified: Resiliency Education (RE-1) Smart parks - Sign designs, Web page design, a community survey to determine park attendance, ideas for ways to track park attendance, recommendations for improvements in high-risk parks, Finding and/or helping with grant applications. To address the identified community issue, students enrolled in Comm361 Small Group Communication partnered with the City of Terre Haute to promote three events: The ribbon cutting and block party for the Herz-Rose Community Center and Park, The Deming Park Easter Egg Hunt, …


Extensive And Intensive Margin Labor Supply On Ride-Sourcing Platforms, Hao Sun, Hai Wang, Zhixi Wan Jun 2026

Extensive And Intensive Margin Labor Supply On Ride-Sourcing Platforms, Hao Sun, Hai Wang, Zhixi Wan

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

The rapid expansion of ride-sourcing platforms has enabled freelance drivers to flexibly determine both their participation and working hours. Understanding this flexible labor supply behavior is essential for managing platform capacity and evaluating the impacts of pricing and incentive policies on driver welfare. This study develops a labor supply model in which drivers optimally choose whether to participate (extensive margin) and how long to work (intensive margin) to maximize their utility from consumption and leisure. The model incorporates heterogeneity in drivers’ other income, idle time, and participation costs, allowing us to analytically characterize equilibrium labor supply decisions. The results show …


Disrupting The Time Space Continuum: Time Travel As Methodological Practice For Building Evaluation Capacity, Linetta Alexander Jun 2026

Disrupting The Time Space Continuum: Time Travel As Methodological Practice For Building Evaluation Capacity, Linetta Alexander

The Foundation Review

Dominant Western ideology limits our understanding of and engagement with time, representing it as a linear two-dimensional arrow that moves forward in one direction from the past to the future. Viewing the past, present, and future as distinct and disconnected phases can hinder the growth and improvement of organizations working on building their evaluation capacity.

In contrast to Western notions of time, Indigenous cultures of the Americas and Africa understand the interconnectedness of all aspects of being, that our experiences are more cyclical, where birth leads to death and death to rebirth. The Sankofa principle, rooted in Akan philosophy, states …


Trace: Temporal Rhetorical Analysis And Consistency Evaluation For Legislative Speech, David Hernandez Jun 2026

Trace: Temporal Rhetorical Analysis And Consistency Evaluation For Legislative Speech, David Hernandez

Master's Theses

Legislators frequently discuss the same policy issues across multiple hearings and legislative sessions, sometimes maintaining consistent positions and other times modifying or reframing their stance over time. Understanding how these positions evolve is important for analyzing political discourse and democratic accountability, yet identifying such shifts at scale remains difficult.

We introduce TRACE (Temporal Rhetorical Analysis and Consistency Evaluation), a system built on the Digital Democracy Database (DDDB) for detecting rhetorical inconsistency in California legislative hearing testimony. TRACE organizes utterances into speaker-anchored timelines indexed by bill and session, then applies hybrid semantic retrieval — combining dense BGE embeddings with BM25 lexical …


The Security Of Llm-Generated Code, Christopher Brian Gonzalez Ayala Jun 2026

The Security Of Llm-Generated Code, Christopher Brian Gonzalez Ayala

Student Theses

The rapid adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) in software development has transformed coding practices by enabling automated code generation, completion, and optimization. Despite these advantages, concerns persist regarding the security and reliability of LLM-generated code. This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of both the functional correctness and security of code produced by three prominent LLMs as of early 2026. A total of 4,800 code snippets were generated using 100 security-focused programming prompts derived from the OWASP Top 10:2025, translated across eight natural languages and two phrasing styles (literal and natural developer-oriented prompts). To assess performance, a multi-stage experimental framework …


Of Climate Justice And Magical Realism, Sonya Ziaja Jun 2026

Of Climate Justice And Magical Realism, Sonya Ziaja

Michigan Law Review

A review of Climate Justice: What Rich Nations Owe the World—and the Future. By Cass R. Sunstein.


