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Evidence Of Metacognitive Awareness In Young Children Who Have Experienced A Repeated Event, Kim Roberts, Martine B. Powell

Psychology Faculty Publications

Two studies examined children’s confidence judgments in the accuracy of their memories after repeated experience of an event. Children aged 5- to 6-years took part in an event once or four times, were provided with misinformation either shortly after (Study 1) or a while after (Study 2), and interviewed with yes/no recognition questions three months later. Children in the repeated-experience conditions were highly confident of their accurate responses to questions about items that were identical rather than variable across occurrences, and this discrimination was best at the shorter delay. The results show that children were able to metacognitively monitor the …

Coordinated Contingency Planning In The Face Of Uncertainty In The National Aviation System, Philip J. Smith, Amy Spencer, Charlie Billings

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

One of the major challenges for strategic planning in aviation concerns uncertainty about weather and traffic constraints, as traffic managers often have to disseminate reroute advisories 2 hours before an expected constraint impacts an airport, and dispatchers file flight plans 60-75 minutes before a flight’s departure. When the predictions used to for these plans are wrong, significant inefficiencies (unused airspace and runway capacity from a traffic manager’s perspective and delayed flights from a dispatcher’s perspective) often result. To make operations more adaptive, new procedures have been developed. These procedures involve using predefined Coded Departure Routes, and are now being extended …

A Simulation Evaluation Of A Human-Centered Approach To Flight Deck Procedures And Automation For En Route Free Maneuvering, Walter W. Johnson, Vernol Battiste, Stacie Granada, Nancy Johnson, Arik Quang Dao, Dominic Wong, Anthony Tang

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

A joint simulation was conducted by NASA Ames and Langley Research Centers. This paper presents flight deck performance and subjective data collected at the NASA Ames Research Center. During the simulation of en route free maneuvering, the presence and mixture of managed and autonomous aircraft was manipulated, as was the number of autonomous aircraft.. These manipulations allowed for an examination of the viability of both conducting mixed AFR-IFR operations, and of substantially increasing en route traffic through insertion of AFR aircraft. The Ames airside performance and pilot comment data support the safety and feasibility of the concept, with double en …

Flight Test Evaluation Of Situation Awareness Benefits Of Integrated Synthetic Vision System Technology For Commercial Aircraft, Lawrence J. Prinzel Iii, Lynda J. Kramer, Jarvis J. Arthur Iii, Randall E. Bailey, J. Raymond Comstock

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Research was conducted onboard a Gulfstream G-V aircraft to evaluate integrated Synthetic Vision System concepts during flight tests over a 6-week period at the Wallops Flight Facility and Reno/Tahoe International Airport. The NASA Synthetic Vision System incorporates database integrity monitoring, runway incursion prevention alerting, surface maps, enhanced vision sensors, and advanced pathway guidance and synthetic terrain presentation. The paper details the goals and objectives of the flight test with a focus on the situation awareness benefits of integrating synthetic vision system enabling technologies for commercial aircraft.

Heartland Forgiveness Scale, Laura Yamhure Thompson, C. R. Snyder, Lesa Hoffman

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Abstract from: Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., Billings, L. S., Heinze, L., Neufeld, J. E., Shorey, H. S., Roberts, J. C, & Roberts, D. E. (2005). Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. Journal of Personality 73: 313-359. Six studies regarding forgiveness are presented. The Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS), a self-report measure of dispositional forgiveness (with subscales to assess forgiveness of self, others, and situations) was developed and demonstrated good psychometric properties. Forgiveness correlated positively with cognitive flexibility, positive affect, and distraction; it correlated negatively with rumination, vengeance, and hostility. Forgiveness …

The Stl Model: A Three-Dimensional Perspective On Organizational Change Programs, Manoj S. Patankar Ph.D., Thomas Bigda-Peyton Ph.D., Jeffery Brown M. Ed.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

This paper examines organizational change programs across aviation, healthcare, and financial services sectors. Based on the analysis of three key programs, a theoretical model, which could be used to describe the state of any organizational change program, is presented. This model is called the STL Model and is represented by three mutually perpendicular axes: scalability, transferability, and longevity. In simplest terms, scalability refers to “volume;” greater the volume of users of, or participants in, a particular change program, the greater the scalability of that change program. Transferability refers to the number of user-groups, whether within a specific discipline or outside. …

