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Ec05-185 Grazing Winter Wheat In Nebraska, Tom Holman, Drew J. Lyon, David D. Baltensperger, Ivan G. Rush, Ray E. Weed

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

Grazing cattle on winter wheat, often prior to grain harvest, is common throughout the southern Great Plains. Grazing generates about $50 million in income for Texas wheat producers and reduces the risk of growing wheat by providing a substantial income source other than grain. Benefits can be realized by grazing prior to the primary environmental risk period for drought, heat stress, and hail, all of which frequently reduce grain yield while having limited impact on forage production. Cattle also are grazed on winter wheat fields in western Nebraska and the surrounding region. Typically in Nebraska, fall forage would be used …

Functional Implication Of The Trna Genes Encoded In The Chlorella Virus Pbcv-L Genome, Da Young Lee, Michael V. Graves, James L. Van Etten, Tae-Jin Choi

James Van Etten Publications

The prototype Chlorella virus PBCV-l encodes 11 tRNA genes and over 350 protein-encoding genes in its 330 kbp genome. Initial attempts to overexpress the recombinant A189/192R protein, a putative virus attachment protein, in E. coli strain BL21(DE3) SI were unsuccessful, and multiple protein bands were detected on Western blots. However, the full-length A189/192R recombinant protein or fragments derived from it were detected when they were expressed in E. coli BL21 CodonPlus (DE3) RIL, which contains extra tRNAs. Codon usage analysis of the a1891192r gene showed highly biased usage of the AGA and AUA codons compared to genes encoded by E. …

Seasonal Acceptance Of Fourwing Saltbush By Sheep When Crested Wheatgrass Is The Alternative, Christine W. Royer, R. D. Horrocks, Val J. Anderson, Stephen B. Monsen

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Many sagebrush-grass ranges have been seeded to crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum (Fischer ex Link) Shultes]. These ranges are generally nutritionally inadequate for sheep (Ovis aries L.), except for short grazing periods in the spring and fall. To increase production and diversity, particularly crude protein for late-season grazing, fourwing saltbush [Atriplex canescens (Pursch.) Nutt.] was planted in an existing stand of crested wheatgrass. Quantification of sheep forage preferences on these improved ranges aids in determining the length of the grazing season and the extent to which shrubs provide the supplemental nutrition required. This seasonal grazing study was conducted …

Plant Functional Group Diversity As A Mechanism For Invasion Resistance, Monica L. Pokorny, Roger L. Sheley, Catherine A. Zabinski, Richard E. Engel, Tony J. Svejcar, John J. Borkowski

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

A commonly cited mechanism for invasion resistance is more complete resource use by diverse plant assemblages with maximum niche complementarity. We investigated the invasion resistance of several plant functional groups against the nonindigenous forb Spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa). The study consisted of a factorial combination of seven functional group removals (groups singularly or in combination) and two C. maculosa treatments (addition vs. no addition) applied in a randomized complete block design replicated four times at each of two sites.

Phosphorus Dynamics In Broiler Litter-Amended Soils, A. Adeli, K. R. Sistani, M. F. Bal'a, D. E. Rowe

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Because land application of broiler litter is commonly made in the spring before cropping season and in the fall, it is essential to understand how environmental variations, such as temperature, affect the phosphorus (P) dynamics. A laboratory incubation study was conducted at Waste Management and Forage Research Unit, USDAARS with the objective of determining the effects of temperature and soil properties on water-soluble P (WSP), Mehlich 3 P, and P fractions in broiler litter-amended soils. Broiler litter was mixed with three soils (Leeper silty clay, Grenada silt loam, and Ruston sandy loam) at the rate of 10 Mg ha^{-1 …}

Molecular Evolution Of Herbicide Resistance To Phytoene Desaturase Inhibitors In Hydrilla Verticillata And Its Potential Use To Generate Herbicide-Resistant Crops, R. S. Arias, Michael D. Netherland, Brian E. Scheffler, Atul Puri, Franck E. Dayan

