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Testing Of Wrist-Worn-Fitness-Tracking Devices During Cognitive Stress: A Validation Study, Nicole S. Chudy

Honors Undergraduate Theses

The intent of this thesis was to test if one of the many fitness-tracking devices, Microsoft’s Band 2 (MSB2), is accurate and reliable in detecting changes in Heart Rate (HR) and R-R intervals, during the repeated trial of two conditions of a working-memory test known as the N-Back. A 2 (devices: ECG, MSB2) × 4 (epochs: baseline 1, 1-back task, baseline 2, 3-back task) repeated measures factorial design was conducted. The participants were simultaneously equipped to the MSB2 and an electrocardiogram (ECG). The results of this study validated the MSB2 for the use in a cognitive task. The study suggests …

Loneliness, Meaning In Life, And Depressive Symptomology In College Students, Abigail Oehler

Honors Theses

The present study aimed to better understand the relationship between loneliness, meaning in life, and depressive symptoms in college students. Two-hundred and forty-seven participants, ages 18-37, completed self-report measures about their experience with depressive symptoms (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale), loneliness (UCLA Loneliness Scale- Version 3), and meaning in life (Meaning in Life Questionnaire). The following was hypothesized: 1) symptoms of depression, loneliness, and meaning in life will be significantly related; 2) meaning in life will mediate the relation between loneliness and depressive symptoms. Results demonstrated all constructs were associated as expected (ps<.001). Contrary to hypothesis, meaning in life did not mediate the relation between loneliness and depressive symptomatology. However, post hoc regression analysis illustrated that loneliness was the only unique predictor of depressive symptoms. This study suggests more research is warranted on understanding specific mechanisms relating loneliness to depressive symptoms in college students.

Understanding Partner Loss In Same-Sex Couples, Margaret E. Manges

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

The goal of the present study is to examine the difficulties faced by sexual minorities who have lost their partners. More specifically, the impact of outness, relationship comfort, and social support on the bereavement process of same- and mixed-sex couples will be overviewed. The hypothesis of the present study is to examine whether social support, relationship comfort, and visibility mediate the relationship between sexual orientation and stress after the loss of a partner. In previous research, social support for the recently bereaved has been studied quite extensively; however, research has yet to examine sexual minorities and the specific hindrances this …

‘Why I Sent My Child Away’: Culturally Structured Motivations For Long-Distance Parenting, Deepa Srivastava, Maria Rosario De Guzman

Department of Child, Youth, and Family Studies: Faculty Publications

Although long-distance parenting is often depicted as a response to crisis (e.g., economic) or other stressful life events, it is sometimes undertaken in various culturally normative situations. This current study explores the motivations of South Asian Indian immigrant parents for sending their young children to India to live temporarily with their grandparents. This qualitative study involves in-depth interviews with first generation immigrant parents about their experiences and motivations for sending their children to India. Analysis of the data revealed five themes, namely, (a) contextual and daily challenges in caring for their children in the United States, (b) parents’ concern around …

Changing Perceptions Of Loss: The Influence Of Generation Effects And Message Framing, Kaylee Brown

Senior Honors Theses and Projects

This study is a three-part survey that examines how loss can be experienced differently based on one's generation and the way a message about loss is framed. More specifically, participants of all ages read a mock article that framed loss experiences positively or negatively, and then participants answered questions regarding their own loss experiences. It was hypothesized that, due to generational variance, older vs. younger individuals may deal with loss quite differently and, as such, may react to the positively and negatively framed loss articles as a function of their ages. As hypothesized, significant relationships among article type and age …

ปัจจัยที่มีความสัมพันธ์ต่อการตัดสินใจทำหนังสือแสดงเจตนาล่วงหน้าเกี่ยวกับการรักษาในวาระสุดท้ายของชีวิต, วนัชพร พิพัฒน์ธนวงศ์

