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Phytopathogen Type Iii Effector Weaponry And Their Plant Targets, Anna Block, Guangyong Li, Zheng Qing Fu, James R. Alfano

Center for Plant Science Innovation: Faculty Publications

Phytopathogenic bacteria suppress plant innate immunity and promote pathogenesis by injecting proteins called type III effectors into plant cells using a type III protein secretion system. These type III effectors use at least three major strategies to alter host responses. One strategy is to alter host protein turnover, either by direct cleavage or by modulating ubiquitination and targeting to the 26S proteasome. Another strategy involves alteration of RNA metabolism by transcriptional activation or ADP-ribosylation of RNA-binding proteins. A third major strategy is to inhibit the kinases involved in plant defence signalling, either by removing phosphates or by direct inhibition. The …

Nectar Secondary Compounds Affect Self-Pollen Transfer: Implications For Female And Male Reproduction, Rebecca E. Irwin, Lynn S. Adler

Dartmouth Scholarship

Pollen movement within and among plants affects inbreeding, plant fitness, and the spatial scale of genetic differentiation. Although a number of studies have assessed how plant and floral traits influence pollen movement via changes in pollinator behavior, few have explored how nectar chemical composition affects pollen transfer. As many as 55% of plants produce secondary compounds in their nectar, which is surprising given that nectar is typically thought to attract pollinators. We tested the hypothesis that nectar with secondary compounds may benefit plants by encouraging pollinators to leave plants after visiting only a few flowers, thus reducing self-pollen transfer. We …

"Effect Of Transplant Age, Tobacco Cultivar, Acibenzolar-S-Methyl, And Imidacloprid On Tomato Spotted Wilt Infection In Flue-Cured Tobacco", Claudia Nischwitz

All Current Publications

No abstract provided.

Sphingolipid Long-Chain Base Hydroxylation Is Important For Growth And Regulation Of Sphingolipid Content And Composition In Arabidopsis, Ming Chen, Jennifer E. Markham, Charles R. Dietrich, Jan G. Jaworski, Edgar B. Cahoon

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

Sphingolipids are structural components of endomembranes and function through their metabolites as bioactive regulators of cellular processes such as programmed cell death. A characteristic feature of plant sphingolipids is their high content of trihydroxy long-chain bases (LCBs) that are produced by the LCB C-4 hydroxylase. To determine the functional significance of trihydroxy LCBs in plants, T-DNA double mutants and RNA interference suppression lines were generated for the two Arabidopsis thaliana LCB C-4 hydroxylase genes Sphingoid Base Hydroxylase1 (SBH1) and SBH2. These plants displayed reductions in growth that were dependent on the content of trihydroxy LCBs in sphingolipids. …

Spiderworts: Not Just Another Pretty Face For Science, W. John Hayden

Biology Faculty Publications

Species of Tradescantia, or spiderworts, are handsome plants. Several wild species, including the VNPS wildflower of the Year for 2008 (T. virginiana), can be found in eastern North America and additional species grace gardens, and hothouse conservatories. Spiderworts are not, however, just a bunch of pretty faces. Spiderworts have a long history of service to science, both in terms of teaching and pure research.

Joint Fire Science Program – Lake Mead National Recreation Area: Revegetating Burned Arid Lands: Identifying Successful Native Species Using Trait And Competition Analysis: Quarterly Progress Report, April 1— June 30, 2008, Margaret N. Rees

Fire Science

• Cones seeded for competition experiment at Lake Mead nursery.

• Cones monitored for seedling establishment.

• Goodsprings revegetation studies monitored.

• Invasibility data being entered and analyzed.

• Abstract for NAA conference submitted.

• Joint Fire Science update article submitted to Mojave Applied Ecology Notes newsletter.

The Effect Of Ginseng On Biofilm Formation By Wild Type And Mutant Strains Of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Premi Shekar

Morehead State Theses and Dissertations

A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Science and Technology at Morehead State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science by Premi Shekar on June 25, 2008.

