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Empathy In Psychology Interns And Medical Residents: An Investigation Of The Cognitive And Emotional Components Of Empathy, Sarah Sherrard Feb 2007

Empathy In Psychology Interns And Medical Residents: An Investigation Of The Cognitive And Emotional Components Of Empathy, Sarah Sherrard

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)

Empathy has been recognized by both the mental health and medical fields as a central component of relationships between patients and treatment providers. Empathy of care providers has important implications for treatment outcomes of both medical and psychological conditions. Since it is becoming more common for mental health issues to be addressed primarily by primary care physicians, it is important to consider how physicians and psychologists compare on levels of empathy. The present study was an investigation of how medical residents and psychology interns compare on both cognitive and affective components of empathy. The Interpersonal Reactivity Index, designed to measure …

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Effects Of Craving And Drd4 Vntr Genotype On The Relative Value Of Alcohol: An Initial Human Laboratory Study, James Mackillop, David P. Menges, John E. Mcgeary, Stephen A. Lisman Feb 2007

Effects Of Craving And Drd4 Vntr Genotype On The Relative Value Of Alcohol: An Initial Human Laboratory Study, James Mackillop, David P. Menges, John E. Mcgeary, Stephen A. Lisman

Psychology Faculty Scholarship

Background Craving for alcohol is a highly controversial subjective construct and may be clarified by Loewenstein's visceral theory, which emphasizes craving's behavioral effects on the relative value of alcohol. Based on the visceral theory, this studyexamined the effects of a craving induction on the relative value of alcohol as measured by a behavioral choice task. In addition, based on previous evidence of its role in the expression of craving, the influence of DRD4 VNTR genotype (DRD4-L vs. DRD4-S) was also examined. Methods Thirty-five heavy drinkers (54% male; 31% DRD4-L) were randomly assigned to receive either a cravinginduction (exposure to personally …

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School-Based Prevention Of Depressive Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Study Of The Effectiveness And Specificity Of The Penn Resiliency Program, Jane Gillham, K. Reivich, D. R. Freres, T. M. Chaplin, A. J. Shatte, B. Samuels, A. G.L. Elkon, S. Litzinger, M. Lascher, R. Gallop, M. E.P. Seligman Feb 2007

School-Based Prevention Of Depressive Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Study Of The Effectiveness And Specificity Of The Penn Resiliency Program, Jane Gillham, K. Reivich, D. R. Freres, T. M. Chaplin, A. J. Shatte, B. Samuels, A. G.L. Elkon, S. Litzinger, M. Lascher, R. Gallop, M. E.P. Seligman

Psychology Faculty Works

The authors investigated the effectiveness and specificity of the Penn Resiliency Program (PRP; J. E. Gillham, L. H. Jaycox, K. J. Reivich, M. E. P. Seligman, & T. Silver, 1990), a cognitive-behavioral depression prevention program. Children (N = 697) from 3 middle schools were randomly assigned to PRP, Control (CON), or the Penn Enhancement Program (PEP; K. J. Reivich, 1996; A. J. Shatté, 1997), an alternate intervention that controls for nonspecific intervention ingredients. Children's depressive symptoms were assessed through 3 years of follow-up. There was no intervention effect on average levels of depressive symptoms in the full sample. Findings varied …

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Strengthening The Scientific Foundations Of Professional Psychology: Time For The Next Steps, Timothy Melchert Feb 2007

Strengthening The Scientific Foundations Of Professional Psychology: Time For The Next Steps, Timothy Melchert

College of Education Faculty Research and Publications

The field of professional psychology has been tremendously successful, although it has also been characterized by many competing preparadigmatic theoretical orientations, which have led to a great deal of contention as well as conflicting views regarding psychological development, functioning, and behavior change. There is now widespread agreement regarding scientific explanations of many psychological processes, however, and, consequently, it is time to update the basic conceptual frameworks used for professional psychology education and practice. Replacing the traditional reliance on an array of theoretical orientations with a science-based biopsychosocial framework would resolve many of the contradictions and conflicts that characterized the preparadigmatic …

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What Do People Desire In Others? A Sociofunctional Perspective On The Importance Of Different Valued Characteristics, Catherine A. Cottrell, Steven L. Neuberg, Norman P. Li Feb 2007

What Do People Desire In Others? A Sociofunctional Perspective On The Importance Of Different Valued Characteristics, Catherine A. Cottrell, Steven L. Neuberg, Norman P. Li

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

Humans, as discriminately social creatures, make frequent judgments about others' suitability for interdependent social relations. Which characteristics of others guide these judgments and, thus, shape patterns of human affiliation? Extant research is only minimally useful for answering this question. On the basis of a sociofunctional analysis of human sociality, the authors hypothesized that people highly value trustworthiness and (to a lesser extent) cooperativeness in others with whom they may be interdependent, regardless of the specific tasks, goals, or functions of the group or relationship, but value other favorable characteristics (e.g., intelligence) differentially across such tasks, goals, or functions. Participants in …

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Bereavement In The Modern Western World, David San Filippo Ph.D. Jan 2007

Bereavement In The Modern Western World, David San Filippo Ph.D.

