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Second-Order Conditioning Detects Unexpressed Morphine-Induced Salt Aversion, Rick A. Bevins, Timothy A. Delzer, Michael T. Bardo

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Morphine failed to condition a salt taste aversion at a dose (15 mg/kg) sufficient to produce a robust aversion to a saccharin taste. Indeed, three different concentrations of salt (1%, 1.5%, and 2%) paired with the same morphine dose yielded no direct evidence for conditioned aversion. Yet, when a novel saccharin taste was paired in compound with the previously conditioned salt conditioned stimulus, we found evidence for a conditioning to the saccharin cue alone in three separate experiments. Control groups eliminated alternative accounts such as neophobia and differential exposure to morphine. Combined, these findings indicate that morphine conditioned a salt …

Longitudinal Adjustment Patterns Of Boys And Girls Experiencing Early, Middle, And Late Sexual Intercourse, C. Raymond Bingham, Lisa J. Crockett

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

This study examined the association between psychosocial development and the timing of first sexual intercourse in a sample of White, rural adolescents. Two theoretical models were tested. The first model, derived from problem behavior theory, proposed that earlier timing of first sexual intercourse is associated with longitudinal patterns of transition proneness and poor psychosocial adjustment. The second model, the stage termination model, proposed that early first sexual intercourse interferes with subsequent development, thereby resulting in negative developmental outcomes. problem behavior theory was supported. For both boys and girls, earlier timing of first sexual intercourse was associated with longitudinal patterns of …

Rape Survivors: The Effects Of Post-Traumatic Stress And Locus Of Control On The Hoping Process, David Lester Rhoads

Graduate Theses

The current study examined the relationship between hope. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, and locus of control in a sample, of 18 rape survivors and 18 non-raped females over 18 years of age. Instruments utilized were Herth Hope Scale, Structured Interview for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Impact of Events, and Locus of Control Scales. It was hypothesized that rape survivors would exhibit a lower level of hope, higher levels of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, and an external locus of control. Independent t-tests revealed that rape trauma impacts Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Independent t-tests were inconclusive among the hope, impact of events, …

The Use Of Respite In Crisis Emergency Services: A Two Year Analysis, Anne D. Kuppinger, Mary E. Evans, Roger A. Boothroyd, Marleen Radigan

Mental Health Law & Policy Faculty Publications

Respite care is widely believed to be an important service for families raising a child with a disability. All caregivers need a break from time to time, and the need may be even greater when the caregiver is coping with the additional stress associated with a child's disability. A number of studies have demonstrated that respite care can improve family functioning (Cohen, 1982), reduce stress (Rimmerman, 1989; Wickler & Hanusa, 1990; Appoloni & Triest, 1983), and delay out-of-home placement (Cohen, 1982; Upshur, 1982) for families with a child who has a disability.

Comments On The Distribution Of Botrychium Lunarioides (Ophioglossaceae) In Texas, W. C. Holmes, T. L. Morgan, Jeffrey R. Stevens, R. D. Gooch, J. R. Singhurst

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Botrychium lunarioides (Michx.) Sw. (Ophioglossaceae) is now known to be widespread and abundant throughout the eastern portion of Texas. In 1996, Do, et al. reported ten additional county records in the central portion of the Post Oak Savannah of Texas, thereby extending the known distribution of the species up to 273 km to the west. Additional field studies during 1996 have yielded nineteen new county records for the species in Texas. These new reports are primarily from the Post Oak Savannah, Pineywoods, and Blackland Prairies of northeast Texas and from the southern portion of the Post Oak Savannah. The most …

The Discriminative Stimulus Properties Of Morphine And U-50,488h In A Three-Key Assay: A Mu And Kappa Opioid Discrimination In The Pigeon, Malath Makhay