Complexity Mitigation Through Airspace Structure, M. L. Cummings, C. G. Tsonis, D. C. Cunha

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Cognitive complexity is a term that appears frequently in air traffic control research literature, yet there has not been a significant distinction between different components of complexity, such as environmental, organizational, and display complexity, all which influence cognitive complexity. It is not well understood if and how these different sources of complexity add to controller cognitive complexity and workload. In order to address this need for complexity decomposition and deconstruction, an experiment was conducted to explore whether or not different components of complexity could be effectively measured and compared. The goal of the experiment was to quantify whether or not …

Validation Of A Modern Aviation Psychology Test Battery Using Aertificial Neural Networks: First Results Of Two Pilot Studies, Markus Sommer, Dr. G. Schuhfried Gmbh

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The present paper deals with the problem of data integration in the context of aviation psychological assessment. In the first pilot study 99 pilot applicants completed a comprehensive test battery. The general judgment of the candidates’ performance in a flight simulator served as an external criterion. To examine the predictive validity of this test battery, both a discriminant analysis as well as an artificial neural network were calculated and compared with each other with regard to classification rate, stability, and their respective differentiability of suited and not suited applicants based on their success probabilities. The results of this first pilot …

Discussing Monotony In Atc: Effects Of Repetitive Traffic Patterns On Performance And Subjective Indicators, Sonj Straussberger, Wolfgang Kallus, Dirk Schaefer

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

This study addresses the concept of monotony in ATC and describes uneventful and repetitive work conditions evoking such a state. Psychophysiological effects of repetitiveness in two simulated ATC-scenarios of low or high dynamic density (DD) were investigated with 24 air traffic controllers (M=29.5 years, 18 male, six female). Interactions approached significance (p<0.1) in conflict resolution time for an out-of-routine conflict situation. Conflict resolution lasted longer in repetitive traffic and resolution time increased from the first to the second run. Those findings are supported by a composite score of subjective attentiveness, fatigue, sleepiness, and concentration with lower values found in repetitive conditions. Although generally decreasing, the switch from low to high DD was rated favorably on the hedonic tone, while tense arousal was reacting more pronounced in non repetitive and low-high condition. In combination with the development of earlier reported cardiovascular (heart rate, heart rate variability) and subjective indicators the results underline the significance of a multidimensional assessment of monotony in ATC.

Collective Training Research Utilizing Returning Combat Aircrews, Lessons Learned, Dr. Larry Katz, Kurt Kline

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

This paper describes an experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of the U.S. Army’s Aircrew Coordination Training Enhancement (ACTE) program delivered by distance learning. A large-scale experiment was designed and executed using three groups of aircrews that received either electronic classroom-based instruction with instructor facilitation on site, distance learning training using the unit’s local Digital Training Facility with the primary instructor off site, or no training. Aircrews with varying levels of experience recently returning from combat were evaluated using event-based scenarios performed in the Aviation Combined Arms Tactical Trainer (AVCATT). Measures were developed within Kirkpatrick’s (1998) framework. Execution of the experiment …

Evaluation Of Pilot And Runway Characteristics Associated With Runway Incursions, Kathleen Mcgarry, Gregory Niehus

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

A study was conducted to determine possible pilot and airport characteristics that could be used to predict surface incidents (SI) committed by pilots. The study was conducted by analyzing the videotape data from a previous simulation study (Surface Technology Assessment Product Team, 2004) that tested the ability of dynamic taxiway message signs called Addressable Message Boards (AMB) to enhance pilot situation awareness (SA) and reduce the likelihood of SIs at controlled airports. The current study did not take into consideration the impact of AMBs on SIs, but specifically focused on pilot and scenario characteristics. The results of the study indicate …

Pilot Acceptance, Compliance, And Performance With An Airborne Conflict Management Toolset, Nathan A. Doble, Richard Barhydt, Dr. Karthik Krishnamurthy

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

A human-in-the-loop experiment was conducted at the NASA Ames and Langley Research Centers, investigating the En Route Free Maneuvering component of a future air traffic management concept termed Distributed Air/Ground Traffic Management (DAG-TM). NASA Langley test subject pilots used the Autonomous Operations Planner (AOP) airborne toolset to detect and resolve traffic conflicts, interacting with subject pilots and air traffic controllers at NASA Ames. Experimental results are presented, focusing on conflict resolution maneuver choices, AOP resolution guidance acceptability, and performance metrics. Based on these results, suggestions are made to further improve the AOP interface and functionality.

