Digital Commons Network^™

Monitoring Fast Superconducting Qubit Dynamics Using A Neural Network, G. Koolstra, N. Stevenson, S. Barzili, L. Burns, K. Siva, S. Greenfield, W. Livingston, A. Hashim, R. K. Naik, J. M. Kreikebaum, K. P. O'Brien, D. I. Santiago, Justin Dressel, I. Siddiqi

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

Weak measurements of a superconducting qubit produce noisy voltage signals that are weakly correlated with the qubit state. To recover individual quantum trajectories from these noisy signals, traditional methods require slow qubit dynamics and substantial prior information in the form of calibration experiments. Monitoring rapid qubit dynamics, e.g., during quantum gates, requires more complicated methods with increased demand for prior information. Here, we experimentally demonstrate an alternative method for accurately tracking rapidly driven superconducting qubit trajectories that uses a long short-term memory (LSTM) artificial neural network with minimal prior information. Despite few training assumptions, the LSTM produces trajectories that include …

Phase Transitions And Resilience Of The Magnetic Dual Chiral Density Wave Phase At Finite Temperature And Density, William Gyory, Vivian De La Incera

Physics & Astronomy Faculty Publications

We study the phase transitions at finite temperature and density of the magnetic dual chiral density wave (MDCDW) phase. This spatially inhomogeneous phase emerges in cold, dense QCD in the presence of a strong magnetic field. Starting from the generalized Ginzburg-Landau (GL) expansion of the free energy, we derive several analytical formulas that enable fast numerical computation of the expansion coefficients to arbitrary order, allowing high levels of precision in the determination of the physical dynamical parameters, as well as in the transition curves in the temperature vs chemical potential plane at different magnetic fields. At magnetic fields and temperatures …

Computational Models To Detect Radiation In Urban Environments: An Application Of Signal Processing Techniques And Neural Networks To Radiation Data Analysis, Jose Nicolas Gachancipa

Beyond: Undergraduate Research Journal

Radioactive sources, such as uranium-235, are nuclides that emit ionizing radiation, and which can be used to build nuclear weapons. In public areas, the presence of a radioactive nuclide can present a risk to the population, and therefore, it is imperative that threats are identified by radiological search and response teams in a timely and effective manner. In urban environments, such as densely populated cities, radioactive sources may be more difficult to detect, since background radiation produced by surrounding objects and structures (e.g., buildings, cars) can hinder the effective detection of unnatural radioactive material. This article presents a computational model …

Atomic Gradiometry Based On The Interference Of Microwave Optical Sidebands, Kaleb L. Campbell

Optical Science and Engineering ETDs

We describe a novel pulsed magnetic gradiometer based on the optical interference of sidebands generated using two spatially separated alkali vapor cells. The sidebands are produced with high efficiency using parametric frequency conversion of a probe beam interacting with Rubiduim 87 atoms in a coherent superposition of magnetically sensitive hyperfine ground states. First, experimental evidence of the sideband process is described for both steady-state and pulsed operation. Then, a theoretical framework is developed that accurately models sideband generation based on density matrix formalism. The gradiometer is then constructed using two spatially separated vapor cells, and a beat-note is generated. The …

Search For The Radiative Penguin Decays B0 → K 0 SK 0 S Γ In The Belle Experiment, H. B. Jeon, K. H. Kang, H. Park, I. Adachi, H. Aihara, S. Al Said, D. M. Asner, H. Atmacan, T. Aushev, R. Ayad, V. Babu, S. Bahinipati, P. Behera, K. Belous, J. Bennett, F. Bernlochner, M. Bessner, V. Bhardwaj, B. Bhuyan, Milind Purohit, Et. Al.