Dissertations

Opiate drugs have been classified in two-choice assays according to their ability to produce generalization in animals to the prototypicix opiate, morphine, versus vehicle, or to the k opioid, U -50,488H versus vehicle injections (Picker & Dykstra, 1987). A three-choice discrimination procedure, in which subjects discriminate among morphine, U -50,488H , and vehicle injections, might afford a greater degree of precision in characterizing the subjective effects of opioids. The feasibility of such a procedure was demonstrated in the present study, in which five pigeons were trained to discriminate among injections of 5 .6 m g/kg morphinel 5 .6 m g/kg …

Conditioned Stimulus Determinants Of Conditioned Response Form In Pavlovian Fear Conditioning, Stephen D. Kim, Steven Rivers, Rick A. Bevins, John J. B. Ayres

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Four experiments using barpress conditioned suppression in rats found that tone evoked more freezing (immobility) than did light. Still, tone and light appeared to have similar conditioned value as assessed by suppression in Experiments 1, 2, and 3, and by blocking, second-order conditioning, and over-conditioning assays in Experiments 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Experiment 4 arranged for tone to evoke less suppression than light but more freezing. Results suggest that in fear conditioning, the nature of the conditioned stimulus affects the form of conditioned responding (strong vs. weak freezing). This conclusion extends one drawn by P. C. Holland (1977) on …

Envy And Jealousy As Discrete Emotions: A Taxometric Analysis, Nick Haslam, Brian H. Bornstein

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Envy and jealousy may differ in kind or only by degree. In a study of emotion episodes recalled by 291 subjects, two forms of taxometric analysis were used to test between categorical and dimensional models of the two emotions. The two emotions yielded strong convergent evidence of discreteness, and commonly co-occurred. However, although subjects rated their episode to contain similar levels of “envy” and “jealousy,” both terms were equally correlated with the presence of envy features and neither term was correlated substantially with the presence of jealousy features. Implications are drawn for the study of categorical distinctions between emotions, and …

Ambulatory Electromyogram Activity In The Upper Trapezius Region: Patients With Muscle Pain Vs. Pain-Free Control Subjects, Charles R. Carlson, Kennen T. Wynn, John Edwards, Jeffrey P. Okeson, Arthur J. Nitz, Don E. Workman, Jeffrey Cassisi

CRVAW Faculty Journal Articles

Study Design: This study compared the ambulatory electromyogram activity of persons reporting pain in the shoulder and cervical regions with an equal group of persons not reporting such pain. Ambulatory electromyogram data were obtained over 3-day periods. In addition, all participants completed several standard psychological questionnaires.

Objectives: The results were analyzed with inferential statistics to determine whether subjects reporting significant pain in the shoulder and cervical regions had greater ambulatory electromyogram activity than an equal number of subjects not reporting pain.

Summary of Background Data: Considerable controversy exists regarding the role of muscle activity in the etiology and maintenance of …

On The Order Of The Real: Nietzsche And Lacan, Babette Babich

Articles and Chapters in Academic Book Collections

No abstract provided.

Multidimensional Factors Affecting Well-Being: A Pni Based Model For Therapeutic Nursing Intervention., Mary P. Bennett

Nursing Faculty Publications

This paper is posted to assist graduate nursing students and others who are interested in my early PNI theory development work. The paper documents development and initial testing of a midrange theory of the effects of various nursing interventions on the psychoneuroimmunological (PNI) network. The hypothesized effects of interventions on various immune factors and subsequent health outcomes are explored, with special interest given to the use of PNI theory in nursing. More traditional nursing theory design principles are imbedded in this theory, including a definition of nursing and nursing intervention, as well as outlining how nurses educated at various levels …

A Rodent For Your Thoughts: The Animal Model Strategy In Psychology, Kenneth J. Shapiro

Experimentation Collection

In this second of three essays, I describe how the early modern psychologists adopted the strategy of further transforming rats and other species into models of human thought, feeling, and behavior, and, particularly, of disorders of these - in effect taking "a rodent for your thoughts." In the third essay I will provide a critique and empirically-based evaluation of animal model research. Here I indicate what the model strategy in the biomedical sciences, properly understand, is intended to achieve and how, by contrast, particular models are presented to the public and funding agencies. Finally, I describe how they are utilized …

The Ingrown World Of Animal Model Research In Psychology, Kenneth J. Shapiro

Experimentation Collection

In the previous essay, I described the proper function of models in science as heuristic, as a way of generating hypotheses about the actual object of study. Turning to animal models in psychology, I offered a general characterization of that enterprise using sham feeding, an animal model of the eating disorder called bulimia, as an example. In this final of three essays, I offer an evaluation of this animal model strategy that largely employs the tools of social science. I close with a recommendation and a prediction.