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

งานวิจัยนี้มีจุดประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาความสัมพันธ์ของปัจจัยต่าง ๆ ได้แก่ ความรู้เกี่ยวกับหนังสือแสดงเจตนาฯ การหลีกเลี่ยงที่จะกล่าวหรือนึกถึงความตาย การมองความตายว่าเป็นการหลุดพ้นจากปัญหา ประสบการณ์การสูญเสียบุคคลอันเป็นที่รัก ประสบการณ์ความเจ็บป่วยหนักของตนเอง ประสบการณ์ความเจ็บป่วยหนักของบุคคลใกล้ชิด ความแข็งแรงของสุขภาพร่างกาย การรับรู้เวลาชีวิตที่เหลืออยู่ และปัจจัยคุณลักษณะของบุคคล ได้แก่ อายุ และระดับการศึกษา ที่มีต่อการตัดสินใจทำหนังสือแสดงเจตนาล่วงหน้าเกี่ยวกับการรักษาในวาระสุดท้ายของชีวิต กลุ่มตัวอย่างในการวิจัยครั้งนี้คือ ผู้ที่อาศัยอยู่ในกรุงเทพฯ และปริมณฑล และเชียงใหม่ และเป็นผู้ที่รู้จักหนังสือแสดงเจตนาฯ จำนวน 204 คน ช่วงอายุ 18-74 ปี (อายุเฉลี่ย 39.860±15.251 ปี) ผ่านการตอบแบบสอบถามในรูปแบบเอกสารและออนไลน์ โดยสถิติที่ใช้ในการวิเคราะห์ข้อมูลในงานวิจัย คือ การถดถอยพหุคูณ (multiple regression) ผลการวิจัยพบว่า ตัวแปรทั้งหมดอธิบายการตัดสินใจทำหนังสือแสดงเจตนาฯ ได้ร้อยละ 11 โดยการตัดสินใจทำหนังสือแสดงเจตนาฯ มีความสัมพันธ์ทางลบกับการหลีกเลี่ยงพูดถึงเรื่องความตาย (β = -.203, p = .005) และมีความสัมพันธ์ทางบวกกับอายุ (β = .267, p = .001) อย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติ ผลจากงานวิจัยนี้ได้แสดงให้เห็นถึงอุปสรรคสำคัญของการตัดสินใจทำหนังสือแสดงเจตนาฯ ซึ่งก็คือการหลีกเลี่ยงที่จะกล่าวหรือนึกถึงความตาย ซึ่งอาจใช้เป็นแนวทางในการรณรงค์เรื่องการตัดสินใจทำหนังสือแสดงเจตนาฯ ต่อไป

ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างสภาพแวดล้อมทางสังคมของที่อยู่อาศัยกับสุขภาวะของผู้สูงวัย : อิทธิพลส่งผ่านของการเห็นคุณค่าในตนเองแบบเน้นอัตลักษณ์ตนและการเห็นคุณค่าในตนเองแบบเน้นความสัมพันธ์, เบญจภรณ์ ธโนศวรรย์

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

วัตถุประสงค์ของการศึกษาครั้งนี้เพื่อสำรวจผลกระทบของสภาพแวดล้อมทางสังคมของที่อยู่อาศัยต่อสุขภาวะของผู้สูงวัย ผู้ร่วมการวิจัยเป็นผู้สูงวัยจำนวน 400 คน ประกอบด้วยผู้สูงวัยที่อาศัยในบ้านพักส่วนตัว 200 คน และผู้สูงวัยที่อาศัยในโครงการที่พักผู้สูงวัย เช่น สวางคนิเวศ 200 คน กลุ่มตัวอย่างถูกประเมินเรื่องสภาพแวดล้อมทางสังคมของที่พักอาศัย การเห็นคุณค่าของตนเองแบบเน้นอัตลักษณ์ตน การเห็นคุณค่าในตนเองแบบเน้นความสัมพันธ์ และสุขภาวะส่วนบุคคล ผลการวิเคราะห์โมเดลสมการเชิงโครงสร้างพบว่า สภาพแวดล้อมทางสังคมของที่พักอาศัยมีอิทธิพลทางตรงทางบวกต่อสุขภาวะของผู้สูงวัย และมีอิทธิพลทางอ้อมผ่านการเห็นคุณค่าในตนเองแบบเน้นอัตลักษณ์ตนและการเห็นคุณค่าในตนเองแบบเน้นความสัมพันธ์ เมื่อวิเคราะห์แต่ละกลุ่มเพิ่มเติมพบว่า การเห็นคุณค่าในตนเองแบบเน้นอัตลักษณ์ตนมีอิทธิพลส่งผ่านแบบสมบูรณ์ต่อความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างสภาพแวดล้อมทางสังคมของที่พักอาศัยและสุขภาวะของผู้สูงวัยที่อาศัยในบ้านพักส่วนตัว ในขณะที่การเห็นคุณค่าในตนเองแบบเน้นอัตลักษณ์ตนและการเห็นคุณค่าในตนเองแบบเน้นความสัมพันธ์มีอิทธิพลส่งผ่านบางส่วนต่อความสัมพันธ์นี้ในกลุ่มผู้สูงวัยที่อาศัยในโครงการที่พักผู้สูงวัย สภาพแวดล้อมทางสังคมของที่พักอาศัยมีอิทธิพลทางตรงต่อสุขภาวะเฉพาะในกลุ่มผู้สูงวัยที่อาศัยในโครงการที่พักผู้สูงวัยเท่านั้น แม้ว่าคะแนนสุขภาวะของกลุ่มผู้สูงวัยที่อาศัยในโครงการที่พักผู้สูงวัยจะสูงกว่าอีกกลุ่ม แต่ความแตกต่างนี้ไม่มีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติ

Exploring The Experience Of Grandchildren In Custodial Grandparent Care, Maura Kathleen Cole

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

Grandparent-headed families are a growing trend as social policy has moved increasingly toward kinship care for children in out-of-home placements. While much of the current research focuses on the characteristics and potential causal factors in the formation of such families, there has been little qualitative research focusing on the lived experiences of the involved children. This study explores the subjective, meaning-making experiences of six latency-aged grandchildren between the ages of 6 and 11 being raised by their grandparents. This study utilized Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis methodology, and semi-structured interviews, to attain the personal accounts and experiences of these children. The findings …

Graduate Students And Geropsychology: Growing Need And Lacking Interest, Samantha Marie Hague

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

As the population of older adults continues to grow with time, the need for geropsychology clinicians also grows. Many barriers exist that contribute to why elderly individuals are not receiving adequate psychological treatment. This study explores why graduate psychology students are often disinterested in working with older adults and whether it is possible that student interest could increase with more geropsychology graduate coursework and practicum training opportunities. This study also explores the possible connection between quality of elderly relationships and interest in working with the elderly. The results of this study support that Clinical and Counseling Psychology graduate programs lack …

Double Whammy: Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis Of Older African Americans Experiencing Hiv & Age Related Comorbidities, James W. Chavers

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

HIV among older African Americans represents one of the fastest and largest growing populations of infected groups in America (CDC, 2008). With the availability of anti-retrovirals (ARV), or AIDS cocktail drugs, HIV has become a chronic illness. As African Americans are living longer with HIV, they are encountering the diseases that are consonant with aging. The effect of aging with HIV and an age-related comorbid condition can be physically and emotionally debilitating. Many of these older adults are also dealing with poverty, stigma, poor healthcare access, and limited social support. The purpose of this study was to explore how these …

Are All Interferences Bad? Bilingual Advantages In Working Memory Are Modulated By Varying Demands For Controlled Processing, Hwajin Yang, Sujin Yang

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

We investigated bilingual advantages in general control abilities using three complex-span tasks of working memory (WM). An operation-span task served as a baseline measure of WM capacity. Additionally, two modified versions of the Stroop-span task were designed to place varying attentional-control demands during memoranda encoding by asking participants either to read the to-be-remembered item aloud (lower cognitive control; i.e., Stroop-span task) or to name the font color of the to-be-remembered item while still encoding the word for later recall (greater cognitive control; i.e., attention-impeded Stroop-span task). Twenty-six Korean-English bilinguals and 25 English-native monolinguals were tested. We found that bilinguals outperformed …

Country Roads, Take Me Home ... To My Friends: How Intelligence, Population Density, And Friendship Affect Modern Happiness, Norman P. Li, Satoshi Kanazawa

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

We propose the savanna theory of happiness, which suggests that it is not only the current consequences of a given situation but also its ancestral consequences that affect individuals’ life satisfaction and explains why such influences of ancestral consequences might interact with intelligence. We choose two varied factors that characterize basic differences between ancestral and modern life – population density and frequency of socialization with friends – as empirical test cases. As predicted by the theory, population density is negatively, and frequency of socialization with friends is positively, associated with life satisfaction. More importantly, the main associations of life satisfaction …

Singled In Later Life: Interaction Effects On Family Relations And Health, Hyunsook Kang Ph.D.