Faculty Publications

Bereavement is the process of suffering that follows the loss of a living being that is significant to someone. When one suffers, she or he has to endure an unpleasant experience, in the case of bereavement, the loss of something special to the person. This loss most often is a loved one but could also include the loss of a pet, relationship, or physical or mental capability. This state of suffering is called grief. In describing his grief, C. S. Lewis stated, after the loss of his wife, “No one ever told me that grief felt so much like fear. …

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Effects Of Rumination On Internal And External Locus Of Control, Michael R. Sterling Jan 2007

Effects Of Rumination On Internal And External Locus Of Control, Michael R. Sterling

Theses and Dissertations

The primary goal of this study was to explore the relationship between rumination, locus of control, and depressive symptomology. The current project utilized a survey methodology, in which 54 undergraduate students were required to complete the Response Style Questionnaire (RSQ), the Rotter Locus of Control Scale (LOC), and the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II). Previous literature has not examined the relationship between rumination and locus of control. It was hypothesized that ruminative thought and external locus of control would be positively correlated. Correlations were run between the scores of each questionnaire, as well as gender of the participants. Results indicated …

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Strategies To Avoid The Loss Of Developmental Potential In More Than 200 Million Children In The Developing World, Patrice L. Engle, Maureen M. Black, Jere R. Behrman, Meena Cabral De Mello, Paul Gertler, Lydia Kapiriri, Reynaldo Martorell, Mary Eming Young, International Child Development Steering Group Jan 2007

Strategies To Avoid The Loss Of Developmental Potential In More Than 200 Million Children In The Developing World, Patrice L. Engle, Maureen M. Black, Jere R. Behrman, Meena Cabral De Mello, Paul Gertler, Lydia Kapiriri, Reynaldo Martorell, Mary Eming Young, International Child Development Steering Group

Psychology and Child Development

This paper is the third in the Child Development Series. The first paper showed that more than 200 million children under 5 years of age in developing countries do not reach their developmental potential. The second paper identified four well-documented risks: stunting, iodine deficiency, iron deficiency anaemia, and inadequate cognitive stimulation, plus four potential risks based on epidemiological evidence: maternal depression, violence exposure, environmental contamination, and malaria. This paper assesses strategies to promote child development and to prevent or ameliorate the loss of developmental potential. The most effective early child development programmes provide direct learning experiences to children and families, …

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An Analysis Of The Subjective Socioeconomic Scale Among Hispanic Immigrants And Caucasians, Mathew Glen Bowden Jan 2007

An Analysis Of The Subjective Socioeconomic Scale Among Hispanic Immigrants And Caucasians, Mathew Glen Bowden

Theses and Dissertations

Subjective socioeconomic status (SES) has previously been shown to be correlated with a large number of health measures. In this study, the subjective SES measure is modified and translated to measure childhood SES. The subjective SES scale is examined in a participant's hometown, community, and nation. Both an immigrant Hispanic and a Caucasian sample were studied (31 Hispanic males; 42 Hispanic females; 38 Caucasian males, 40 Caucasians females). Childhood SES was the most significant predictor of self-reported health in both sample groups.

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Response To Intervention And Effects On Retention, Jason D. Haught Jan 2007

Response To Intervention And Effects On Retention, Jason D. Haught

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Little research exists pertaining to the affect of the Response to lntervention model on student grade retention. This study was designed to determine a relationship between the frequency of students retained in grades kindergarten through third prior to and following the implementation of the Response to lntervention model. A five member cohort group conducted a longitudinal study of grades kindergarten through third grade in eleven pilot schools in the state of West Virginia. A Chi-Square test was chosen to examine the variables in an attempt to identify whether the implementation of the Response to lntervention model had an affect upon …

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The Moderating Effects Of Rituals On Commitment In Premarital Involvements, Kelly Campbell, James J. Ponzetti Jan 2007