The Influence Of Lexical And Conceptual Constraints On Reading Mixed-Language Sentences: Evidence From Eye-Fixation And Naming Times, Jeanette Altaribba, Judith F. Kroll, Alexandra Sholl, Keith Rayner

Psychology Faculty Scholarship

In two experiments, we explored the degree to which sentence context effects operate at a lexical or conceptual level by examining the processing of mixed-language sentences by fluent Spanish-English bilinguals. In Experiment 1, subjects' eye movements were monitored while they read English sentences in which sentence constraint, word frequency, and language of target word were manipulated. A frequency x constraint interaction was found when target words appeared in Spanish, but not in English. First fixation durations were longer for high-frequency Spanish words when these were embedded in high-constraint sentences than in low-constraint sentences. This result suggests that the conceptual restrictions …

What Is The Risk Of Teratogenicity With The Use Of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors During Pregnancy?, Michael Z. Wincor, Mary Gutierrez, Ann Nguyen

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

"The lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder in women is 10 to 25%, with an average age of onset in the mid-20s.1 Over the nine years that the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRis) have been available, for many prescribers, they have become first-line agents in the treatment of depression. In addition, sorne of them are also being used in the treatment of obsessive- compulsive disorder and panic disorder. In light of these facts, itis not unlikely that women of childbearing age would be treated with one of the SSRis. In considering the risks of exposing a fetus to an SSRI, …

Silk Purse Or Sow's Ear? An Mmpi Commonground, Richard H. Dana

Regional Research Institute for Human Services

Velasquez et al allege that "rounding up the usual suspects" in my article on culturally competent MMPI assessment of Hispanics provides information that is inaccurate, raises unanswered questions, and can discourage assessors reluctant to take "extra precautions required with Hispanic clients". They contribute an overview of history and current research that leads to their own recommendations. Using the idiom of "usual" and "unusual" suspects, further investigation of all suspects appears necessary. Juxtaposition of two sets of assessment recommendations-theirs and mine-suggests that an ostensible battleground can become a commonground to better inform assessors of cultural competence issues. From the Author.

Therapists' Liability To The Falsely Accused For Inducing Illusory Memories Of Childhood Sexual Abuse: Current Remedies And A Proposed Statute, Joel J. Finer

Law Faculty Articles and Essays

No issue in law and psychiatry has engendered such controversy as the current debate over whether experiences of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) are subject to repression for decades and eventually "recoverable" in therapy long after the event. One principal legal issue has been whether such "recovery" justifies the application of the "recent discovery" basis for tolling the statute of limitations, an issue which becomes significant when an adult psychotherapy patient sues her ostensible molester (often her father or other family member).

Neonatal Cranial Ultrasound Abnormalities In Lbw Infants: Relation To Cognitive Outcomes At Age Six, Agnes H. Whitaker, Judy F. Feldman, Ronan Van Rossem, Irvin Sam Schonfeld, Jennifer A. Pinto-Martin, Carolyn Torre, Suzannah R. Blumenthal, Nigel S. Paneth

Publications and Research

bjective: To assess the independent relation of neonatal cranial ultrasound (US) abnormalities in low birth weight (LBW) infants to cognitive outcomes at 6 years of age.
Design: Prospective cohort study.
Sample and Methods: Six-year follow-up data were obtained on a regional birth cohort of LBW infants (< 2 kg) systematically screened as neonates with serial US. US abnormalities were dichotomized into isolated germinal matrix/intraventricular hemorrhage (GM/IVH) and parenchymal lesions/ventricular enlargement (PL/VE). Global cognitive outcomes (mental retardation, borderline intelligence, and normal intelligence) and selected specific cognitive abilities were assessed at 6 years of age with standardized instruments. Multivariate techniques were used to assess the effects of US independent of maternal social …