Journal of Human Services: Training, Research, and Practice

This study examines the interaction effects on health and family relations of singled and non-singled older adults. In this study, family relations comprised family criticism and family demands. Data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP) survey were used (57-85 years of age (n=3005). This current study reflects a secondary analysis of the NSHAP data and hypothesized that life-long singled older adults’ health differentially influenced family relation such as family criticism and demands. This study, built on the Convoy Model to account for how singled older adults’ health, is differentially associated with their family criticism …

Activity Participation And Older Adults’ Well-Being, Elizabeth R. Tabet

SPACE: Student Perspectives About Civic Engagement

This paper accounts a service learner’s experience at Chicagoland Methodist Senior Services (CMSS) in conjunction with R.J. Havighurst’s Activity theory. There is great significance in researching aging issues and identifying markers of successful aging, as the population is growing older and people are living longer. Activity theory is one approach to successful aging attainment that focuses on participation in activities being continually necessary to the journey of aging. Previous literature examines the activity theory and its emphasis on creating meaning in the lives of older adults. Using research on the activity theory as a starting point, I participated in …

New Measures To Capture End Of Life Concerns In Huntington Disease: Meaning And Purpose And Concern With Death And Dying From Hdqlife (A Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement System)., N E Carlozzi, N R Downing, M K Mccormack, S G Schilling, J S Perlmutter, E A Hahn, J S Lai, S Frank, K A Quaid, J S Paulsen, D Cella, S M Goodnight, J A Miner, M A Nance

Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine Departmental Research

PURPOSE: Huntington disease (HD) is an incurable terminal disease. Thus, end of life (EOL) concerns are common in these individuals. A quantitative measure of EOL concerns in HD would enable a better understanding of how these concerns impact health-related quality of life. Therefore, we developed new measures of EOL for use in HD.

METHODS: An EOL item pool of 45 items was field tested in 507 individuals with prodromal or manifest HD. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA, respectively) were conducted to establish unidimensional item pools. Item response theory (IRT) and differential item functioning analyses were applied to …

The Long Reach Of Nurturing Family Environments: Links With Midlife Emotion- Regulatory Styles And Late-Life Security In Intimate Relationships, Waldinger J. Robert, Schulz S. Marc

Psychology Faculty Research and Scholarship

Does the warmth of children’s family environments predict the quality of their intimate relationships at the other end of the life span? Using data collected prospectively on 81 men from adolescence through the eighth and ninth decades of life, this study tested the hypotheses that warmer relationships with parents in childhood predict greater security of attachment to intimate partners in late life, and that this link is mediated in part by the degree to which individuals in midlife rely on emotion-regulatory styles that facilitate or inhibit close relationship connections. Findings supported this mediational model, showing a positive link between more …

The Guest In My Sitting Room, Jasmin Tahmaseb-Mcconatha

Psychology Faculty Publications

Is your cable bill making you anxious? How much television viewing is healthy and relaxing? How much is too much? Television viewing in later life.

Does Ethnicity Affect How Older Adults Deal With Stressors At Home?, Sarah S. Monazah, Jennifer A. Bellingtiger, Agnes A. Gall, Shevaun D. Neupert

Modern Psychological Studies

Numerous studies have examined stress in older adults but little research has examined the specific relationship between ethnicity and home stressors. We used a micro-longitudinal eight day daily diary study to examine reactivity to home stressors in older adults. 42 participants reported on 337 days from the Greater Raleigh Area all between the ages of 60 to 96 representing European-Americans and African-Americans. Participants reported their daily home stressor resolution (resolved or unresolved) and daily physical symptoms (e.g., joint pain, fatigue, headache). We found that European-Americans had a significantly higher number of physical symptoms on days with an unresolved home stressor …