The Moderating Effects Of Rituals On Commitment In Premarital Involvements, Kelly Campbell, James J. Ponzetti

Psychology Faculty Publications

This study examined how rituals were associated with commitment, and to what extent rituals moderated the investment model variables (i.e., satisfaction level, investment size, and alternatives) on commitment. Although rituals promote commitment in marital and family relationships, the salience of rituals to commitment in premarital involvements has not been investigated. University students (N=100) who agreed to participate were in a couple relationship but not married. Findings indicated that rituals were significant predictors of commitment; however, no unique variance was accounted for once investment model variables were taken into consideration. Rituals significantly moderated the relationship between alternatives and investments, and commitment. …

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Ciis Today, Spring 2007 Issue, Ciis Jan 2007

Ciis Today, Spring 2007 Issue, Ciis

CIIS Today

This volume is the Spring 2007 issue of CIIS Today, the Magazine of the California Institute of Integral Studies.

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When Should You Hesitate To Mediate?, Elizabeth K. Englander Jan 2007

When Should You Hesitate To Mediate?, Elizabeth K. Englander

MARC Publications

No abstract provided.

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Contrasting Roles Of Neural Firing Rate And Local Field Potentials In Human Memory, A. Ekstrom, Indre Viskontas, M. Kahana, J. Jacobs, K. Upchurch, S. Bookheimer, I. Fried Jan 2007

Contrasting Roles Of Neural Firing Rate And Local Field Potentials In Human Memory, A. Ekstrom, Indre Viskontas, M. Kahana, J. Jacobs, K. Upchurch, S. Bookheimer, I. Fried

Psychology

Recording the activity of neurons is a mainstay of animal memory research, while human recordings are generally limited to the activity of large ensembles of cells. The relationship between ensemble activity and neural firing rate during declarative memory processes, however, remains unclear. We recorded neurons and local field potentials (LFPs) simultaneously from the same sites in the human hippocampus and entorhinal cortex (ERC) in patients with implanted intracranial electrodes during a virtual taxi-driver task that also included a memory retrieval component. Neurons increased their firing rate in response to specific passengers or landmarks both during navigation and retrieval. Although we …

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The Effect Of Marshall University's Summer Enrichment Program On Reading Gains Program Evaluation, Ii, Kelli A. Potoczny Jan 2007

The Effect Of Marshall University's Summer Enrichment Program On Reading Gains Program Evaluation, Ii, Kelli A. Potoczny

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the Marshall University Summer Enrichment Program on students’ reading success in grades Kindergarten through eighth. From June 26, 2006 through July 27, 2006, a 5 week chronological period, 105 students attended the summer program and were evaluated for reading achievement. The study measured students' reading performance during the 5 consecutive weeks. Students were divided into three groups, primary, intermediate and middle school to evaluate the different age groups for changes in reading ability. This study compared student's pre and post running records to determine any gains in reading skills. …

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The Influence Of College Students’ Perception Of Parental (Or Primary Caregiver) Expectations On Coping Behavior And Adjustment In Early Adulthood, Jessica Smith Jan 2007

The Influence Of College Students’ Perception Of Parental (Or Primary Caregiver) Expectations On Coping Behavior And Adjustment In Early Adulthood, Jessica Smith

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

While some research has examined how parental expectations affect educational achievement, there is very little known about how parental expectations affect the development of coping skills and adaptive and maladaptive psychosocial functions. Participants were asked to complete a measure of their abilities in academics, sports, leadership, honesty, responsibilities, among other things. Then, they completed a measure of what they perceived their parents’ expectations of those areas were. Lastly, they completed the Behavioral Assessment System for Children-College Self Report of Personality form as a measure of adaptive and maladaptive functioning. The goals of this study are to investigate 1) if participants' …

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Comparative Study Of The Working Memory Scales Of The Wisc-Iv And Sb5 In Referred Students, Erica N. Abbott Jan 2007

Comparative Study Of The Working Memory Scales Of The Wisc-Iv And Sb5 In Referred Students, Erica N. Abbott

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

The present study compared the working memory scales of the WISC-IV and the SB5 as both tests are used, in part, to develop academic interventions for students. There is a moderate correlation (.6) between the two tests with 33 percent of shared variance and a SEest of 9.1 [plus or minus]. The findings indicate that the two tests do not measure a similar ability and scores obtained on them should not be interpreted in the same manner. More research is needed to investigate the specific constructs measured and which test is most appropriate to assess working memory problems.