Unlocking The Power Of Cultural Humility In Political Institutions As Workplaces: Authentic Leadership As A Pathway To Psychological Well-Being Among U.S. State Legislators, Kristine M. Reeves Jun 2026

Unlocking The Power Of Cultural Humility In Political Institutions As Workplaces: Authentic Leadership As A Pathway To Psychological Well-Being Among U.S. State Legislators, Kristine M. Reeves

Industrial-Organizational Psychology Dissertations

Political institutions, particularly U.S. state legislatures, function not only as sites of governance but also as complex workplaces characterized by high public scrutiny, identity salience, and multidirectional power dynamics. Despite these conditions, limited research has examined how leadership processes influence the psychological well-being of those who serve within them. This research draws on humility theory, authentic leadership theory, social identity theory, and positive organizational behavior to examine the role of cultural humility in fostering authentic leadership and psychological capital (PsyCap) among U.S. state legislators. Using a cross-sectional survey design, data was collected from 160 U.S. state legislators. Cultural humility was …


Paying For Participation: Equitable Compensation Models For Community Co-Researchers, Jamie Zimmerman, Prabhneet Girn Jun 2026

Paying For Participation: Equitable Compensation Models For Community Co-Researchers, Jamie Zimmerman, Prabhneet Girn

The Foundation Review

Community-engaged research is increasingly central to philanthropic practice, yet funders rarely provide guidance for compensating community members who participate as co-researchers. This gap is especially pronounced for youth, who often face administrative, legal, and developmental constraints that complicate what “fair pay” looks like in practice.

This article presents findings from a mixed-methods comparative case study of three youth participatory action-research projects involving 44 youth ages 16–24 across varied organizational settings. Data were collected through youth surveys, focus groups, staff interviews, financial analysis, and document review.

Findings show that each model carries distinct trade-offs related to feasibility, transparency, and administrative capacity, …


Drone Urbanisms, Siew Ying Shee Jun 2026

Drone Urbanisms, Siew Ying Shee

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

Across contemporary cities, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) particularly drones have emerged as critical instruments for sensing, visualizing, and reconfiguring the built environment. Yet, urban space is not merely a passive backdrop for drone activity; it both shapes and is reshaped by them. The central question for understanding drone urbanism, then, is not only what drones do, but how their deployment redistributes the agency to see, know, and intervene across human operators, infrastructures, and algorithms.This renegotiation of visibility, authority, and knowledge takes shape through the ways drones mediate the governance and experiential textures of the city. Departing from the distant totalities …


Pedagogy Of Care: Exploring Climate Justice Frameworks In Cuny Undergraduate Courses, Ismerlyn Gonzalez Jun 2026

Pedagogy Of Care: Exploring Climate Justice Frameworks In Cuny Undergraduate Courses, Ismerlyn Gonzalez

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

Climate justice centers the human rights of communities most impacted by the climate crisis rather than solely focusing on the scientific aspects of environmental challenges and disasters. Higher education institutions play a key role in advancing climate justice education, but research shows that frameworks are not consistently defined across institutions. The IRB-approved study that produced the findings in this capstone sought to explore how climate justice frameworks are implemented at the CUNY undergraduate level and learn more about the instructors delivering these courses. From February to April 2026, instructors from different CUNY undergraduate campuses were surveyed, interviewed, and asked to …


The New York City Fields Of Calcio Libero: Where Protagonists Activate Counter-Hegemony, Olivia Soderini Jun 2026

The New York City Fields Of Calcio Libero: Where Protagonists Activate Counter-Hegemony, Olivia Soderini

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

Derivative from a deeply rooted calcio (“football”/ “soccer”) passion, with years of associated empiricism in diverse contexts, as well as from a profound intellectual interest in examining (im)migratory trends through interdisciplinary lenses, stems the development of this project’s topical focus and multi-dimensional argument. My calcio experiences, further combined with my interest in and knowledge of political and critical theory, served as the converged impetus of recognizing what already exists and is thriving: (im)migrant protagonism and counter-hegemony by way of New York City (“NYC”) calcio libero.[1] This project embarks on a creative autoethnographic and analytical journey to explore pickup’s …


Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems And The Principles Of Distinction And Proportionality, Nicholas Cromie Jun 2026

Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems And The Principles Of Distinction And Proportionality, Nicholas Cromie

