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Physics, Chapter 18: Transfer Of Heat, Henry Semat, Robert Katz

Robert Katz Publications

The methods by which heat is transmitted can be classified into three distinct types known as convection, conduction, and radiation. In any actual case of heat transmission, a combination of these methods may be operating simultaneously, and the principal problem is to determine the rate at which heat flows from the source at higher temperature to the source at lower temperature.

We may distinguish between the three processes of heat transfer by considering whether a medium is required for the transfer of heat, and whether that medium is at rest or in motion. In the process of conduction, …

Physics, Chapter 17: The Phases Of Matter, Henry Semat, Robert Katz

Robert Katz Publications

A substance which has a definite chemical composition can exist in one or more phases, such as the vapor phase, the liquid phase, or the solid phase. When two or more such phases are in equilibrium at any given temperature and pressure, there are always surfaces of separation between the two phases.

In the solid phase a pure substance generally exhibits a well-defined crystal structure in which the atoms or molecules of the substance are arranged in a repetitive lattice. Many substances are known to exist in several different solid phases at different conditions of temperature and pressure. These …

Physics, Chapter 15: Heat And Work, Henry Semat, Robert Katz

Robert Katz Publications

Until about 1750 the concepts of heat and temperature were not clearly distinguished. The two concepts were thought to be equivalent in the sense that bodies at equal temperatures were thought to "contain" equal amounts of heat. Joseph Black (1728-1799) was the first to make a clear distinction between heat and temperature. Black believed that heat was a form of matter, which subsequently came to be called caloric, and that the change in temperature of a body when caloric was added to it was associated with a property of the body which he called the capacity. Later investigators endowed caloric …

Physics, Appendix C, Henry Semat, Robert Katz

Robert Katz Publications

Appendix C: Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

Physics, Appendix A, Henry Semat, Robert Katz

Robert Katz Publications

Appendix A

Physics, Chapter 46: Nuclear Reactions, Henry Semat, Robert Katz

Robert Katz Publications

One of the most important developments of twentieth-century physics was the formulation of the special theory of relativity. This theory was an outgrowth of the failure of all attempts to show that the motion of the source of light relative to the observer had any effect on the speed of light. It is impossible to account for these experimental findings of Michelson and Morley, and others, on the basis of classical mechanics and electromagnetic theory. In 1905, Albert Einstein put forth the suggestion that all experimental findings would be clarified if it were assumed that the speed of light is …

Physics, Chapter 44: Stable Nuclei, Henry Semat, Robert Katz

Robert Katz Publications

Atomic and nuclear physics are essentially twentieth-century developments, although these had their origins at the close of the nineteenth century. These developments followed two parallel streams, as shown in Figure 44-1, one dealing with the electronic structure of the atom and the other dealing with its nuclear structure. These two streams served to feed each other and were fed by all other branches of physics, but only a few of the more important contributions concerning the nature of radiation, matter, and energy are shown in the figure.

Physics, Chapter 43: X-Rays, Henry Semat, Robert Katz

Robert Katz Publications

The study of the electric discharge through gases led directly to the discovery of x-rays by W. C. Roentgen in 1895. While operating a gas discharge tube, Roentgen observed that a platinum-barium cyanide screen at some distance from the tube fluoresced. He shielded the tube so that no visible radiation could reach the screen, but the fluorescence could still be observed. On interposing various materials between the tube and the screen, he found that the intensity of the fluorescence could be diminished, but that it was not completely obliterated. He interpreted these observations as being due to radiation coming from …

Physics, Chapter 42: Optical Spectra And Atomic Structure, Henry Semat, Robert Katz

Robert Katz Publications

When light passes through a prism spectroscope or a diffraction-grating spectroscope, an optical spectrum is obtained in which the intensity of the radiation may be analyzed as a function of wavelength. The spectrum may be observed visually in the limited wavelength region to which the eye is sensitive; it may be focused on a photographic plate or upon a thermocouple or thermopile. Our knowledge of the structure of atoms and molecules is largely dependent upon the analyses of optical spectra, for these spectra are characteristic of the emitting atoms or molecules. Even before the spectra of atoms were properly understood …

Physics, Chapter 41: Polarized Light, Henry Semat, Robert Katz

Robert Katz Publications

The phenomena of interference and diffraction show that light is propagated as a wave motion, but they do not show whether light is a longitudinal wave or a transverse wave. The fact that the velocity of light is the same as the velocity of radio waves and the radiation of visible light from accelerated electrons, as in a betatron, indicates that light is an electromagnetic wave. We recall from Section 20-9 that a wave can be shown to be transverse if a device can be found which will prevent passage of the wave in one orientation and will allow the …

Physics, Chapter 40: Light As A Wave Motion, Henry Semat, Robert Katz

Robert Katz Publications

Let us recount some of the characteristics of the motion of particles and the propagation of waves, with a view toward analyzing the behavior of light. In accordance with Newton's first law, a particle moves in a straight-line path in the absence of external forces. Thus we might infer, as Newton suggested, that light is composed of particles, and that, in a continuous medium, there is no deflecting force on the light particles. At the interface between two media, light may be propagated in a straight line parallel to the interface. Thus even at an interface there is no force …