Faculty Publications

We report results from the first search for the rare penguin-dominated decay mode B⁰→K ⁰ _S K ⁰ _Sγ, which can result from the production of tensor mesons f(1270) and f'(1525) in association with a photon. The search uses the full data sample of 772×10⁶  BB̅ pairs collected with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy e⁺e⁻ collider. No statistically significant signals are observed in the K ⁰ _S K ⁰ _S invariant mass range 1  GeV/c²K ⁰ _S K ⁰ _S/c², and the following upper …

Bbt Acoustic Alternative Top Bracing Cadd Data Set-Norev-2022jun28, Bill Hemphill

STEM Guitar Project’s BBT Acoustic Kit

This electronic document file set consists of an overview presentation (PDF-formatted) file and companion video (MP4) and CADD files (DWG & DXF) for laser cutting the ETSU-developed alternate top bracing designs and marking templates for the STEM Guitar Project’s BBT (OM-sized) standard acoustic guitar kit. The three (3) alternative BBT top bracing designs in this release are
(a) a one-piece base for the standard kit's (Martin-style) bracing,
(b) 277 Ladder-style bracing, and
(c) an X-braced fan-style bracing similar to traditional European or so-called 'classical' acoustic guitars.

The CADD data set for each of the three (3) top bracing designs includes …

Automatic Data Aggregation To Assist In The Systematic Classification Of Small Lunar Craters, Liam Powers

Physics and Astronomy Summer Fellows

Crater counting has been one of the dominant methods of characterizing surfaces of planetary bodies in the absence of material samples. Unfortunately, counts often rely on the subjective expertise of the counter, which limits the volume of reliable data that is accessible to researchers. Our work seeks to develop a quantifiable method of classifying individual craters within a count population to better determine a given crater’s age and origin. Recommendations are then generated in order to increase the accuracy of human counters, and improve the efficiency of the counting process. Preliminary work on the Moon uses LRO LOLA elevation data, …

The Dwarf Galaxy Population At Z ∼0.7: A Catalog Of Emission Lines And Redshifts From Deep Keck Observations, John Pharo, Yicheng Guo, Guillermo Barro Calvo, Timothy Carleton, S. M. Faber, Puragra Guhathakurta, Susan A. Kassin, David C. Koo, Jack Lonergan, Teja Teppala, Weichen Wang, Hassen M. Yesuf, Fuyan Bian, Romeel Davé, John C. Forbes, Dusan Keres, Pablo Perez-Gonzalez, Alec Martin, A. J. Puleo, Lauryn Williams, Benjamin Winningham

Pacific Faculty Work

We present a catalog of spectroscopically measured redshifts over 0 < z < 2 and emission-line fluxes for 1440 galaxies. The majority (∼65%) of the galaxies come from the HALO7D survey, with the remainder from the DEEPwinds program. This catalog includes redshifts for 646 dwarf galaxies with log(M∗/Mo˙)<9.5 . Eight-hundred and ten catalog galaxies did not have previously published spectroscopic redshifts, including 454 dwarf galaxies. HALO7D used the DEIMOS spectrograph on the Keck II telescope to take very deep (up to 32 hr exposure, with a median of ∼7 hr) optical spectroscopy in the COSMOS, EGS, GOODS-North, and GOODS-South CANDELS fields, and in some areas outside CANDELS. We compare our redshift results to existing spectroscopic and photometric redshifts in these fields, finding only a 1% rate of discrepancy with other spectroscopic redshifts. We measure a small increase in median photometric redshift error (from 1.0% to 1.3%) and catastrophic outlier rate (from 3.5% to 8%) with decreasing stellar mass. We obtained successful redshift fits for 75% of massive galaxies, and demonstrate a similar 70%-75% successful redshift measurement rate in 8.5

Tapered Photonic Switching, Emanuele Galiffi, Shixiong Yin, Andrea Alù

Advanced Science Research Center

The advent of novel nonlinear materials has stirred unprecedented interest in exploring the use of temporal inhomogeneities to achieve novel forms of wave control, amidst the greater vision of engineering metamaterials across both space and time. When the properties of an unbounded medium are abruptly switched in time, propagating waves are efficiently converted to different frequencies, and partially coupled to their back-propagating phase-conjugate partners, through a process called time reversal. However, in realistic materials the switching time is necessarily finite, playing a central role in the resulting temporal scattering features. By identifying and leveraging the crucial role of electromagnetic momentum …

Probing The Extragalactic Mid-Infrared Background With Hawc, A. Albert, R. Alfaro, C. Alvarez, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, D. Avila Rojas, H. A.Ayala Solares, R. Babu, Et. Al.

Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1

The extragalactic background light (EBL) contains all the radiation emitted by nuclear and accretion processes in stars and compact objects since the epoch of recombination. Measuring the EBL density directly is challenging, especially in the near-to-far-infrared wave band, mainly due to the zodiacal light foreground. Instead, gamma-ray astronomy offers the possibility to indirectly set limits on the EBL by studying the effects of gamma-ray absorption in the very high energy (VHE: >100 GeV) spectra of distant blazars. The High Altitude Water Cherenkov Gamma Ray Observatory (HAWC) is one of the few instruments sensitive to gamma rays with energies above 10 …

Scintillation Light Detection In The 6-M Drift-Length Protodune Dual Phase Liquid Argon Tpc, A. Abed, B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, D. Adams, M. Adinolfi, A. Aduszkiewicz, J. Aguilar, Z. Ahmad, J. Ahmed, B. Aimard, B. Ali-Mohammadzadeh, T. Alion, K. Allison, S. Alonso Monsalve, M. Alrashed, C. Alt, Roberto Petti, Sanjib R. Mishra Ph.D., Et. Al.

Faculty Publications

DUNE is a dual-site experiment for long-baseline neutrino oscillation studies, neutrino astrophysics and nucleon decay searches. ProtoDUNE Dual Phase (DP) is a 6×6×6 m³ liquid argon time-projection-chamber (LArTPC) that recorded cosmic-muon data at the CERN Neutrino Platform in 2019–2020 as a prototype of the DUNE Far Detector. Charged particles propagating through the LArTPC produce ionization and scintillation light. The scintillation light signal in these detectors can provide the trigger for non-beam events. In addition, it adds precise timing capabilities and improves the calorimetry measurements. In ProtoDUNE-DP, scintillation and electroluminescence light produced by cosmic muons in the LArTPC is collected …

Data Supporting: Scaling Of Turbulence And Microphysics In A Convection-Cloud Chamber Of Varying Height, Subin Thomas, Fan Yang, Mikhail Ovchinnikov, Will Cantrell, Raymond Shaw

Michigan Tech Research Data

The file contains the data corresponding to the figures in the paper. Abstract for the paper: The convection-cloud chamber enables measurement of aerosol and cloud microphysics, as well as their interactions, within a turbulent environment under steady-state conditions. Increasing the size of a convection-cloud chamber, while holding the imposed temperature difference constant, leads to increased Rayleigh, Reynolds and Nusselt numbers. Large-eddy simulation coupled with a bin microphysics model allows the influence of increased velocity, time, and spatial scales on cloud microphysical properties to be explored. Simulations of a convection--cloud chamber, with fixed aspect ratio and increasing heights of H=1, 2, …

Fiesta And Shock-Driven Flows, Brian E. Romero

Mechanical Engineering ETDs

In this study, the interaction of a shock with various gas and particle interfaces is analyzed through simulations using a new, GPU capable, multi-species flow solver, FIESTA (Fast, Interface Evolution, Shocks, and Transport in the Atmosphere), de- veloped for this research. The cases studied include the interaction between a shock and i) a two-dimensional (2D), circular cloud of a dense gas; ii) a 2D curtain of a dense gas; iii) a three-dimensional (3D) cylinder of a dense gas, and iv) a 3D curtain of solid particles.

In simulations of a 2D gas curtain and a 3D gas column, the curtain …

Reducing Leakage Current And Enhancing Polarization In Multiferroic 3d Supernanocomposites By Microstructure Engineering, Erik Enriquez, Ping Lu, Leigang Li, Bruce Zhang, Haiyan Wang, Quanxi Jia, Aiping Chen

Computer Science Faculty Publications

Multiferroic materials have generated great interest due to their potential as functional device materials. Nanocomposites have been increasingly used to design and generate new functionalities by pairing dissimilar ferroic materials, though the combination often introduces new complexity and challenges unforeseeable in single-phase counterparts. The recently developed approaches to fabricate 3D super-nanocomposites (3D‐sNC) open new avenues to control and enhance functional properties. In this work, we develop a new 3D‐sNC with CoFe2O4 (CFO) short nanopillar arrays embedded in BaTiO3 (BTO) film matrix via microstructure engineering by alternatively depositing BTO:CFO vertically-aligned nanocomposite layers and single-phase BTO layers. This microstructure engineering method allows …