Method For Efficient Post Transcriptional Gene Slencing Using Intrinsic Direct Repeat Sequences And Utilization Thereof Infunctional Genomics, Amitava Mitra, Chonglie Ma

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

It is well documented that transgenes with inverted repeats can efficiently trigger post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), presumably via a double stranded RNA induced by complementary sequences in their transcripts. We show here that transgenes with intrinsic direct repeats can also induce PTGS at a very high frequency (80-100%). A transgene with three or four repeats induced PTGS in almost 100% of the primary transformants, regardless of whether a strong (en hanced 35S promoter) or a relatively weak (chlorophyll a?b binding protein promoter) promoter was used. The PTGS induced by three or four repeats is consistently inherited in Subsequent generations, and …

An Antibiotic Complex From Lysobacter Enzymogenes Strain C3: Antimicrobial Activity And Role In Plant Disease Control, S. Li, C. C. Jochum, F. Yu, K. Zaleta-Rivera, L. Du, Steven D. Harris, Gary Y. Yuen

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

Lysobacter enzymogenes C3 is a bacterial biological control agent that exhibits antagonism against multiple fungal pathogens. Its antifungal activity was attributed in part to lytic enzymes. In this study, a heat-stable antifungal factor (HSAF), an antibiotic complex consisting of dihydromaltophilin and structurally related macrocyclic lactams, was found to be responsible for antagonism by C3 against fungi and oomycetes in culture. HSAF in purified form exhibited inhibitory activity against a wide range of fungal and oomycetes species in vitro, inhibiting spore germination, and disrupting hyphal polarity in sensitive fungi. When applied to tall fescue leaves as a partially-purified extract, HSAF at …

Seed Invasion Filters And Forest Fire Severity, Tom R. Cottrell, Paul F. Hessburg, Jonathan A. Betz

Biology Faculty Scholarship

Forest seed dispersal is altered after fire. Using seed traps, we studied impacts of fire severity on timing of seed dispersal, total seed rain, and seed rain richness in patches of high and low severity fire and unburned Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests in the Fischer and Tyee fire complexes in the eastern Washington Cascades. Unburned plots had the lowest average seed production. The high severity fire patches in the Fischer Fire Complex had a higher total seed production than low severity fire patches of the same complex. At the Tyee Fire Complex, the total seed production for each …

Evaluating Vascular Plant Composition And Species Richness On Horn Island, Mississippi, Using Passive And Active Remote Sensing In Conjunction With Ground Based Measurements, Kelly Lynn Lucas

Dissertations

Barrier island vegetation is subjected to chronic abiotic stressors combined with periodic storm events that favor species adapted to harsh environments. These islands are the first landforms to be affected by changes in coastal subsidence and sea-level rise. Evaluating changes in vegetation is important for understanding the impact of global climate change on coastal environments.

This study assesses vegetation composition and plant species richness on Horn Island, Mississippi using ground data in conjunction with remotely sensed spectral and LIDAR data. The goals of this research are to: 1) classify and map vegetation composition on Horn Island using hyperspectral and LIDAR …

Foraging Preference By Wild Deer On Toyon (Heteromeles Arbutifolia) From Santa Catalina Island Versus Malibu, Amelia I. Clark, Brett Smith, Courtney Smith, Stephen D. Davis

Featured Research

Our group collected samples of Heteromeles Arbutifolia from both Santa Catalina Island and Pepperdine University’s campus in Malibu, CA in order to compare the morphological differences and deer preference between them. In our experiment, we planted the H. Arbutifolia from both locations side by side on a hillside overlooked by the Thorton Administration Center building on Pepperdine’s campus. In the first trial the deer did not consume either of the samples; we believe this was due to the length of time from when the branches were collected from the island to when they were introduced to the deer on campus. …

Soil Moisture Adjacent The Roots Of Post-Fire Ceanothus Megacarpus And Malosma Laurina, Kristi Holly, Kelly Sayre, Anson Snow

Featured Research

Hydraulic lift is a passive process in which a plant will bring water from subsoil to topsoil levels through its roots. In this experiment, we compared the soil moisture levels in the area surrounding two different chaparral species C. megacarpus, a shallow rooted nonsprouter, and M. laurina, a deep-rooted obligate sprouter, in order to determine the hydraulic lift patterns of chaparral as they regrow after fire. Furthermore, the C. Megacarpus had died due to the Malibu fire, while the M. Laurina was resprouting. Therefore, using a Hydrosense Soil Water Measurement System, we measured soil moisture percentages, and the results showed …