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Hydrilla [Hydrilla verticillata (Lf) Royle] is one of the most serious invasive aquatic weed problems in the USA. This plant possesses numerous mechanisms of vegetative reproduction that enable it to spread very rapidly. Management of this weed has been achieved by the systemic treatment of water bodies with the herbicide fluridone. At least three dioecious fluridone-resistant biotypes of hydrilla with two- to fivefold higher resistance to the herbicide than the wild-type have been identified. Resistance is the result of one of three independent somatic mutations at the arginine 304 codon of the gene encoding phytoene desaturase, the molecular target …

Effect Of Oxygen Management On Culture Performance Of Channel Catfish In Earthen Ponds, Eugene L. Torrans

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Aeration allows for higher feeding rates and increased production of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in intensive and semi-intensive aquaculture systems. However, the effect of specific dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations on various production parameters remains unknown. The purpose of this 2-year study was to determine the effect of daily minimum DO concentration on channel catfish production. Six 0.1-ha ponds were each equipped with three 0.37-kW (0.5-hp) aerators and one 0.37-kW circulator. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were monitored and recorded with a commercial oxygen monitor that also controlled aeration. During both years, aeration in the high-oxygen treatment was initiated when the DO concentration …

Abundance Of Plodia Interpunctella (Hubner) And Cadra Cautella (Walker) Infesting Maize Stored On South Carolina Farms: Seasonal And Non-Seasonal Variation, Richard T. Arbogast, Shahpar R. Chini

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Seasonal trends and short-term fluctuations in abundance of Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) and Cadra cautella (Walker) infesting maize stored on two South Carolina farms were studied during three storage seasons (September 1990–June 1993). Coils of corrugated paper placed on the grain surface were used to trap mature larvae seeking pupation sites. Temperatures in the grain (18-cm-deep) and in the bin headspace were recorded hourly, and grain moisture content was measured weekly. Weekly mean numbers of moth larvae, and adults of two natural enemies, trapped in the coils were used for tracking changes in their abundance over time. The most significant findings …

Carbaryl Resistance In Mexican Strains Of The Southern Cattle Tick (Acari: Ixodidae), Andrew Y. Li, Ronald B. Davey, John E. George

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Susceptibility to carbaryl in six Mexican strains of the southern cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini), was evaluated with the Food and Agricultural Organization larval packet test. Tick strains from the cattle fever tick quarantine zone in Texas were more susceptible to carbaryl than to coumaphos or diazinon. Compared with the susceptible reference (Gonzalez) strain, Mexican tick strains demonstrated 10.9Ð59.5-fold resistance to carbaryl. SigniÞcant cross-resistance was found between carbaryl and the organophosphate acaricides coumaphos and diazinon. Bioassay results with synergists suggested that metabolic detoxification mechanisms did not play a major role in carbaryl resistance. Resistance to carbaryl was likely conferred by …

Maintenance Of A Narrow Host Range By Oxyops Vitiosa; A Biological Control Agent Of Melaleuca Quinquenervia, G. S. Wheeler

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Host range expansion in insect herbivores is often thought to be mediated by several factors, principal among them are secondary plant metabolites. In weed biological control, the host range of a prospective agent is one of the most important considerations in its implementation. Extensive host testing tests seek to determine the behavioral acceptance and nutritional value of different test plant species to the potential agent. A list of test plants is compiled that comprises species that are close taxonomic relatives of the target weed plus other species of economic or ecologic importance. The host testing of the Melaleuca quinquenervia biological …

Postweaning Performance Of Hair And Wool Sheep And Reciprocal-Crosses On Pasture And In Feedlot, M. A. Brown, H. S. Mayeux

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Lambs from three diallel-mating plans (Dorset-St. Croix, n=140; Rambouillet-Gulf Coast, n=80; Katahdin-Suffolk, n=78) and a terminal-cross mating plan (Suffolk rams mated to Dorset, St. Croix and reciprocal-cross ewes, n=100) were used to evaluate postweaning grazing performance of traditional meat breeds and tropically adapted breeds of sheep.