Physics, Chapter 38: Mirrors And Lenses, Henry Semat, Robert Katz

Robert Katz Publications

A spherical mirror consists of a small section of the surface of a sphere with one side of the surface covered with a polished reflecting material, usually silver or aluminum. If the outside, or convex surface, is silvered, we have a convex mirror; if the inside, or concave surface, is silvered, we have a concave mirror, as shown in Figure 38-1. Most mirrors used commercially are made of glass, with the rear surface silvered and then coated with a layer of paint or lacquer for protection. Mirrors for astronomical telescopes (')f other accurate scientific work are provided with a reflective …

Physics [Complete Work], Henry Semat, Robert Katz

Robert Katz Publications

This book is intended for students of science and engineering; it aims to develop both an understanding of the important concepts of physics and some analytical skill in the solutions of problems. The mathematical level of the book is such that it may be used by students who are taking a course in calculus concurrently.

The notations and methods of the calculus are introduced early in the text, beginning with the concept of a derivative in the discussion of motion, and are then extended to more complex problems as the student progresses both in physics and in mathematics. Vector algebra …

Effect Of Change In Moment Of Inertia On The Intensity Distribution In P And R Branches Of C OoV Molecules, Gordon A. Gallup

Gordon Gallup Publications

The effect of the change in moment of inertia part of the interaction between vibration and rotation on the intensities of parallel bands of linear polyatomic molecules has been determined to the first order. The results are quite similar to those of Herman and Wallis for diatomic molecules. The interaction term depends on among others a quantity, ξ _k, different in general for each band. Perpendicular bands do not show a first-order correction. A ``sum rule'' for the ξ _k has been determined.

A Study Of Current Noise In Cokes, Carbons, And Graphites, Robert J. Lanter

Physics & Astronomy ETDs

This study shows that current noise occurs when there is a deviation of Ohm's Law, i.e., when the applied voltage and resultant current are no longer proportional. Since most, and perhaps all, cases of occurrence of frequency and current dependent noise are associated with non-linear devices, e.g., semiconductors, diodes, vacuum tubes, insulators near breakdown, it seems reasonable to seek a mechanism involving non-linearity as an important feature. Even though it may not be justifiable to seek a single mechanism to explain all of the occurrences of current noise, nevertheless, the fact that in cases studied and discussed herein …

A Cloud Chamber Study Of Penetrating Showers In Aluminum, Copper And Lead, James Francis Kenney

Physics & Astronomy ETDs

In recent years, much work has been done in the investigation of high-energy nuclear collisions in various materials. The purpose of these investigations is to gain a better understanding of nucleon-meson-nucleon interactions at high energies. Laboratory accelerating devices are capable at the present time of attaining energies which are still very low in comparison to the upper limit of the cosmic radiation energy spectrum. As a result, these investigations are best carried out by using the very hard component of the cosmic radition as the primary particle of the collision.

A Pulse Length Analyzer, Paul Scheie

Physics & Astronomy ETDs

For experiments involving small scintillators and for experiments involving scintillator telescopes, the circuitry may closely resemble that used with geiger counters. However, if it is desired to make use of the variation in the signal amplitude in a large scintillator, some means must be found to deal with a wide range of amplitudes. The scintillator employed in the experiment to which this work relates is a tank 10 feet in diameter that contains 300 gallons of activated toluene; light of the scintillations is collected by a 16 inch photo-multiplier tube that is located on top of the tank.

A Chemical Ozone Measuring Radio Sonde, Alan W. Peterson

Physics & Astronomy ETDs

The Vertical distribution of atmospheric ozone has been determined spectroscopically either from surface observations or from balloon-borne spectrographs sent aloft. These spectrographic techniques have several disadvantages. Surface observations of the "Umkehr Effect" give only a rough distribution, four or five points for the entire atmosphere.

A Differential Counting Rate Meter For Low Counting Rates, James J. Schmidt

Open Access Master's Theses (through 2010)

A counting rate meter was constructed after a circuit suggested by Harald Trefall, with a power supply after Elmore.The instrument was tested and proved quite stable after operating for several weeks.The response of the instrument was calculated and the experimental results verified the calculations.Methods of calibration and operation of the instrument were developed to obtain the full benefit of its design.A set of calibration curves was obtained from the counting rate meter and a suggestion for their use in interpreting the output was made.

The research resulted in the construction of an instrument with the following specifications:

Maximum Counting Rates: …

Volume 3, Number 1 - May 1957

The Entropy

The Entropy (also published as the Providence College Journal of Physics and Chemistry) was an undergraduate scholarship journal published by the Phi Chi Club of Providence College. (Volume 3, Number 1 - May 1957 - 19 pages in total.)