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) challenge the core principles of International Humanitarian Law (IHL), distinction and proportionality, by delegating life-and-death decisions to algorithms rather than human judgment.  This dissertation examines whether LAWS can conform to these principles and, if so, under what conditions.  Through process tracing, the study traces the historical integration of disruptive weapons technologies, including chemical, biological, nuclear, and armed drones, into IHL-compliant frameworks or their exclusion via prohibition.  Each case reveals distinct pathways: outright bans for indiscriminate or inherently inhumane systems (chemical and biological weapons), normative restraint and limited acceptance despite destructive power (nuclear weapons) and phased …


Goddess In A Trash Can: Religious Ritual Disposal In New York City Public Parks, Zoe Oro-Hahn Jun 2026

Goddess In A Trash Can: Religious Ritual Disposal In New York City Public Parks, Zoe Oro-Hahn

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

Practitioners of Afro-Caribbean religions, including Santería, Vodou, Espiritismo, and Las 21 Divisiones, utilize the New York City Public Parks system to hold rituals, connect with spirits and ancestors, and dispose of religious remains leftover from trabajos (workings) and brujería (witchcraft). Utilizing photos from Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx, my thesis considers the religious, political, social, and practical rationale behind this phenomenon, explores the rituals occurring, and provides policy suggestions that balance religious needs of practitioners with the safety and wellbeing of New York City’s parks.


The Degradation Of Prices: Platform Power, The Erosion Of Price Comparison, And Rebuilding Comparison Shopping In The Digital Economy, Stephanie T. Nguyen, Shaoul Sussman Jun 2026

The Degradation Of Prices: Platform Power, The Erosion Of Price Comparison, And Rebuilding Comparison Shopping In The Digital Economy, Stephanie T. Nguyen, Shaoul Sussman

Center for Law and the Economy

The ability to know the price of a product or service and then compare prices of similar products or services is a foundational cornerstone of consumer choice and competitive markets. Once, buyers could more easily compare identical products across multiple sellers. However, this process has systematically degraded over time and has become increasingly difficult to do in practice. When prices are a reliable signal of product and market value, consumers can make informed purchasing decisions and sellers can compete for business by offering more attractive prices to consumers. This is a core market force that keeps price levels in check …


Collaboration In Context: The Present And Future Of Coordinated Care For New Mexico's Military-Connected Population, Zachary Bridgewater, Vincent Delsignore, Mary Rachel Keville, Lisa Marie Murray Jun 2026

Collaboration In Context: The Present And Future Of Coordinated Care For New Mexico's Military-Connected Population, Zachary Bridgewater, Vincent Delsignore, Mary Rachel Keville, Lisa Marie Murray

Institute for Veterans and Military Families

With the support of the New Mexico State Legislature, the D’Aniello Institute for Veterans and Military Families (IVMF) led a multi-phase project to design a coordinated care system for New Mexican service members, veterans, and their families. In the project’s first phase, the IVMF conducted a landscape assessment to understand the needs of the military-connected community and examined the viability of a coordinated care system for the state. Key findings included strong support for coordinated care amongst veteran serving organizations, a fragmented service landscape across the state, structural barriers to care caused by rurality and geographic concentrations of resources, and …


Erosion And Accretion: Mobilities Of Sand, People, And Memory At Queer Riis Beach, Jah Elyse Sayers Jun 2026

Erosion And Accretion: Mobilities Of Sand, People, And Memory At Queer Riis Beach, Jah Elyse Sayers

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

The People’s Beach at Jacob Riis Park on the Rockaway Peninsula of Queens, New York, is a vibrant place of queer and trans public-space placemaking—and especially Black and working class queer and trans placemaking. A distinct queer ecology emerges in the interplay of the dynamic movement of the barrier island, queer and trans—especially queer and trans Afro-diasporic—mobilities. This queer ecology, while articulated with, also defies and exceeds logics and workings of private property. In response to a convergence of pressures on Black, queer, trans, and working-class placemaking on the beach site in the 2020s, beachgoers have mobilized longstanding provisional socialities …


Understanding And Enhancing Suicide Prevention Strategies In The Military: The Roles Of Culture, Leadership, And Command Climate, Kelly Johanna Pires Jun 2026

Understanding And Enhancing Suicide Prevention Strategies In The Military: The Roles Of Culture, Leadership, And Command Climate, Kelly Johanna Pires