Effects Of A Final Approach Runway Occupancy Signal (Faros) On Pilots’ Flight Path Tracking, Traffic Detection, And Air Traffic Control Communications, John Helleberg

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Eighteen pilot participants with varying experience levels flew 36 approaches in a medium fidelity cockpit simulator. Eighteen baseline trials were flown with a standard Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) and 18 trials were flown with the proposed Flashing PAPI (FPAPI). The results showed a significant increase in lateral tracking error with the FPAPI as compared to the PAPI trials, but no increase in vertical tracking errors. There was also a trend toward an increase in the number of radio communications with the FPAPI. Pilots were able to determine runway occupancy status and land or go-around as required in both the …

Human Services Needs Assessment - Qualitative Data: Public Forums, Mail Surveys, Focus Groups, And Interviews, Julienne Giard, Peter Gamache

Mental Health Law & Policy Faculty Publications

Researchers at the Florida Mental Health Institute, University of South Florida, under contract to the Pinellas County Human Services Department, collected data over several months in 2004 from people in Pinellas County for a human services needs assessment. Human Services was defined in collaboration with the county as including four areas: homeless services, health care, mental health and substance abuse services, and basic needs. This report details the methods and findings from data collected at public forums, focus groups, key informant interviews, and through open-ended questions on the mail surveys to providers and citizens/consumers.

Deference, Denial, And Exclusion: Men Talk About Contraception And Unintended Pregnancy, Scott D. Johnson, Lindy B. Williams

Rhetoric and Communication Studies Faculty Publications

Individual in-depth interviews were conducted with 20 men, ages 21-48, who have fathered at least one unintended pregnancy. The goal of the interviews was to explore the experiences of these men with unintended pregnancy, their communication with partners and others, contraceptive beliefs and practices, their relationships with their partners, and the outcomes and consequences of the unintended pregnancies. This essay describes results derived from their comments regarding their contraceptive practices and the pregnancy-outcome decisions, with thematic analysis used to identify prominent themes from participant comments. Two strong themes, "deference" and "denial," and one lesser theme, "exclusion," emerged from participant responses. …

2005- 2008 Unlv Mcnair Journal, Valerie Avery, Shana Bachus, Karmen K. Boehlke, Andrea Flores, Alden Kelly, Erick Lopez, Carol Preussler, Heather Shay, Ava Bookatz, Shaun Elsasser, Veronica Hicks, Shaida A. Jetha, Anthony Quinn, Thurithabhani Seneviratne, Teddy Boado Sim Jr., Liza Ward, Amris Henry-Rodgers, Jacquelynn Kaaa-Logan, Jason Orozco, Juan C. Plata, Bonnie Bartlett, Kathleen Bell, Vacheral M. Carter, Nydia Diaz, Kimberly Hackstock, Julio A. Luna, Charles Mao, Sandra Ramos, Precious Rideout, Benjamin Lee Watrous, Chet R. Whitley

McNair Journal

Journal articles based on research conducted by undergraduate students in the McNair Scholars Program

Table of Contents

Biography of Dr. Ronald E. McNair

Statements:

Dr. Neal J. Smatresk, UNLV President

Dr. Juanita P. Fain, Vice President of Student Affairs

Dr. William W. Sullivan, Associate Vice President for Retention and Outreach

Mr. Keith Rogers, Deputy Executive Director of the Center for Academic Enrichment and Outreach

McNair Scholars Institute Staff

Measurement Equivalence Of The Center For Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale For Latino And Anglo Adolescents: A National Study, Lisa J. Crockett, Brandy A. Randall, Yuh-Ling Shen, S T. Russell, Anne K. Driscoll

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

The cross-ethnic measurement equivalence of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; L. S. Radloff, 1977) was examined using a subsample of adolescents (N = 10,691) from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, Configural and metric invariance, as well as functional and scalar equivalence, were examined for Anglo American, Mexican American, Cuban American, and Puerto Rican American youths age 12-18 years. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in each group provided evidence of configural invariance for European and Mexican American adolescents but not for Cuban and Puerto Rican youths. A 2-group CFA for Anglo and Mexican Americans demonstrated partial metric …