Relation Of Negative Affectivity To Self-Reports Of Job Stressors And Psychological Outcomes, Irvin Sam Schonfeld

Publications and Research

A total of 250 new women teachers participated in a longitudinal study of the influence of negative affectivity (NA) on the relation of self-report work-environment measures to psychological outcomes. Three "neutrally worded" work-environment measures were specially constructed to minimize confounding with NA. The work-environment measures were moderately related to postemployment depressive symptoms, job satisfaction, and, among Whites but not among a principally Black and Hispanic subsample, motivation. Correlation and regression coefficients were largely unchanged when the preemployment psychophysiologic symptoms scale and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (L. S. Radloff, 1977), factors that tap NA, were controlled. Findings suggest NA …

A Cross-National Study On The Relations Among Prosocial Moral Reasoning, Gender Role Orientations, And Prosocial Behaviors, Gustavo Carlo, Silvia H. Koller, Nancy Eisenberg, Marcia S. Da Silva, Claudia B. Frohlich

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

This research examined the correlates of prosocial moral reasoning (PMR) in 2 studies. Study I investigated age, gender, and culture group differences in PMR in Brazilian children and adolescents (n = 265) and U.S. adolescents (n = 67). Relations between PMR and both prosocial behaviors and gender role orientations in Brazilian adolescents (n = 136) were explored in Study 2. Self-reflective, internalized reasoning was positively related, and hedonistic reasoning was negatively related, to peer ratings of prosocial behaviors. Femininity was associated with more self-reflective, internalized concerns and with less concerns regarding gaining others’ approval. In general, age …

“Introduction” To Perspectives On Anxiety, Fear, And Panic, Debra Hope

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

In recent years the Nebraska Symposium on Motivation has returned explicitly to the theme of motivation. The 43d volume is no exception. In the spring of 1995, leading researchers and theorists came together in Lincoln, Nebraska, to offer their perspectives on anxiety, panic, and fear. Clearly, the theme of this year's symposium is closely tied to motivation.

Intentional Versus Unintentional Use Of Contingencies Between Perceptual Events, Kieth A. Carlson, John H. Flowers

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

In three experiments we studied human ability to use statistical contingencies between visual stimuli (flankers and targets) to improve performance in a letter–digit classification task. We compared the performance of explicitly informed subjects with that of subjects who were told nothing of the contingencies. Simultaneous presentation of flankers and targets (Experiment 1) produced evidence of unintentional contingency use by both informed and uninformed subjects. When stimuli on trial n predicted target stimuli on trial n + 1 (Experiment 2) there was no evidence of unintentional processes, but informed subjects showed strong evidence of using intentional prediction strategies. When flanker onset …

The Effects Of Task Demands On The Equivalence Of Visual And Auditory Representations Of Periodic Numerical Data, Kimberly D. Turnage, Terri L. Bonebright, Dion C. Buhman, John H. Flowers

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

The equivalence of visual and auditory graphical displays was examined in two experiments. In Experiment 1, multidimensional scaling techniques were applied to paired comparison similarity judgments of both auditory and visual displays of simple periodic wave forms. In Experiment 2, a subset of perceptually similar pairs of wave forms was selected as the stimulus set for an AB–X discrimination task in both auditory and visual modalities. Results suggest much greater apparent visual– auditory equivalence for the similarity rating task than for the more difficult discrimination task, implying that one should consider the demands of the task when deciding whether auditory …

First Report Of Wolffiella Lingulata (Lemnaceae) In Western Mexico, T. L. Morgan, Jeffrey R. Stevens, W. C. Holmes

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Recent field collecting yielded specimens of Wolffielia lingulata from four different locations in Jalisco, thus the genus may now be considered as part of the flora of Nueva Galicia. In the following list of exsiccata, geographical coordinates and elevations were taken with a global positioning system. All CES numbered specimens were collected under the supervision of W. C. Holmes by the aquatic botany class of the Chapala Ecology Station (CES). The Chapala Ecology Station is operated by the Universidad Autonoma de Guadalajara and Baylor University.