Stomatal Conductance Of Malosma Laurina In Frequently Burned And Non-Frequently Burned Sites, Kamron A. King, Matthew T. Bender, Stephen D. Davis

Featured Research

In the months following the Malibu fires, the fire zones have experienced and abundance of new growth. Among this new growth, there are differences that can be observed when comparing the top of the Malibu hill (frequent fire zone) to the base of the hill (nonfrequent fire zone). As the chaparral resprouted we noticed the behavior of the Malosma laurina in both frequent and non-frequent fire zones and stomatal conductance, height, and water potential were tested for plants in the two varying zones, with plants in the non-frequent fire zone outperforming their counterparts.

The Effect Of Fire Frequency On The Presence Of Native And Nonnative Species In The Santa Monica Mountains, Bobby Boss, Simone Ross, Taryn Thompson

Featured Research

We surveyed two sites in the Santa Monica Mountains of Southern California that experienced both high and low fire frequency (Figure 1). Our objective was to find out if increased fire frequency allowed for the invasion of non-native species. We collected data on herbaceous coverage and point to plant distance of woody chaparral species. A series of random points were used, and each area was divided up into four equal quadrants using two meter sticks. The individual nearest to the center in each quadrant was then identified and measured. To measure herbaceous coverage, percentages were took of cover of each …

Effects Of Shading On Post-Fire Seedlings Of Laurel Sumac (Malosma Laurina) In The Santa Monica Mountains, Anastasia N. Fry, Jennifer A. Sledge, Drew A. Almodovar

Featured Research

The interactions between post-fire plants is crucial directly after fire. A recent fire on Pepperdine campus allowed for a study to be performed on these interactions. The dominant chapparal plant, Malosma lauraina, laural sumac, both re-sprouts and grows from seeds after fire. Marah Macrocarpus, wild cucumber, grows rapidly after rain following a fire. Some M. lauraina seedlings end up under the M. Macrocarpus yet survive. This study aimed to find differences between those seedlings interacting with M. Macrocarpus and those that are not. Three groups of specimen were used. One control group grew in the sun, one control group in …

Comparison Of Post-Fire Growth Rates Between Elymus Condensatus And Yucca Whipplei In Coastal Chaparral, Jae K. Chung, Andrew J. Ishibashi, Francisco B. Sapigao

Featured Research

The two monocot species, Yucca whippelei and Elymus condensata chosen for this study are two co-occurring species on the Pepperdine campus. We chose 6 samples of each species and looked at parameters that would allow us to compare their post fire growth rates. These parameters included leaf area index, internal CO2 levels, transpiration rate, and photosynthetic rate. We used the Students T-test on the means of each parameter and found significant differences in leaf area index, internal CO2 levels, and transpiration rate. All of these were greater in the Yucca except for the leaf area index. We concluded that, because …

Growth Sequence Of Post-Fire Chaparral Resprouts In California’S Santa Monica Mountains, Iolana N. Kaneakua, Kelly L. Reynolds, Luke S. Walsh

Featured Research

The post-fire resprout succession of California Chaparral was surveyed in Corral Canyon of the Santa Monica Mountains. The primary objective of this investigation was to determine the sequence of Chaparral post-fire resprouts and possible correlations to the life histories of those species. Over a three month period, four designated study sites were visited every two weeks, surveying the number of adults, the number of resprouts and the height of the resprouts. It was found that both the facultative and the obligate typed species were successful in post-fire resprout. Facultative species were the first to resprout and obligate species displayed the …

Physiological Performance In Full-Sun Vs. Shaded Post-Fire Malosma Laurina Seedlings, Lindsey A. Murphy, David C. Valencia, Catherine D. Drummond

Featured Research

Post-fire Malosma laurina regenerates both by resprouting and by disseminating seeds. The objective of this study is to assess seedling performance either in full-sunlight or in artificially shaded treatments. By identifying under which conditions Malosma laurina seedlings grow more effectively, one can predict where post-fire M. laurina seedling communities will thrive. The methodology employed throughout this experiment began by covering existing seedlings with shade cloth held by wooden stakes. These treatments were adjacent to full-sun environments; each of which contained at least two Malosma laurina seedlings. Six experimental sites were set up, and the seedlings in question were monitored for …