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Effective Reading Instruction In A Response To Intervention Program Evaluation, Sabrina L. Graham Jan 2007

Effective Reading Instruction In A Response To Intervention Program Evaluation, Sabrina L. Graham

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

In response to the reauthorization of IDEA, in the spring of 2005, the West Virginia Department of Education (WVDOE) initiated a project to implement a Response-to- Intervention (RtI) approach to the identification of students with specific learning disabilities. The present study evaluated to what extent the Tier 1 approach provides effective instruction to reach mastery in Phonemic Awareness and Phonics in Kindergarten through 3 rd grade. The research design for this study was a program evaluation. The participants in the West Virginia RtI pilot project included approximately 150 teachers from Kindergarten through 3 rd grade, 11 principals, 11 project coordinators, …

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Conceptualizing Depression: The Role Of Attachment And Related Issues, Megan Green Jan 2007

Conceptualizing Depression: The Role Of Attachment And Related Issues, Megan Green

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between depression, as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and attachment and related issues as measured by the Attachment and Clinical Issues Questionnaire (ACIQ). Individuals who had been diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder in outpatient therapy and who indicated the presence of depressive symptoms on the BDI-II were compared to a control group comprised of individuals who had never engaged in therapy and who demonstrated minimal levels of depression as measured by the BDI-II. Therapy clients were assessed during the first two weeks of therapy. The experimental group demonstrated higher …

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Exercise : Nature's Defense Against Depression And Anxiety, Holly A. Dorenkamp Jan 2007

Exercise : Nature's Defense Against Depression And Anxiety, Holly A. Dorenkamp

Graduate Research Papers

Exercise and mental health is a relatively new area of study within health care and mental health disciplines. Whereas many mental health professionals focus on the mental status of clients, research suggests that physical health, exercise in particular, has a positive impact on mental health and well-being. Currently, typical treatment approaches lean toward psychotropic medication, psychotherapy, or a combination of both. However, mental health issues such as depression and anxiety are becoming so widespread that other effective and affordable treatment approaches and options are greatly needed and vital to the overall mental health of society. Utilizing exercise in the treatment …

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Oxytocin Increases Generosity In Humans, Paul J. Zak, Angela Stanton, Sheila Ahmadi Jan 2007

Oxytocin Increases Generosity In Humans, Paul J. Zak, Angela Stanton, Sheila Ahmadi

Business Faculty Articles and Research

Human beings routinely help strangers at costs to themselves. Sometimes the help offered is generous-offering more than the other expects. The proximate mechanisms supporting generosity are not well-understood, but several lines of research suggest a role for empathy. In this study, participants were infused with 40 IU oxytocin (OT) or placebo and engaged in a blinded, one-shot decision on how to split a sum of money with a stranger that could be rejected. Those on OT were 80% more generous than those given a placebo. OT had no effect on a unilateral monetary transfer task dissociating generosity from altruism. OT …

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Factors Influencing Track And Swimming Coaches’ Intentions To Use Sport Psychology Services, Rebecca Zakrajsek, Sam Zizzi Jan 2007

Factors Influencing Track And Swimming Coaches’ Intentions To Use Sport Psychology Services, Rebecca Zakrajsek, Sam Zizzi

Faculty & Staff Scholarship

This study is the first attempt at developing an instrument measuring coaches’ attitudes toward sport psychology modified from Martin, Kellmann, Lavallee, and Page’s (2002) Sport Psychology Attitudes-Revised (SPA-R) form. The Sport Psychology Attitude-Revised Coaches (SPA-RC) form was developed and examined through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) procedures. In addition, an exploratory model of service use was fashioned through regression analyses to help understand coaches’ intended use of sport psychology services. Coaches (n = 374) were surveyed regarding attitude, previous exposure, expectations of the consultation process, and intentions to use sport psychology services. EFA with the SPA-RC revealed a 3-factor solution (stigma …

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Detecting Denial Of Severe Psychiatric Disorder: An Mmpi-2 Investigation Of Criminal Defendants, L. Thomas Kucharski, Paul Tang, Barry Rosenfeld Jan 2007

Detecting Denial Of Severe Psychiatric Disorder: An Mmpi-2 Investigation Of Criminal Defendants, L. Thomas Kucharski, Paul Tang, Barry Rosenfeld

Psychology Faculty Publications

The ability of the MMPI-2 validity scales to differentiate mentally ill defendants who denied being mentally ill from mentally ill defendants who acknowledged their illness and those without mental illness was investigated. A stepwise logistic regression analysis (LGA) was utilized to identify the most parsimonious set of predictors among the MMPI-2 validity measures. The F and K scales and the Es-K index significantly differentiated the denying mental illness group from those acknowledging their psychiatric difficulties with a high degree of accuracy. An ROC curve utilizing the prediction scores from the LGA yielded an area under the curve of .89. An …