Power And The Creation Of Patronizing Environments: The Stereotype-Based Behaviors Of The Powerful And Their Effects On Female Performance In Masculine Domains, Theresa Vescio, Sarah J. Gervais, Mark Snyder, Ann Hoover

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

This work tested the following hypothesis: When powerful men stereotype their female subordinates in masculine domains, they behave in patronizing ways that affect the performance of their subordinates. Experiment 1 examined the stereotyping tendencies and patronizing behaviors of the powerful. Findings revealed that powerful men who stereotyped their female subordinates (i.e., those who were weakness focused) gave female subordinates few valued resources but much praise. In Experiment 2, low-power participants received resources (valued or devalued positions) and praise (high or low) from a powerful man. Subordinates who were assigned to a devalued position but received high praise (i.e., the patronizing …

Developmental Stability And Change In Self-Regulation From Childhood To Adolescence, Marcela Raffaelli, Lisa Crockett, Yuh-Ling Shen

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

The authors examined the developmental course of self-regulation in a cohort of children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The longitudinal sample included 646 children (48% girls; 52% boys; 36.2% Black, 23.4% Hispanic, 40.4% White) who were 4 to 5 years old in 1986 and who were followed up at ages 8 to 9 and ages 12 to 13. Levels of self-regulation (assessed with 12 maternal-report items that measured regulation of affect, behavior, attention) increased from early childhood (when sample children were 4 or 5 years old) to middle childhood (ages 8 or 9), but not from middle childhood …

Mixed Methods Research Designs In Counseling Psychology, William E. Hanson, John W. Creswell, Vicki L. Plano Clark, Kelly S. Petska, J. David Creswell

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

With the increased popularity of qualitative research, researchers in counseling psychology are expanding their methodologies to include mixed methods designs. These designs involve the collection, analysis, and integration of quantitative and qualitative data in a single or multiphase study. This article presents an overview of mixed methods research designs. It defines mixed methods research, discusses its origins and philosophical basis, advances steps and procedures used in these designs, and identifies 6 different types of designs. Important design features are illustrated using studies published in the counseling literature. Finally, the article ends with recommendations for designing, implementing, and reporting mixed methods …

Parental Responsibility Statutes: An Organization And Policy Implications, Eve M. Brank, Stephanie Carsten Kucera, Stephanie A. Hays

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

We find ourselves at a confusing time in the history of juvenile justice. As a nation, we are transferring children into an adult system at a greater rate than we have ever seen before. Public response urges that juveniles be locked away not only to punish them, but also to keep the public safe. The public views these delinquent children as a threat and something to fear. Legislators respond to the public fear with more liberal transfer options into the adult system and punitive juvenile sanctions within the juvenile system. If a juvenile escapes transfer into the adult system, then …

Relationship Between Parent Satisfaction Regarding Partnerships With Professionals And Age Of Child, Jean Ann Summers, Lesa Hoffman, Janet Marquis, Ann Turnbull, Denise Poston

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

In the past, the assessment of families’ satisfaction with the quality of their partnerships with the professionals who serve their children has been restricted to specific programs or age groups, precluding investigation of the relationship between parents’ perspectives on satisfaction and the importance of partnership components for children at different ages. Differences in policies, service models, and family needs at different life-cycle stages suggest a need to understand how satisfaction might differ among parents of children of different ages. In this study, 147 parents completed the Beach Center Family-Professional Partnership Scale to describe the perceived importance of and satisfaction with …

First Documentation Of Combinatorial Song Syntax In A Suboscine Passerine Species, Daniel Leger

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Birds with songs having two or more acoustically distinct elements can arrange them either rigidly (i.e., in the same sequence) or flexibly. Flexible song syntax can be achieved either by varying the number of repetitions of elements or by combining elements in different ways. Combinatorial syntax has been documented only in the songs of oscine passerines and in one nonpasserine, but not in the suboscine passerines. Dawn and day songs of a tyrant flycatcher, the Flammulated Attila (Attila flammulatus), were recorded in Costa Rica. Flexible syntax was noted in both dawn and day song. Attilas not only varied …

Cooperative Brains: Psychological Constraints On The Evolution Of Altruism, Jeffrey R. Stevens, Marc D. Hauser

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Imagine an individual called "hunter" that expends a good deal of energy to capture a gazelle. As the hunter is consuming his small prey, a second individual called "recipient" approaches and begins feeding peacefully alongside the hunter. A few weeks later the roles reverse, such that the previous recipient has now captured a gazelle, and the previous hunter is taking advantage of the recipient's hard work. Could the hunter and recipient be Maasai warriors? Is it equally likely that they are common chimpanzees, African lions, or Nile crocodiles? All of these species hunt gazelle and live in groups, so why …