The Complete Plastid Genome Sequence Of Welwitschia Mirabilis: An Unusually Compact Plastome With Accelerated Divergence Rates, Skip R. Mccoy, Jennifer V. Kuehl, Jeffrey L. Boore, Linda A. Raubeson

All Faculty Scholarship for the College of the Sciences

Background

Welwitschia mirabilis is the only extant member of the family Welwitschiaceae, one of three lineages of gnetophytes, an enigmatic group of gymnosperms variously allied with flowering plants or conifers. Limited sequence data and rapid divergence rates have precluded consensus on the evolutionary placement of gnetophytes based on molecular characters. Here we report on the first complete gnetophyte chloroplast genome sequence, from Welwitschia mirabilis, as well as analyses on divergence rates of protein-coding genes, comparisons of gene content and order, and phylogenetic implications.

Results

The chloroplast genome of Welwitschia mirabilis [GenBank: EU342371] is comprised of 119,726 base pairs and exhibits …

Plant Functional Types Do Not Predict Biomass Responses To Removal And Fertilization In Alaskan Tussock Tundra, M. Syndonia Bret-Harte, Michelle C. Mack, Gregory R. Goldsmith, Daniel B. Sloan, Jennie Demarco, Gaius R. Shaver, Peter M. Ray, Zy Biesinger, F. Stuart Chapin

Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles and Research

1. Plant communities in natural ecosystems are changing and species are being lost due to anthropogenic impacts including global warming and increasing nitrogen (N) deposition. We removed dominant species, combinations of species and entire functional types from Alaskan tussock tundra, in the presence and absence of fertilization, to examine the effects of non-random species loss on plant interactions and ecosystem functioning.

2. After 6 years, growth of remaining species had compensated for biomass loss due to removal in all treatments except the combined removal of moss, Betula nana and Ledum palustre (MBL), which removed the most biomass. Total vascular plant …

Joint Fire Science Program – Lake Mead National Recreation Area: Revegetating Burned Arid Lands: Identifying Successful Native Species Using Trait And Competition Analysis: Quarterly Progress Report, January 1— March 31, 2008, Margaret N. Rees

Fire Science

• Fence built.

• Seeds and plants obtained.

• Seeding experiment initiated at Goodsprings burn site.

• Three hundred twenty plants, comprising eight species, planted at the Goodsprings burn site on February 12, 2008.

• First of a series of Joint Fire Science update articles submitted to Mojave Applied Ecology Notes newsletter.

Adding Value To Swine Manure Through Accurate Prediction Of Organic Nitrogen Availability, Charles S. Wortman, Charles Shapiro, Aaron Nygren

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Animal manure contains organic and inorganic nitrogen. The inorganic N, which is mostly ammonium-N but nitrate-N can be significant in composted manure, is typically considered to be 100% plant available if there are not significant losses, especially due to volatilization of ammonia-N. The availability of organic N, which is mostly from undigested and partially digested plant material needs to be mineralized to become plant available, is less predictable. Field research was conducted in eastern Nebraska to improve the basis for estimating organic N availability from injected or incorporated swine manure and from surface applied composted and stockpiled FM. The factors …

Crop Updates 2008 - Lupins, Pulses And Oilseeds, Mark Seymour, Robert Johnson, Ian Pritchard, Raj Malik, Wayne Parker, Martin Harries, Robert French, Jo Walker, Laurie Maiolo, Leigh Smith, Alan Harris, Rod Hunter, Tanveer Khan, Jenny Garlinge, Pooran Gaur, Kambot Siddique, Heather Clarke, Neil Turner, William Macleod, Stuart Morgan, Wendy Vance, Philip Chambers, Chris Veitch, Tony Leonforte, Rodger Beermier, Moin U. Salam, Jenny Davidson, Jean Galloway, Pip Payne, Tess Humphries, Art Diggle, Harmohinder Dhammu, Michael Materne, Kerry Regan, Mohammad Amjad, Andy Sutherland, Pat Fels, Glen Riethmuller, Wallace Cowling, Milton Saunders, Eliot Jones, Chris Newman, John Duff, David Sermon, Svetlana Micic, Anthony Dore, Geoff Strickland, Blakely Paynter, Vince Lambert, Chris Roberts