Integration Of Co 2 Flux And Remotelysensed Data For Primary Production And Ecosystem Respiration Analyses In The Northern Great Plains: Potential For Quantitative Spatial Extrapolation, Tagir G. Gilmanov, Larry L. Tieszen, Bruce K. Wylie, Larry B. Flanagan, Albert B. Frank, Marshall R. Haferkamp, Tilden P. Meyers, Jack A. Morgan

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Aim Extrapolation of tower CO₂ fluxes will be greatly facilitated if robust relationships between flux components and remotely sensed factors are established. Long-term measurements at five Northern Great Plains locations were used to obtain relationships between CO₂ fluxes and photosynthetically active radiation (Q), other on-site factors, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from the SPOT VEGETATION data set.

Growth And Development Of Tomato Seedlings In Sphagnum Peat, Vermiculite, And Processed Rice Hull Substrates, Matthew K. Nutt, Michael R. Evans

Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences

Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum ‘Early Girl’) seedling growth was evaluated in substrates containing varying proportions of ground rice hulls. Substrates were formulated containing 0, 30, 60, and 90% ground rice hulls with one-half of the treatments also treated with a surfactant. Seedling growth in two of the ground rice hull-containing substrates was generally similar to the two controls of 90% peat or 100% vermiculite. The germination percentages for all ground rice hull-containing substrates were similar to the two controls. Ground rice hulls are a viable alternative to peat and vermiculite seedling substrates.

Morphogenesis In Germinating Fusarium Graminearum Macroconidia, Steven D. Harris

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

Fusarium graminearum (teleomorph Gibberella zeae) is a significant pathogen of wheat and corn. F. graminearum forms multicellular macroconidia that play an important role in dissemination of the disease. The spatial pattern of morphogenesis in germinating macroconidia is described. Germ tubes preferentially emerge from the apical cells in a bipolar pattern that appears to be common to filamentous fungi. Chitin deposition occurs at two locations: the spore apices and cortical regions of macroconidial cells that subsequently produce a germ tube. The spatial pattern of morphogenesis requires the presence of functional microtubules, which may be responsible for the transport of key …

Evaluation Of The Agronomic Performance Of Six Varieties Of Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) In The St. Felix Community Of The Coroico Township (Nor Yungas-La Paz), Viviana Marleni Quisbert

Theses and Dissertations

The peanut is an important crop in most countries due to its industrial, nutritional, and pedological potential. It grows well in subtropical areas. This study was planned based on the weather characteristics of the Yungas and the St. Felix community. A completely randomized block design with 6 treatments and 3 repetitions was used. An analysis of variance and a Tukey test were used for statistical analysis of the variables. With respect to time required for maturation, the Coloradito Palmar variety was most premature with a time of 134 days while the Local variety took 177 days to mature, which is …

Vegetable Gardening, Rhoda Burrows, David Graper

SDSU Extension Circulars

This circular provides information on planning, planting, and growing a vegetable garden. Topics include: soil preparation, planting, irrigation, weed control, insect and disease control, crop selection, and vegetable preservation and storage.

Agronomical Evaluation Of Six Species Of Forage Grass Tolerant To Salinity In The Tamborada Region, Bladimir Vargas Rojas

Theses and Dissertations

Six forage grass species from the United States were evaluated for salinity tolerance and growth performance. A randomized block design was used with six repetitions of five furrows each to maintain experimental consistency. The study was conducted in the Tamborada region of Cochabamba, Bolivia from December 2003 through June 2004. Results indicated that significant differences exist between species (Pr<0.01). The species Elymus cinereus and Agropyron elongatum demonstrated the best performance regarding plant height, achieving heights of 35.4 cm and 32.7 cm respectively. Festuca arundinacea and Agropyron elongatum obtained larger percent coverage than the other species with 79.59% and 76.53% respectively. These species also exceed the others in production of green forage (1500.00 kg/ha and 13985.80 kg/ha) as well as in production of dry matter (5000.70 kg/ha and 4862.85 kg/ha). They are recommended for production in the region of Tamborada, Cochabamba, Bolivia.