Evolving The Psychological Mechanisms For Cooperation, Jeffrey R. Stevens, Fiery A. Cushman, Marc D. Hauser

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Cooperation is common across nonhuman animal taxa, from the hunting of large game in lions to the harvesting of building materials in ants. Theorists have proposed a number of models to explain the evolution of cooperative behavior. These ultimate explanations, however, rarely consider the proximate constraints on the implementation of cooperative behavior. Here we review several types of cooperation and propose a suite of cognitive abilities required for each type to evolve. We propose that several types of cooperation, though theoretically possible and functionally adaptive, have not evolved in some animal species because of cognitive constraints. We argue, therefore, that …

Towards Wide-Field Display Of The Gripen Hud Interface To Combat Spatial Disorientation, Lars Eriksson, Katarina Undén, Claes Von Hofsten

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The head-up display (HUD) interface of the Gripen fighter aircraft utilizes a sphere concept for supporting attitude awareness or spatial orientation (SO). With the sphere interface fixed to the gravitational vertical and the attitude variant aircraft positioned in the center of the sphere, the HUD field-of-regard scans parts of the sphere inside. The HUD interface depicts segments of latitude circles with meridian markings that convey integrated information of pitch, roll, and yaw. To enhance pilot-in-the-loop maneuvering and SO we suggest a wide field-of-view interface design of the Gripen concept, emphasizing the inclusion of peripheral vision. The suggested interface is subsequently …

A Conceptual Framework For Studying Safety Climate And Culture Of Commercial Airlines, Dr. Sharon Glazer, Amber R. Laurel, Rangapriya Kanan Narasimhan

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

A comprehensive safety climate and safety culture framework, which can be utilized to assess various predictors and consequences of safety climate and to assess airline’s safety culture in relation to one another, is presented. The framework depicts a process whereby individual, group, and organizational predictor variables, through perceived safety climate, affect first level outcomes. First level outcomes can lead to direct costs for the organization, as well as lowered productivity. In the framework, individual and environment variables are purported to moderate the relationship between work-related events and safety climate. Motivation is also expected to mediate the relationships between predictors and …

Distributed Air / Ground Traffic Management En Route Free Maneuvering Rules Of The Road: Requirements And Implementation For A Simulation Of En-Route Self-Separation, Nancy H. Johnson, Riva Canton, Vernol Battiste, Walter Johnson

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Distributed Air Ground Traffic Management (DAG-TM) program has recently investigated a concept called “En-route Free Maneuvering” as a proposed solution for expanding airspace capacity limits. A critical element for this concept is conflict detection and resolution (CD&R) using the 3D cockpit situation display (CSD). The only fielded system performing some of this function is the Traffic Alert & Collision Avoidance System (TCAS), a radar-based alerting system used by most commercial aircraft for collision detection and avoidance. TCAS is inappropriate for an en-route self-separation application due to its reactive nature, and inherent lack of flexibility. …

Redefining Crm, J. Norman Komich

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The recent revision (120-51E, dated 1/22/04) to the Crew Resource Management Training Advisory Circular failed to provide a specific definition of CRM. This void is an issue with those who agree with Montaigne when he observed “No wind favors the sailing ship without a destined port.” Since its inception over twenty five years ago, CRM has undergone considerable evolution and the industry now finds itself in the seventh or eighth “Generation” of CRM training. Interestingly, in the very first Advisory Circular (120-51A) the following statement was made: “The essence of CRM training is to reduce error in the cockpit.” In …

Maintaining Aircraft Orientation Awareness With Audio Displays, Kristen K. Liggett Ph.D., Peter Venero, Martin N. Anesgart Ph.D.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

This study was conducted to determine an appropriate task with which to test alternative orientation display formats, and to test a preliminary set of audio orientation symbology sets. Participants were required to perform three tasks simultaneously. The first task was a visual search (target designation) task. The second task was a radar monitoring task. Both of these tasks were performed on a head-down display. The third task consisted of monitoring aircraft orientation on a head-up display. The third task employed the study’s one independent variable – orientation symbology sets. When performing the aircraft orientation task, orientation was displayed in three …