Crop Updates

This session covers twenty six papers from different authors:

Regional Roundup

1. SOUTH EAST AGRICULTURAL REGION, Mark Seymour Department of Agriculture and Food, and Robert Johnson CBH Group, Esperance

2. CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL REGION, Ian Pritchard, Department of Agriculture and Food

3. GREAT SOUTHERN AND LAKES REGION, Raj Malik, Department of Agriculture and Food

4. NORTHERN AGRICULTURAL REGION, Wayne Parker and Martin Harries, Department of Agriculture and Food

LUPINS

5. Cropping lupins in wide rows in Western Australia, Martin Harries and Bob French, Department of Agriculture and Food

6. The effect of sowing time and radish density …

Crop Updates 2008 - Farming Systems, John De Majnik, Paul Meibusch, Vince Logan, Louise Barton, Wahid Biswas, Daniel Carter, Nicolyn Short, Jodie Bowling, Glen Riethmuller, James Fisher, Moin Salam, Stephen Davies, Jim Dixon, Dennis Van Gool, Alison Slade, Bob Gilkes, Megan Abrahams, Caroline Peek, Daniel Gardiner, Kari-Lee Falconer, David Hall, Jeromy Lemon, Harvey Jones, Yvette Oliver, Tania Butler, Michael Robertson, Stephen Carr, Chris Gazey, David York, Joel Andrews, Michael Simeoni, G. Peter Mangano, Svetlana Micic, Dave Gartner, Adam Clune, Matthew Morell, Adam Umbers, Angelo Loi, Brad Nutt, Clinton Revell, Geoff Kew, Vivien Vanstone, Ali Bhatti, Ming Pei You, Imma Farre, Bill Bowden, Henry Smolinski, Jane Speijers, John Bruce, David Mccarthy, Gary Lang, David Rees, Rob Grima, John Young, Ross Kingwell, Chris Oldham, Derk Bakker, Ian Foster, David Beard, Wen Chen, Richard Bell, Ross Brennan, Art Diggle, Reg Lunt, Qifu Ma, Zed Rengel, Tim Hilder, Dusty Severtson, Shahajahan Miyan, Sam Clune, Barb Sage, Tenielle Martin, Chris Newman, Neal Dalgliesh, Caroline Peak, Andrew Blake, Megan Ryan, Richard Bennett, Tim Colmer, D. Real, Jiyan Pang, Lori Kroiss, Dion Nicol, Tammy Edmonds-Tibbett, Ron Mctaggart, Sean Kelly, Helen Hunter

Crop Updates

This session covers thirty nine papers from different authors:

PLENARY

1. Developments in grain end use, Dr John de Majnik, New Grain Products, GRDC, Mr Paul Meibusch, New Farm Products and Services, GRDC, Mr Vince Logan, New Products Executive Manager, GRDC

PRESENTATIONS

2. Global warming potential of wheat production in Western Australia: A life cycle assessment, Louise Barton1, Wahid Biswas2 and Daniel Carter3, 1School of Earth & Geographical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 2Centre of Excellence in Cleaner Production, Division of Science and Engineering, Curtin University of Technology, 3Department of Agriculture and …

Crop Updates 2008 - Cereals, Christine M. Zaicou-Kunesch, Shahajahan Miyan, Brenda Shackley, Steve Penny, Sarah Ellis, Darshan Sharma, Blakely Paynter, Jeff Russell, Andrea Hills, Glen Riethmuller, Bill Bowden, Paul Blackwell, Harmohinder Dhammu, Vince Lambert, Chris Roberts, David Cox, Sally Cox, Jeremy Lemon, Paul Damon, Zed Rengel, Geoff J. Thomas, Ciara Beard, Anne Smith, Kithsiri Jayasena, Sean Kelly, Rob Loughman, Bill Macleod, Raj Malik, Ravjit Khangura, Vivien Vanstone, Colin Hanbury, Mehreteab Aberra, Gordon Masnish, Brenda A. Coutts, Geoff Strickland, Monica Kehoe, Dustin Severtson, Roger A C Jones, Dominie Wright, Megan Jordan, Xinhua He, Eli Manyol, Song-Ai Nio, Imran Malik, Tina Botwright-Acuña, Len Wade, Nigel Metz, Linda Price, Dean A. Diepeveen, Leisa Armstrong, Peter Clarke, Doug Abrecht, Rudi Appels, Matthew Bellgard