Isolation And Characterization Of A Bovine Visceral Endoderm Cell Line Derived From A Parthenogenetic Blastocyst, Neil C. Talbot, Thomas J. Caperna, Anne M. Powell, Alan D. Ealy, Le Ann Blomberg, Wesley M. Garrett

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

A cell line, BPE-1, was derived from a parthenogenetic 8-d in vitro-produced bovine blastocyst that produced a cell outgrowth on STO feeder cells. The BPE-1 cells resembled visceral endoderm previously cultured from blastocysts produced by in vitro fertilization (IVF). Analysis of the BPE-1 cells demonstrated that they produced serum proteins and were negative for interferon-tau production (a marker of trophectoderm). Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the cells were a polarized epithelium connected by complex junctions resembling tight junctions in conjunction with desmosomes. Rough endoplasmic reticulum was prominent within the cells as were lipid vacuoles. Immunocytochemistry indicated the BPE-1 cells …

Evaluation Of Oviposition Substrates And Organic Infusions On Collection Of Culex In Florida, Sandra Allan, Ulrich R. Bernier, David Kline

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Gravid mosquito traps are commonly used for both arbovirus surveillance and population surveillance of mosquitoes of the genus Culex. Oviposition substrates, used as baits in these traps, were tested against Culex under laboratory and field conditions. In the laboratory all substrates tested as 1% and 10% dilutions in 2-choice bioassays against female Cx. quinquefascians were significantly more effective than well water controls in eliciting oviposition. Strongest responses were to dilutions of dairy effluent, followed by larval water and infusions of alfalfa hay, alfalfa pellets, Bermuda hay, oak leaves, and Typha leaves, with lowest responses to cow manure infusion. …

Laboratory Evaluation Of Mosquito Traps Baited With A Synthetic Human Odor Blend To Capture Aedes Aegypti, Ivoneide M. Silva, Alvaro E. Eiras, Daniel L. Kline, Ulrich R. Bernier

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

A synthetic blend of chemicals comprising volatiles released by the human body has been shown to be an effective attractant for female Aedes aegypti in olfactometer bioassays with laboratory-reared mosquitoes. We report the laboratory evaluation of Ae. aegypti response to a synthetic blend tested with 4 types of mosquito traps (CDC model 512, CDC model 1012, CFG, and Fay–Prince traps). Aedes aegypti females were attracted significantly by the blend. The higher release rate of attractant (320.2 ± 10.71 mg/h) more efficiently attracted mosquitoes than the lower release rate (42.0 ± 2.3 mg/h). Although both the Fay–Prince and CFG traps caught …

Influence Of Dietary Crude Protein Concentration And Source On Potential Ammonia Emissions From Beef Cattle Manure, N. A. Cole, R. N. Clark, R. W. Todd, C. R. Richardson, A. Gueye, L. W. Greene, K. Mcbride

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Emissions of ammonia, as well as other gases and particulates, to the atmosphere are a growing concern of livestock producers, the general public, and regulators. The concentration and ruminal degradability of CP in beef cattle diets may affect urinary and fecal excretion of N and thus may affect ammonia emissions from beef cattle feed yards. To determine the effects of dietary CP concentration and degradability on potential ammonia emissions, 54 steers were randomly assigned to nine dietary treatments in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatments consisted of three dietary CP concentrations (11.5, 13, and 14.5%) and three …

Involvement Of Acetosyringone In Plant–Pathogen Recognition, C. Jacyn Baker, Norton M. Mock, Bruce D. Whitaker, Daniel P. Roberts, Clifford P. Rice, Kenneth L. Deahl, Andrey A. Aver'yanov