Dissertations

Military service members are shaped and molded to fit a military culture that emphasizes mission readiness and continuous preparedness. Countless hours are spent training for various situations that can arise. Many trainings are geared toward worst-case scenarios that can cause an increase in stressors and traumatic events. They are expected to demonstrate resilience and overcome adversity to remain mission-ready. This expectation to be mission-ready creates the space for mental health difficulties as well as stigma and avoidance of help-seeking behaviors. In many cases, the desire to stay mission-ready creates a barrier for conversations around mental health. The military emphasizes qualities …


The City As Showroom: Singapore And The Rise Of The "Urban Solutions" Industry, Sol Andrew Stokols Jun 2026

The City As Showroom: Singapore And The Rise Of The "Urban Solutions" Industry, Sol Andrew Stokols

Research Collection College of Integrative Studies

This article uses the concept of the “city as showroom” to describe an emergent logic shaping urban development that stems from the growing importance of “urban solutions” as an industry. Focusing primarily on Singapore, the article examines how certain urban districts and high-profile sites are conceptualized as “showrooms” for the infrastructure and urban technologies they aim to export around the world. The idea of the “city as showroom” combines aspects of the curation of a city’s image through showcase districts, as well as “testbed urbanism” seen in certain smart-city projects. Singapore's need to reproduce itself as a model of urban …


Bureaucracy, Bottlenecks, And Bots: Ai And Migrant Experiences At Germany’S Foreigners’ Authorities, Johanna Brusa Jun 2026

Bureaucracy, Bottlenecks, And Bots: Ai And Migrant Experiences At Germany’S Foreigners’ Authorities, Johanna Brusa

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

How can AI provide a meaningful tool in migration management for the German government? Seeking highly-skilled migrants and overburdened by mass migration, the German government is turning to AI to generate solutions to bureaucratic overload in the Ausländerbehörden (ABH, the Foreigners’ Authorities), the Federal Republic's administrative system for managing the processing of migration. AI promises to ease the bureaucratic burden on civil servants, but can it improve migrants' experiences in their interactions with the ABH? And, critically for the German state, could it help convince highly-skilled workers to make Germany their home? Analyzing 530 Google reviews of six different ABH …


To Wait Or To Transfer? A Three-Level Optimization Framework For Intermodal Transfer Coordination In First Train Timetabling And Bus Bridging Services Management, Hao Li, Liujiang Kang, Norman Weik, Huijun Sun, Qingying Lai, Zhiguang Cao Jun 2026

To Wait Or To Transfer? A Three-Level Optimization Framework For Intermodal Transfer Coordination In First Train Timetabling And Bus Bridging Services Management, Hao Li, Liujiang Kang, Norman Weik, Huijun Sun, Qingying Lai, Zhiguang Cao

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

This study addresses the integrated optimization of the first train timetabling and bus bridging service design (FTT-BBSD) for morning transfer challenges, two critical but interdependent passenger services in the public transit system. In contrast to most existing studies and conventional approaches, this study explicitly models the influence of passenger path choices and transfer mode selections on FTT-BBSD. Through a novel dual-level network representation that integrates subway and bus systems, we formulate the FTT-BBSD problem as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming model. The model simultaneously determines subway and bus timetables and bridging line deployment to minimize total travel time for all first …


From Institutions To Families: Assessing The Progress Of Egypt’S National Strategy For Alternative Child Care Reform, Yasmine M. El Hagry Jun 2026

From Institutions To Families: Assessing The Progress Of Egypt’S National Strategy For Alternative Child Care Reform, Yasmine M. El Hagry

Theses and Dissertations

This study serves as a critical mid-term review of the Egyptian National Strategy for Alternative Care for Children and Youth without Parental Care (NACS) (2021-2030). The 10-year strategy overall goal is to shift from institutional care, such as orphanages, to family-based care, such as kafala, the Islamic alternative to legal adoption, for children deprived of parental care. While the global literature strongly advocates deinstitutionalization, empirical research on the operational risks and unintended harms that can arise during such complex transformations remains scarce.

Adapting the International Civil Service Effectiveness (InCiSE) Framework, this research uses a qualitative approach to diagnose the …


The Dialectics Of Governance – Navigating Institutional Complexity, Trust, And Innovation In Indonesia, Muhammad Ramaditya, Rijal Ramdhani May 2026

The Dialectics Of Governance – Navigating Institutional Complexity, Trust, And Innovation In Indonesia, Muhammad Ramaditya, Rijal Ramdhani

BISNIS & BIROKRASI: Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi dan Organisasi

No abstract provided.