Crop Updates

This session covers twenty four papers from different authors:

WHEAT AGRONOMY

1. Wheat variety performance in the Northern Agricultural Region in 2007, Christine Zaicou, Department of Agriculture and Food

2. Wheat variety performance on the Central Agricultural Region in 2007, Shahajahan Miyan, Department of Agriculture and Food

3. Response of wheat varieties to sowing time in the Great Southern and Lakes Region in 2007, Brenda Shackley and Steve Penny, Department of Agriculture and Food

4. Wheat variety performance in the South Coastal Region in 2007, Sarah Ellis, Department of Agriculture and Food

5. Flowering dates of wheat varieties in Western …

Uses Of The Pseudomonas Syringae Effector Protein Hopu1 Related To Itsability To Adp-Rbosylate Eukaryotc Rna Binding Protens, James R. Alfano, Zheng Qing Fu, Thomas E. Elthon

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

The bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas Syringae injects effector proteins into host cells via a type III protein secre tion system to cause disease. The invention relates to the discovery that the type III effector HopU1 is a mono-ADP ribosyltransferase (ADP-RT) and suppresses plant innate immunity. The HopU1 substrates in Arabidopsis thaliana extracts were RNA-binding proteins that possess RNA recognition motifs (RRMs). A. thaliana knock-out lines defective in the glycine-rich RNA-binding protein AtGRP7, a HopU1 substrate, were more susceptible than wild type plants to P syringae. The ADP-ribosylation of AtGRP7 by HopU1 required two arginines within the RRM. The inven tion …

Plant Succession On Gopher Mounds In Western Cascade Meadows: Consequences For Species Diversity And Heterogeneity, Chad C. Jones, Charles B. Halpern, Jessica Niederer

Botany Faculty Publications

Pocket gophers have the potential to alter the dynamics of grasslands by creating mounds that bury existing vegetation and locally reset succession. Gopher mounds may provide safe sites for less competitive species, potentially increasing both species diversity and vegetation heterogeneity (spatial variation in species composition). We compared species composition, diversity and heterogeneity among gopher mounds of different ages in three montane meadows in the Cascade Range of Oregon. Cover of graminoids and forbs increased with mound age, as did species richness. Contrary to many studies, we found no evidence that mounds provided safe sites for early successional species, despite their …

A Watershed Analysis Of Pattee Pond: Implications For Water Quality And Land Use Management, Problems In Environmental Science Course (Biology 493), Colby College, Colby Environmental Assessment Team, Colby College

Colby College Watershed Study: Pattee Pond (2008, 1992)

The Colby Environmental Assessment Team (CEAT) investigated the impact of land use patterns on the water quality of Pattee Pond in Winslow, Maine, during the summer and fall of 2008. Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water quality were analyzed to evaluate the current health of the lake. Data collected were compared with previous studies conducted by the Maine Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) and CEAT to examine changes in water quality and land use over time. Trends in Pattee Pond water quality suggest an improvement since the 1970s. However, the lake is still experiencing algal blooms resulting from phosphorus …

Competitive Abilities Of Native Grasses And Non-Native (Bothriochloa Spp.) Grasses, Cheryl D. Schmidt, Rob Channell Ph.D., Karen R. Hickman, Keith Harmoney, William J. Stark Ph.D.

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

Old World Bluestems (OWB), introduced from Europe and Asia in the 1920s, recently have begun to raise concerns in the Great Plains. Despite suggestion in the late 1950s that OWB were weedy and negatively impacted biological diversity, they were widely introduced throughout the Great Plains for agricultural purposes. Anecdotal evidence suggests that OWB exhibit invasive characteristics that promote competitive exclusion of native species. The objective of our study was to quantify the competitive abilities of two OWB species (Caucasian bluestem; Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) S. T. Blake (= Bothriochloa caucasica (Trin.) C. E. Hubb.) and yellow bluestem; Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng) …