Reducing Leakage Current And Enhancing Polarization In Multiferroic 3d Super-Nanocomposites By Microstructure Engineering, Erik Enriquez, Ping Lu, Leigang Li, Bruce Zhang, Haiyan Wang, Quanxi Jia, Aiping Chen

Physics & Astronomy Faculty Publications

Multiferroic materials have generated great interest due to their potential as functional device materials. Nanocomposites have been increasingly used to design and generate new functionalities by pairing dissimilar ferroic materials, though the combination often introduces new complexity and challenges unforeseeable in single-phase counterparts. The recently developed approaches to fabricate 3D super-nanocomposites (3D‐sNC) open new avenues to control and enhance functional properties. In this work, we develop a new 3D‐sNC with CoFe2O4 (CFO) short nanopillar arrays embedded in BaTiO3 (BTO) film matrix via microstructure engineering by alternatively depositing BTO:CFO vertically-aligned nanocomposite layers and single-phase BTO layers. This microstructure engineering method allows …

The Photoionization Dynamics, Electronic Spectroscopy, And Excited State Photochemistry Of Alco And Aloc, Vincent J. Esposito, Joseph S. Francisco

Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles and Research

The high cosmic abundance of carbon monoxide (CO) and the ubiquitous nature of aluminum-coated dust grains sets the stage for the production of weakly bound triatomic molecules AlCO (X ²Π) and AlOC (X ²Π) in circumstellar envelopes of evolved stars. Following desorption of cold AlCO and AlOC from the dust grain surface, incoming stellar radiation in the 2–9 eV wavelength range (visible to vacuum ultraviolet) will drive various photochemical processes. Ionization to the singlet cation state will cause an immediate Al–X (X = C, O) bond dissociation to form Al⁺ (¹S) and CO (X ^{1 …}

Search For Flavor-Changing Neutral Current Interactions Of The Top Quark And Higgs Boson In Final States With Two Photons In Proton-Proton Collisions At √S =13 Tev, A. Tumasyan

Department of Physics and Astronomy: Faculty Publications

Proton-proton interactions resulting in final states with two photons are studied in a search for the signature of flavor-changing neutral current interactions of top quarks (t) and Higgs bosons (H). The analysis is based on data collected at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb⁻¹. No significant excess above the background prediction is observed. Upper limits on the branching fractions (Ɓ) of the top quark decaying to a Higgs boson and an up (u) or charm …

Experimental Investigation Of The Physical Properties Of Irmsnn (M = 1, 3 And N = 2, 4, 7), Smita Speer

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Exploration of transition metal stannides, formed from a combination of transition metals (T) and Sn, has resulted in the discovery a variety of materials with interesting physical properties, which is in part due to the complexity of interactions that can occur between the T-d orbitals and Sn-p orbitals. There have been observations of (extremely) large magnetoresistance [1-4], topological flat and nearly flat bands [5-7], superconducting behavior in 2D and 3D systems [5, 8-11], ultrahigh carrier mobility [12-13], and more attributed to d-p orbital mixing in such systems. This dissertation will address the effects of T-Sn interactions …

Neutron Interferometry Using A Single Modulated Phase Grating, Ivan J. Hidrovo Giler

LSU Master's Theses

Neutron grating interferometry provides information on phase and small-angle scatter in addition to attenuation. Previously, phase grating moiré interferometers (PGMI) with two or three phase gratings have been developed. These phase-grating systems use the moiré far-field technique to avoid the need for high-aspect absorption gratings used in Talbot-Lau interferometers (TLI) which reduce the neutron flux reaching the detector. We demonstrate through simulations a novel phase grating interferometer system for cold neutrons that requires a single modulated phase grating (MPG) for phase-contrast imaging, as opposed to the two or three phase gratings in previously employed PGMI systems. We compare the MPG …

Asymmetric Localization Of Light By Second-Harmonic Generation, Hamed Ghaemi-Dizicheh, Amir Targholizadeh, Bao-Feng Feng, Hamidreza Ramezani