Can You Remember? Factors Predicting Memory Accuracy In Eyewitnesses, Jamie Rich, Wind Goodfriend

Modern Psychological Studies

People become witnesses to crimes every day. This study further investigated witness variables such as sex and age, as well as the personality trait conscientiousness, in relation to one’s ability to accurately remember a fictional crime scene. An experimental manipulation was also utilized; participants read an article claiming that either men or women were three times better at memory (a self-fulfilling prophecy effect). Then, they watched a short video of a crime and were asked to recall details. As expected, age and memory accuracy were negatively correlated (p < .001) and conscientiousness was positively correlated with memory accuracy (p = .046). There were no significant differences found among participants based on experimental conditions (p = .700), but a main effect of participant sex was marginally significant (p = .065), with women having slightly better memories than men. Studying how individual traits relate to memory accuracy can help determine factors that influence eyewitness scenarios and whether juries should rely on eyewitnesses. Implications, limitations, and future research are discussed.

Effects Of Religious Participation On Negative Mental Health Symptoms Among Low-Income, Urban African American Adolescents, Alfonso L. Floyd

College of Science and Health Theses and Dissertations

African American adolescents living in low-income, urban neighborhoods are at high risk for developing psychological problems due to increased exposure to urban stressors. Given the complexity and chronic nature of these stressors, protective factors such as involvement in one’s religious institution may protect adolescents from harmful stressors associated with living in urban, low-income neighborhoods. This thesis sought to examine whether religious participation is an effective moderator of the relation between urban stressful life experiences and internalizing/externalizing psychological outcomes among low-income, urban African American adolescents. Two dimensions of religious participation, organizational and non-organizational, were examined as potential moderators of the effect …

Dementia In Prison: An Argument For Training Correctional Officers, Rachele Vogel

Graduate School of Professional Psychology: Doctoral Papers and Masters Projects

Dementia is a significant public health problem that is occurring behind bars. However, the number of inmates suffering from this disease is unknown (Feczko, 2014). Current research has exposed a serious gap in correctional health care for older adults, and correctional institutions are being encouraged to make changes to better address the needs of this population (Fellner, 2012; OIG, 2016; Williams, Stern, Mellow, Safer, & Greifinger, 2012b). The purpose of this paper is to bring awareness to the aging problem behind bars and respond to the identified need for additional training for custodial staff (correctional, parole, and probation officers). Training …

A Portrait Of Five Undergraduate Students Who Serve As Caregivers While Taking University Courses, Emily Owens, Carley Ulibarri, Blake D. Karlin

Ursidae: The Undergraduate Research Journal at the University of Northern Colorado

The purpose of this study was to identify characteristics specific to adults who are caregivers while taking classes from an institution of higher education. We recruited 5 university attending adults through a subject pool and through announcements in various classes through the university setting. Measures on depression, burden, daily activities, and general background were used to assess the experiences of the participants. Self-reports indicated high levels of selfefficacy with regard to the care process, minimal depression, low to moderate levels of burden, and high resiliency among those surveyed. These results indicate while registered as a full time student (12 credits …

Development And Validation Of The Palliative Care Knowledge Scale (Packs), Elissa Kozlov

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Palliative care is a team-based, specialty service that improves the quality of life for individuals with serious illness and their families. However, current research suggests that this life-improving service is drastically underutilized. Patient knowledge of a healthcare service is theorized to drive utilization. If people do not know what palliative care is, they cannot be expected to seek out or accept a referral for the service. Currently, there are no psychometrically evaluated scales to assess knowledge of palliative care. The purpose of this study is to develop a reliable and valid scale that broadly measures knowledge about palliative care. An …

An Evaluation Of The Acceptability And Effects Of A Computer-Delivered Values-Based Behavioral Activation Treatment For Depression Among Older Adults, Kellie Reynolds

Dissertations

Depression is a common psychological disorder among older adults and is associated with serious secondary effects to health and social well-being. Behavioral activation has been found to be an efficacious treatment for depression. However, there is limited research on the treatment effects of behavioral activation with older adults. In general, older adults under-utilize mental health treatments. Computer-delivered treatments have been developed to address access and under-utilization. The purpose of this dissertation was to evaluate the acceptability and effects of a computer-delivered values-based behavioral activation treatment for depression in older adults. This study consisted of two phases. Phase I consisted of …