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

In this study, acetosyringone was identified as one of the major extracellular phenolics in tobacco suspension cells and was shown to have bioactive properties that influence early events in plant–bacterial pathogenesis. In our model system, tobacco cell suspensions treated with bacterial isolate Pseudomonas syringae WT (HR+) undergo a resistant interaction characterized by a burst in oxygen uptake several hours after inoculation. When the extracellular concentration of acetosyringone in tobacco cell suspensions was supplemented with exogenous acetosyringone, the burst in oxygen uptake occurred as much as 1.5 h earlier. The exogenous acetosyringone had no effect on tobacco suspensions undergoing susceptible interactions …

Apoplastic Redox Metabolism: Synergistic Phenolic Oxidation And A Novel Oxidative Burst, C. Jacyn Baker, Daniel P. Roberts, Norton M. Mock, Bruce D. Whitaker, Kenneth L. Deahl, Andrey A. Aver'yanov

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

The plant apoplast is an important mediator of communication between the cell cytoplasm and its surroundings. Plant cell suspensions offer a convenient model system to gain insight into apoplastic physiology. Here, we describe a novel phenomenon that took place when two naturally occurring phenolics were added together to either soybean or tobacco cell suspensions. Acetosyringone (AS) and/or hydroxyacetophenone (HAP), phenolics found in the extracellular/apoplast of tobacco cells, were added to soybean or tobacco cell suspensions undergoing an oxidative burst. Individually, AS appeared to be utilized as a typical peroxidase substrate to scavenge hydrogen peroxide, while HAP was utilized at a …

Induction Of Redox Sensitive Extracellular Phenolics During Plant–Bacterial Interactions, C. Jacyn Baker, Bruce D. Whitaker, Daniel P. Roberts, Norton M. Mock, Clifford P. Rice, Kenneth L. Deahl, Andrey A. Aver'yanov

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

This study focuses on the transient and complex nature of phenolics that accumulate in the extracellular environment of plant suspension cells during the first few hours of the interaction between these plant cells and bacterial pathogens. Using suspension cells of Nicotiana tabacum we identified four acetophenones and four hydroxycinnamic acid amides that accumulate in this extracellular environment. Treatment of the suspension cells with isolates of the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae or heat-killed bacteria increased elicitation of extracellular phenolics and changed the composition of the compounds that accumulated. These phenolics were sensitive to oxidative stress; when suspension cells were treated with …

Lamb Production Of Dorper, Katahdin, And St. Croix Bred In Summer, Winter, Or Spring In The Southeastern United States, J. M. Burke

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Ewe production traits and ability to breed out of season were compared for the Dorper (DO), Katahdin (KA), and St. Croix (SC) breeds between 2000 and 2005. Sheep were managed on grass pasture and were supplemented with corn/soybean meal and free-choice, trace-mineral mix. Ewes were exposed to rams of their respective breeds in late summer (August/September), winter (December), or spring (April/ May) for 30-day breeding periods. Lambs were weighed at birth and 60 days of age. Pregnancy and lambing rates and litter birth weight were greater for all breeds bred in winter and lowest in spring. Pregnancy losses were greater …

Feedlot Performance And Carcass Characteristics Of Lambs Sired By Texel, Romanov, St. Croix Or Dorset Rams From Polypay And St. Croix Ewes, W. A. Phillips, M. A. Brown, H. G. Dolezal, G. Q. Fitch