Physics & Astronomy Faculty Publications

We introduce a nonlinear photonic system that enables asymmetric localization and unidirectional transfer of an electromagnetic wave through the second-harmonic generation process. Our proposed scattering setup consists of a noncentrosymmetric nonlinear slab with nonlinear susceptibility χ(2) placed to the left side of a one-dimensional periodic linear photonic crystal with an embedded defect. We engineered the linear lattice to allow the localization of a selected frequency 2ω⋆ while frequency ω⋆ is in the gap. Thus in our proposed scattering setup, a left-incident coherent transverse electric wave with frequency ω⋆ partially converts to frequency 2ω⋆ and becomes localized at the defect layer …

Anisotropic Magnetoexcitons In Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Trichalcogenide Semiconductors, Roman Ya. Kezerashvili, Anastasia Spiridonova

Publications and Research

Direct and indirect excitons in Rydberg states in transition metal trichalcogenide (TMTC) monolayers, bilayers, and van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures in an external magnetic field are studied within the framework of the effective mass approximation. Binding energies of magnetoexcitons are calculated using the Rytova-Keldysh potential for direct magnetoexcitons and both the Rytova-Keldysh and Coulomb potentials for indirect magnetoexcitons. We report the magnetic field energy contribution to the binding energies and diamagnetic coefficients for magnetoexcitons that depend strongly on the effective mass anisotropy of electrons and holes. The comparative study of TMTCs and phosphorene is given. In TiS3, TiSe3, and ZrSe3 …

Prospects For Lattice Qfts On Curved Riemann Manifolds, Richard C. Brower, Casey E. Berger, George T. Fleming, Andrew D. Gasbarro, Evan K. Owen, Timothy G. Raben, Chung I. Tan, Evan S. Weinberg

Physics: Faculty Publications

Conformal or near conformal Quantum Field Theories QFT) would benefit from a rigorous non-perturbative lattice formulation beyond the flat Euclidean space, Rd. Although all UV complete QFT are generally acknowledged to be perturbatively renormalizable on smooth Riemann manifolds, non-perturbative realization on simplicial lattices (triangulation) encounter difficulties as the UV cut-off is removed. We review the Quantum Finite Element (QFE) method that combines classical Finite Element with new quantum counter terms designed to address this. The construction for maximally symmetric spaces (Sd, R × Sd−1 and AdSd+1) is outlined with numerical tests on R × S2 and a description of theoretical …

Quantum Counter-Terms For Lattice Field Theory On Curved Manifolds, Evan K. Owen, Casey E. Berger, Richard C. Brower, George T. Fleming, Andrew D. Gasbarro, Timothy G. Raben

Physics: Faculty Publications

We present the necessity of counter-terms for Quantum Finite Element (QFE) simulations of ϕ4 theory on non-trivial simplicial manifolds with semi-regular lattice spacing. By computing the local cut-off dependence of UV divergent diagrams we found that the symmetries of the continuum theory are restored for ϕ4 theory on the manifolds S2 and S2 × R in the weak coupling regime [1, 2]. Here we consider the construction of non-perturbative local counter-terms in an attempt to approach the strong coupling Wilson-Fisher IR fixed point.

Explosive Spontaneous Emulsification, Xuefei Wu, Gautam Bordia, Robert Streubel, Jaffar Hasnain, Ahmad K. Omar, Phillip L. Geissler, Dong Wang, Han Xue, Jianjun Wang, Thomas P. Russell

Department of Physics and Astronomy: Faculty Publications

Spontaneous emulsification, resulting from the assembly and accumulation of surfactants at liquid-liquid interfaces, is an interfacial instability where microdroplets are generated and diffusively spread from the interface until complete emulsification. Here, we show that an external magnetic field can modulate the assembly of paramagnetic nanoparticle surfactants (NPSs) at liquid-liquid interfaces and trigger an oversaturation in the areal density of the NPSs at the interface, as evidenced by the reduction in the interfacial tension, γ, and corroborated with a magnetostatic continuum theory. Despite the significant reduction in γ, the presence of the magnetic field does not cause stable interfaces to become …