Influences On Self-Care In Women With Heart Failure: A Pilot Study, Joy Corcione

Dissertations and Theses (Open Access)

Background: Heart Failure self-care becomes exceedingly difficult to perform as the disease progresses; therefore social support becomes important in facilitating heart failure self-care. Woman with heart failure represent a significant and growing vulnerable population. Women tend to have lower self-confidence in providing self-care, experience greater negative emotions, decreased social support, experience more adverse psychosocial factors affecting self-care and experience greater psychosocial adversity than do men. Self-care is vital in managing heart failure and social support greatly facilitates self-care behaviors.

Purpose: The purpose of this pilot study was to gain a deeper understanding about the sources of perceived social support and …

Differing Perspectives On Older Adult Caregiving, Eve M. Brank, Lindsey E. Wylie

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Informal older adult caregiving allows older adults to stay in their homes or live with loved ones, but decisions surrounding older adult care are fraught with complexities. Related research and case law suggest that an older adult’s need for and refusal of help are important considerations; the current study is the first to examine these factors experimentally. Two samples (potential caregivers and care recipients) provided responses regarding anticipated emotions, caregiver abilities, and allocation of daily caregiving decision making based on a vignette portraying an older adult who had a high or low level of autonomy and who accepted or refused …

The Effect Of Emotional Faces On The Attentional Blink In Younger And Older Adults, Allison M. Sklenar

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

The attentional blink occurs when detection of a second target (T2) is impaired when it occurs between 180 to 450 ms after the first target (T1) in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP). The attentional blink can be affected by relevant emotional stimuli, like emotional faces, such that an emotional T1 enhances the attentional blink, and an emotional T2 attenuates it. However, not all studies use the same type of face stimuli, and there is debate over whether schematic and photo-realistic faces are processed in the same way. Furthermore, the effect of emotion on the attentional blink should differ with …

Contributions Of Fatigue, Pain, And Functional Limitation To Future Depression In Cancer Survivors, Thomas Santo Recine

Theses and Dissertations

This study expanded upon Green (2014)’s study and examined the unique contributions of fatigue, pain, and functional limitation to future depression (depression measured at a later point in time) in cancer survivors. The findings demonstrate that functional impairment and fatigue are both strongly associated with subsequent depression. These findings follow from and are consistent with Green’s (2014) study, and demonstrate that functional impairment and fatigue strongly impact ongoing and future depression, with higher levels of functional impairment and fatigue being associated with higher levels of future depression. As a whole, the findings of this study are commensurate with prior research. …

The Sandwich Generation Diner: Development Of A Web-Based Health Intervention For Intergenerational Caregivers, Ann M. Steffen, Joel Epstein, Nika George, Megan Macdougall

Psychology Faculty Works

Background: Women are disproportionately likely to assist aging family members; approximately 53 million in the United States are involved with the health care of aging parents, in-laws, or other relatives. The busy schedules of “sandwich generation” women who care for older relatives require accessible and flexible health education, including Web-based approaches. Objective: This paper describes the development and implementation of a Web-based health education intervention, The Sandwich Generation Diner, as a tool for intergenerational caregivers of older adults with physical and cognitive impairments. Methods: We used Bartholomew’s Intervention Mapping (IM) process to develop our theory-based health education program. Bandura’s (1997) …

Recognizing Microaggressions: A Framework For Helping Grandfamilies, Loriena Yancura, Christine A. Fruhauf, Heather Greenwood-Junkermeier

GrandFamilies: The Contemporary Journal of Research, Practice and Policy

Microaggressions are manifestations of prejudice targeted toward socially marginalized groups. They may take several forms: subtle discriminatory remarks, behavior, or environmental characteristics. In contrast to overt aggressions, microagressions are not easy to detect and often invisible to both perpetrator and recipient. Existing research demonstrates that experiencing microaggressions is harmful to members of stigmatized groups and provides a framework to combat these negative effects. Although most of the literature on microaggressions is focused on groups characterized by minority race and female gender, microagressions might also be experienced by members of grandfamilies, who often have socially marginalized status. Microagressions toward grandfamilies may …