Determination Of The Field Gradient Of The Marquette University Magnet, Jerome L. Zaharias

Bachelors’ Theses

The Marquette University Physics Department is interested in knowing the field gradient of the magnet being used in the research laboratory there. It is our assignment, with the apparatus at hand, to determine the field gradient of the magnet to the limit of our apparatus.

Structure Of Ch2, Gordon A. Gallup

Gordon Gallup Publications

CH₂
Recent mechanism studies have created interest in the question of the spin multiplicity in the molecular fragment CH₂. The present note concerns a detailed quantum-mechanical calculation, using the LCAO-MO approximation, undertaken to determine if numerical calculations indicate any preference of one state over the other.

Applications Of The Silicon Solar Cell In High Altitude Research, James G. Busse

Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science

No abstract provided.

Specificity Of Intermolecular Forces Due To Quantummechanical And Thermal Charge Fluctuations*, Herbert Jehle

Department of Physics and Astronomy: Faculty Publications

The preceding note¹ (Paper I) developed the theory of the specificity of some intermolecular forces: the forces due to fluctuations of electric charge distribution in and over the interacting molecules. It was found that for a mixture of molecules in a liquid medium these forces cause a rearrangement of the molecules, so that molecules which have the same distribution of oscillator polarizabilities and oscillator orientations over the frequency spectrum tend to associate. This means that like molecules tend to become nearest neighbors. For that reason it was said that there is specific attraction between identical molecules.

Some Thermodynamic And Structural Properties Of A Linear Chain Of Atoms, And Extension Of The Model To Two- And Three-Dimensional Cases, Hari Gopal Mukerjee

Masters Theses

"An attempt has been made in the present work to derive some thermodynamic and structural properties of a linear chain of atoms (under somewhat idealized conditions) moving in the fields of nearest neighbours and assuming a parabolic well in the interaction of pairs within the range of relative movements. The equation of state and other formulas derived are applicable only to the linear model which could be considered as a simplified form of one-dimensional crystals in the form of chain-like molecules of rubber-like substances. An attempt has also been made to extend the model to two- and three-dimensional cases"--Introduction, page …

Internal Friction In Manganese Copper Alloys, William Paul Dixon

Masters Theses

"The study of the physical properties of the manganese-copper alloys is an intriguing one. These alloys show promise of usefulness in instances in which high internal friction is needed to reduce the noise and vibrational stresses at resonant frequencies of a part of a machine. The purpose of this study has been to learn more about the internal friction of manganese-copper alloys as a function of temperature, stress amplitude, frequency, time, and past history of the specimen. From this information the mechanism for absorption of vibrational energy is proposed, or at least some progress has been made toward its determination. …

Detection Of Low Energy Positive Ions By Scintillation Methods, Graydon J. Hanson

Masters Theses

"This thesis deals with the feasibility of efficiently detecting low energy positive ions, those with energies of less than several hundred electron volts, using phosphors.

The scintillation technique, first used visually and greatly improved in the last ten years by the use of a photomultiplier tube, has greatly advanced detection in high energy fields. The photomultiplier is capable of delivering milliampere pulses of current of short duration and these can be registered directly by the many electronic devices currently in use.

Extensive work has been done with phosphors which scintillate under which energy bombardment, due in part to their wide …

A Probe For Measuring Ultrasonic Pressures, Robert F. Rohrer

Masters Theses

"In the study of acoustics, the term ultrasonics is defined as those wave motions that have frequencies greater than about 20,000 cycles per second. The characteristics of a sound wave at any point in a medium can be regarded as completely defined when the amplitude, frequency, and phase of its Fourier components are known.

Sound measurements at their best are difficult. In the last few years sensitive linear microphones and electronic amplifiers have become available. Still, there are two difficulties of prime importance with their use in a sound field. First, there is the precise, absolute calibration of the equipment …

Specificity Of The London-Eisenschitz Wang Force*, Jerrold M. Yos, William L. Bade, Herbert Jehle

Department of Physics and Astronomy: Faculty Publications

The London force between macromolecules immersed in a liquid medium has an interesting property which may be of biological significance. For the purpose of formulating the London interaction, one may represent each macromolecule by a set of electric dipole oscillators of specified polarizability, frequency, and orientation. To consider the simplest case, one may study macromolecules of globular form not in direct contact with each other. (They might be separated by Debyeiuckel- Onsager atmospheres made up of molecules from the medium; then the equilibrium distance between the macromolecules would be regulated by concentration changes in the ionic medium.)' Such a geometrical …

Correlation Between Grades In Engineering Physics And Performance In Engineering Curricula, Donald Hoyt, Louis D. Ellsworth, Robert Katz

Robert Katz Publications

A survey of grades in Engineering Physics I at Kansas State College showed that the inner structure of the course was highly consistent. The correlation coefficient between the average of the first three tests and the final grade was about 0.88. More significantly, valuable prognostic data could be obtained from the final grade in the course. The correlation coefficient between the Engineering Physics I grade and the final grade point average of students who completed the course was about 0.83. Only 21% of the students initially failing the course successfully completed an engineering degree, while about 75% of the A, …