Nano-Optical Imaging Of 2d Materials In The Quantum Regime, Hana Nazari Hrim

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of atomically thin 2D materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), is a complex process that has not been completely understood. Large-scale growth of monolayer TMDs often leads to polycrystalline films with heterogeneous morphological and optical properties. Previous optical studies of 2D materials by far-field photoluminescence (PL) provided insights into CVD growth mechanisms of simple crystals, which were, however, limited in spatial resolution due to the diffraction limit. Here we performed correlated morphological and tip-enhanced PL (TEPL) imaging of CVD-grown polycrystalline monolayer molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) flakes with heterogeneous optical response. We observed nanoscale spatial variations …

A Search For Photons With Energies Above 2 × 10 17 Ev Using Hybrid Data From The Low-Energy Extensions Of The Pierre Auger Observatory, P. Abreu, M. Aglietta, J. M. Albury, I. Allekotte, K. Almeida Cheminant, A. Almela, B. Fick, D. Nitz, I. Norwood, A. Puyleart, Et. Al.

Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1

Ultra-high-energy photons with energies exceeding 1017 eV offer a wealth of connections to different aspects of cosmic-ray astrophysics as well as to gamma-ray and neutrino astronomy. The recent observations of photons with energies in the 1015 eV range further motivate searches for even higher-energy photons. In this paper, we present a search for photons with energies exceeding 2 × 1017 eV using about 5.5 yr of hybrid data from the low-energy extensions of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The upper limits on the integral photon flux derived here are the most stringent ones to date in the energy region between 1017 …

Characterization Of Electrophoretic Deposited Zinc Oxide Nanopartices For The Fabrication Of Next-Generation Nanoscale Electronic Applications, Fawwaz Abduh A. Hazzazi

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Several reports state that it is crucial to analyze nanoscale semiconductor materials and devices with potential benefits to meet the need for next-generation nanoelectronics, bio, and nanosensors. The progress in the electronics field is as significant now, with modern technology constantly evolving and a greater focus on more efficient robust optoelectronic applications. This dissertation focuses on the study and examination of the practicality of Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) for use in semiconductor applications.

The feasibility of several synthesized electrolytes, with and without surfactants and APTES surface functionalization, is discussed. The primary objective of this study …

Mach's Principle: Why Are Some Reference Frames Inertial, And Others Not?, Joseph Moonan Walbran

Scholarly Horizons: University of Minnesota, Morris Undergraduate Journal

Mach's principle is a conjecture that was popular among physicists in the early 1900s, and which still sees occasional interest today. The principle states that large accelerating masses induce a local inertial reference frame around them. This paper introduces the principle and its history, and discusses its influence on later theories, like Maxwellian theories of gravity and general relativity.

Tess Observations Of Kepler Systems With Transit Timing Variations, Daniel Jontof-Hutter, Paul A. Dalba, John H. Livingston

Pacific Faculty Work

We identify targets in the Kepler field that may be characterized by transit timing variations and are detectable by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). Despite the reduced signal-to-noise ratio of TESS transits compared to Kepler, we recover 48 transits from 13 systems in Sectors 14, 15, 26, 40 and 41. We find strong evidence of a nontransiting perturber orbiting Kepler-396 (KOI-2672) and explore two possible cases of a third planet in that system that could explain the measured transit times. We update the ephemerides and mass constraints where possible at KOI-70 (Kepler-20), KOI-82 (Kepler-102), KOI-94 (Kepler-89), KOI-137 (Kepler-18), KOI-244 …

Probing Charm Quark Dynamics Via Multiparticle Correlations In Pb-Pb Collisions At √SNn =5.02 Tev, A. Tumasyan

Department of Physics and Astronomy: Faculty Publications

Multiparticle azimuthal correlations of prompt D⁰ mesons are measured in Pb-Pb collisions at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of √^sNN = 5.02 TeV. For the first time, a four-particle cumulant method is used to extract the second Fourier coefficient of the azimuthal distribution (ν₂) of D⁰ mesons as a function of event centrality and the D⁰ transverse momentum. The ratios of the four-particle v₂ values to previously measured two-particle cumulant results provide direct experimental access to event-by-event fluctuations of charm quark azimuthal anisotropies. These ratios are also found to be comparable to …