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Dialectical Behavior Therapy For The Treatment Of Stalking Offenders, Barry Rosenfeld, Michele Galietta, Andre Ivanoff, Alexandra Garcia-Mansilla, Ricardo Martinez, Joanna Fava, Virginia Fineran, Debbie Green Jan 2007

Dialectical Behavior Therapy For The Treatment Of Stalking Offenders, Barry Rosenfeld, Michele Galietta, Andre Ivanoff, Alexandra Garcia-Mansilla, Ricardo Martinez, Joanna Fava, Virginia Fineran, Debbie Green

Psychology Faculty Publications

The need for effective mental health interventions for specific offender populations has become clear in recent decades. In particular, individuals who engage in stalking and harassment have increasingly attracted the attention of the public and mental health and criminal justice professionals, however no evidence-based treatment currently exists for this population. We adapted Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) for the treatment of this offender group, in part because of the high prevalence of personality disorders. This study describes the application of a 6-month treatment program to a sample of 29 individuals, 14 of whom completed treatment. Treated offenders were significantly less likely …

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Math Magician: A Study On Distraction And Testing Ability, Brad Fincher, Kate Nelson, Carter Bray Jan 2007

Math Magician: A Study On Distraction And Testing Ability, Brad Fincher, Kate Nelson, Carter Bray

Undergraduate Psychology Research Methods Journal

The problem with distraction in schools today could be affecting student’s learning. Our hypothesis is that students who are confronted with a distraction do not do as well as students who are not confronted with distractions while doing homework. There was a total of thirty five participants. The procedure was for participants in the experimental group would begin doing a math worksheet and a distraction (cell phone ring tone) would be introduced. For participants in the control group they would do the math worksheet in silence with out distraction. The results showed that the distraction did not affect the participant’s …

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Early Familial Misogyny: Its Impact On Attachment Security And Later Caregiving Behaviors, Debra Dee Kirtland Jan 2007

Early Familial Misogyny: Its Impact On Attachment Security And Later Caregiving Behaviors, Debra Dee Kirtland

Theses Digitization Project

The purpose of this study was to look at the impact of early misogynistic treatment of females on subsequent attachment security and the quality of the later caregiving of their own children. A Misogyny Scale was created for use in this study.

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Everquest, Reality, And Postmodern Theories Of Community, Brian Jacob-Paul Bailie Jan 2007

Everquest, Reality, And Postmodern Theories Of Community, Brian Jacob-Paul Bailie

Theses Digitization Project

EverQuest is a multiplayer online role playing game that serves as a practical incarnation of life as a cyborg in a posthuman community. Using cultural materialsim, this thesis demonstrates how the words of EverQuest interactants - from message boards, interviews, and player in-game communications - construct the world of EverQuest and the roles of the interactants as its citizens. More specifically, this thesis will argue that the EverQuest world serves to reify the ideas of consumer capitalism that informs the "real" world, even as EverQuest itself promises an escape from that world.

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The Effects Of Acute Posttraining Injections Of Cocaine On Spatial Memory In C57bl/6 Mice, Sergio Diaz IñIguez Jan 2007

The Effects Of Acute Posttraining Injections Of Cocaine On Spatial Memory In C57bl/6 Mice, Sergio Diaz IñIguez

Theses Digitization Project

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cocaine on spatial memory consolidation using the Morris water maze. Specifically, male and female C57BL/6 mice were trained on a spatial water task, and then administered a single posttraining injection of saline or cocaine (1.25, 2.5, 5.0, or 20.0 mg/kg).

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The Effects Of Perceived Discrimination On Samoan Health, Shail Singh Jan 2007

The Effects Of Perceived Discrimination On Samoan Health, Shail Singh

Theses Digitization Project

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of perceived discrimination on Samoan health. This study employed purposive data collection and was conducted quantitatively using a questionnaire format, which measured everyday perceived discrimination, depression, and physical health.

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"Getting Ready" Independent Living Skills Program: A Professional Assessment, Luz Maria Varela Jan 2007

"Getting Ready" Independent Living Skills Program: A Professional Assessment, Luz Maria Varela

Theses Digitization Project

This project describes a 12 week pilot program that was designed to offer further resources to the foster youth who are 'aged out' of the foster care system.

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