Accessibility And Daily Cigarette Consumption Among Indonesian Adolescents: A Descriptive Study, Noviana Lathifah, Istiqomah Hanifah Rachman, Anisa Isnaini, Gloria Threesia Piliphinsa Simatupang May 2026

Accessibility And Daily Cigarette Consumption Among Indonesian Adolescents: A Descriptive Study, Noviana Lathifah, Istiqomah Hanifah Rachman, Anisa Isnaini, Gloria Threesia Piliphinsa Simatupang

Journal of Indonesian Health Policy and Administration

Despite restrictive regulations, Indonesia faces a high prevalence of adolescent smoking, facilitated by easy access to tobacco products. This descriptive study aims to describe cigarette accessibility patterns and daily consumption trends among Indonesian adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data from the 2019 Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) involving 9,208 respondents. Descriptive analysis was performed to examine the distribution of age at smoking initiation, daily cigarette consumption, and purchasing accessibility. The majority of respondents started smoking at ≥14 years of age. Daily cigarette consumption showed an increasing trend with age, with older adolescents more likely to consume more …


Developing An Effective And Sustainable Institutional Model For Water Resource Management In ‘Nusantara’ (The New Capital City Of Indonesia), Witra Apdhi Yohanitas, Arif Ramadhan, Tania Andari, Nicco Plamonia, Muhammad Akbar Pribadi, Riardi Pratista Dewa, Hery Wibowo, M. Hasnan Atlandi May 2026

Developing An Effective And Sustainable Institutional Model For Water Resource Management In ‘Nusantara’ (The New Capital City Of Indonesia), Witra Apdhi Yohanitas, Arif Ramadhan, Tania Andari, Nicco Plamonia, Muhammad Akbar Pribadi, Riardi Pratista Dewa, Hery Wibowo, M. Hasnan Atlandi

BISNIS & BIROKRASI: Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi dan Organisasi

The development of 'Nusantara', the new capital city of Indonesia (IKN), is a strategic effort by the government of Indonesia to advance infrastructure development and management. However, ensuring effective and sustainable water resource management remains a major challenge, particularly amid climate change, population growth, and increasing industrial demand. This study aims to develop a sustainable water resource management model to support IKN effectively. It applies a qualitative descriptive and comparative approach through interviews and policy analysis to identify the needs and challenges in water resource management, while also assessing the potential and risks of the proposed model. The findings indicate …


Mandates, Markets, And Megawatts: An Empirical Analysis Of The Causal Effects Of State-Level Energy Storage Mandates On Utility-Scale Battery Storage Deployment In The United States, Bill Zheng May 2026

Mandates, Markets, And Megawatts: An Empirical Analysis Of The Causal Effects Of State-Level Energy Storage Mandates On Utility-Scale Battery Storage Deployment In The United States, Bill Zheng

Quantitative Social Science Undergraduate Senior Theses

Utility-scale battery storage is accelerating at an unprecedented pace as the world increasingly relies on renewable energies to power grids. Demand for data centers has produced record-high electricity demand, and utility-scale batteries are becoming crucial in supporting the grid and the variability of renewables. As a result, analysis on the efficacy of policy drivers of battery storage will provide the field with a roadmap for the most impactful policy solutions to spur battery storage deployment. This paper estimates the effect of state battery storage mandates on cumulative installed battery capacity using a staggered difference-in-differences (DiD) design following Callaway and Sant’Anna …


Indonesia And The Global Maritime Fulcrum: Structural Crisis Of The Four Pillars Of Maritime Power, Frisca Ayu Suciandika May 2026

Indonesia And The Global Maritime Fulcrum: Structural Crisis Of The Four Pillars Of Maritime Power, Frisca Ayu Suciandika

Journal of Terrorism Studies

This article critically examines Indonesia’s position in realizing its vision as a Global Maritime Fulcrum through an analysis of four main pillars of maritime power: maritime science, financial strength, maritime industry, and naval defense. The study is motivated by the paradox between Indonesia’s vast geographical and historical potential as an archipelagic state and its limited structural capacity to build modern maritime power. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach using library research and critical analysis of academic literature, international data, and Indonesian maritime policy documents. The findings show that Indonesia still faces an epistemic deficit in maritime science due to …