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Over a 2-year period, crossbred lambs resulting from the mating of Texel (T), Romanov (R), and St. Croix (S) rams with Polypay (P) and S ewes, were finished during the summer and late fall to determine feedlot performance and carcass characteristics. A total of 175 wether lambs of the five genotypes (R x P, R x S, S x S, T x P and T x S) were fed a high-energy diet for an average of 110 d (Experiment 1). Purebred St. Croix lambs weighed less (P < 0.05) at the beginning and end of the finishing period, had the lowest average daily gain (ADG) (P < 0.05), and the lowest Gain:Feed (P < 0.10) of the five genotypes evaluated. All five genotypes produced carcasses with a quality grade ≥ Choice. In a subsequent 2-year experiment (Experiment 2), 251 lambs sired by either Dorset or St. Croix rams from the ewes created in Exp.1 were used. Dorset-sired lambs were heavier (P < 0.10) at the end of the feeding period and had greater ADG (P < 0.10) than lambs sired by St. Croix rams. Wether lambs were heavier (P < 0.10), grew faster (P < 0.10) and ate more (P<0.05) feed than female lambs. Lambs from crossbred ewes were heavier (P <0.05) at the beginning and end of the finishing period and grew faster (P < 0.10) than lambs from purebred St. Croix ewes. When Dorset rams were used as the terminal sire, lamb feedlot performance was similar among the five ewe genotypes used in this study.

Growth Performance Of Barbados Blackbelly, Katahdin And St. Croix Hair Sheep Lambs Fed Pasture- Or Hay-Based Diets, S. Wildeus, K. E. Turner, J. R. Collins

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Two experiments evaluated growth of mixed-sex Barbados Blackbelly, Katahdin, and St. Croix hair sheep lambs raised on pasture or hay-based diets with moderate levels of energy supplementation. In Experiment 1, 36 ewe and wether lambs were allocated to a pasture or pen feeding group in May. Pasture animals rotationally grazed tall fescue pasture, while pen animals were offered chopped alfalfa hay, and both groups were supplemented with corn/soybean meal at 0.75% of body weight. In Experiment 2, 72 lambs were allocated to pen and pasture in April, and provided either a low or high crude protein concentration corn/soybean meal supplement …

Composition Of Irrigation Water Salinity Affects Growth Characteristics And Uptake Of Selenium And Salt Ions By Soybean, D. Wang, C. M. Grieve, D. L. Suarez

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effects of irrigation waters differing in salt composition on growth characteristics, salt ion and selenium (Se) accumulation, and distribution in plant components of the soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) cultivar “Manokin.” Plants were grown in sand cultures and irrigated with isoosmotic solutions containing (1) Cl⁻ as the dominant anion, or (2) a mixture of salts containing equal molar amounts of SO_^2-4  and Cl⁻. Six treatments of each salinity type were imposed. Electrical conductivities of the irrigation waters ranged from 2.1 to 13.0 dSm⁻¹. Selenium …

Genetic Variation In Ustilago Bullata: Molecular Genetic Markers And Virulence On Bromus Tectorum Host Lines, Mikel Stevens, Daniel J. Fairbanks, Susan E. Meyer, David L. Nelson, Suzette Clement, Jennifer Waters

Faculty Publications

The pathogen Ustilago bullata often causes epidemic levels of head smut disease in Intermountain populations of the inbreeding annual grass Bromus tectorum. We examined patterns of genetic variation for virulence and for amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers in four U. bullata populations on B. tectorum in northern Utah and southern Nevada. Patterns of disease incidence generally supported a genefor-gene model for virulence and resistance in this pathosystem. Most host lines were susceptible to most or all paired isolates included in cross-inoculation tests, but we found evidence for the existence of four avirulence genes. Host lines with alleles conferring resistance …

Key Grazing Levels (Foo Targets) For Pasture And Sheep Management, Department Of Agriculture, Western Australia

Animal production and livestock published reports

Food On Offer (FOO) is the amount of pasture in front of an animal, and is measured in kilograms Dry Matter per hectare. Managing pastures to key grazing levels - or FOO targets - can result in improved production of grazing systems in Mediterranean environments which are characterized by slow winter growth, peak spring growth and dry summers. These targets vary according to what production response is required.

This information sheet illustrates key target FOO for sheep grazing annual pastures during autumn and spring.