New County Records Of Botrychium Lunarioides In Texas., L. H. Do, R. D. Gooch, Jeffrey R. Stevens, W. C. Holmes, J. R. Singhurst

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Recent collections of B. lunarioides in east-central Texas indicate that the species is more widespread within the state (Fig. 1). Other than for Navarro County, the new records are in the Post Oak Savannah Region of the state, with the Navarro County location classified as being within the Blackland Prairie Region or in part of an extension of the Post Oak Woods/Forest in the Blackland Prairie Region. All specimens previously cited by Thomas (1979) and Thomas et al. (1981) were from the eastern part of the Pineywoods Region. The San Augustine site is about 32 km from the state line …

Timing Of First Sexual Intercourse: The Role Of Social Control, Social Learning, And Problem Behavior, Lisa J. Crockett, C. Raymond Bingham, Joanne S. Chopak, Judith R. Vicary

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Prior research has pointed to several distinct processes that may affect the timing of first intercourse among adolescents. In the present study, the role of six hypothesized processes was assessed in a sample of 289 rural adolescent boys and girls. Results support the importance of family socialization and problem behavior for both sexes, the role of biological factors for boys, and the role of social control processes for girls. Two other hypothesized influences--social class and poor psychosocial adjustment--were not supported in either gender. These results indicate that multiple processes influence the timing of first intercourse; thus, they underscore the need …

Susan Smith And Other Homicidal Mothers-In Search Of The Punishment That Fits The Crime, Janet Ford

Cardozo Journal of Equal Rights & Social Justice

The legal system should consider unique circumstances when sentencing mothers who kill their children, focusing on mitigating factors such as mental state, abuse history, and societal pressures, rather than applying uniform punishments.

The Kinetic Family Drawing As A Measure Of Minuchin's Structural Family Concepts Among Hispanic American Families With Substance-Abusing And Nonsubstance-Abusing Adolescents, José Osorio-Braña

Dissertations

Problem. There is a need for validation of new cultural-sensitive tests for assessing the Hispanic population in the United States that will take into account their cultural competence in the psychological evaluation practice. The purpose of this study was to explore the suitability of the Kinetic Family Drawings as a measure of Minuchin's Structural Family Theory among Hispanic American families with substance-abusing and nonsubstance-abusing adolescents.

Method. The Kinetic Family Drawing (KFD), the Structural Family Interaction Scale-Revised (SFIS-R), and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scales (FACES II) were administered to 141 families, 74 with an adolescent with substance-abusing problems and 67 …

The Relationship Between Co-Dependence And Borderline Personality Disorder, Helen P. Bird

Dissertations

Problem. Co-dependence (CODC) is described as an "incurable disease" by some practitioners in the addictions treatment business. The CODC concept developed in isolation from mainstream psychology and psychiatry and remains an unverified diagnostic category. It has been compared with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and this relationship was investigated.

Method. Representative samples of the voluminous literature on CODC and BPD were reviewed in an effort to identify commonalities. The characteristics used for comparison were the ones identified by Dr. E. G. Goldstein in Borderline Disorders: Clinical Models & Techniques (1990). Two self-report, anonymous instruments were used; one was completed by clinicians …

One-Trial Context Fear Conditioning As A Function Of The Interstimulus Interval, Rick A. Bevins, John J. B. Ayres

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

In two experiments, we examined the effects of a wide range of interstimulus intervals (2.5, 15, 45, 120, 135, and 405 sec) on one-trial context fear conditioning with rats. Here, the interstimulus interval (ISI) denotes the time between placement in a conditioning chamber and the onset of a single footshock. On the conditioning day, we observed that the rats’ behavior at the time of shock onset varied systematically across ISI values. On the subsequent test day, we used context-evoked freezing as a measure of context conditioning and found the well-known inverted U-shaped ISI function. We also found that conditioned freezing …