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Dorycnium And Other Mediterranean Species - Their Use For Forage And Soil Conservation In Semi-Arid Environments Of New Zealand, B J. Wills, J.S C. Begg, J S.S Sheppard

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Dorycnium is one of several Mediterranean plant species that have been under evaluation for soil conservation purposes in New Zealand since the 1970's. In the dry South Island hill country, particular problems exist in relation to drought-prone, wind and frost affected, low to moderate fertility soils. In many cases these areas can provide for stock wintering and lambing, but in a semi-arid climate they produce little stock forage and provide an ideal habitat for rabbits. The two Dorycnium species described in this paper are nitro­gen fixing, leguminous plants which have shown considerable promise for revegetation in drought-prone and semi-arid areas …

Effet De L'Arbuste Fourrager Atriplex Repanda Phil. Sur La Fertilite Du Sol Et Sur La Strate Herbacee Associee, S Lailhacar, A Carasco, M A. Sadzaw, G Castellaro

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Au cours des dernieres annees, les plantations d'arbustes fourragers ont prolifere pour corriger Jes deficiences nutritives saisonnieres en proteine et carotene des therophytes qui domi­nent la strate herbacee des prairies de climat mediterraneen aride du Chili. En 1988 la rve Region possedait plus de 30.000 ha de plantations d'Atriplex repanda et A. nummularia. Etant donne les qualites nutritives de ces arbustes, ils doivent etre consideres comme complement du fourrage herbace et non pas comme son substitut, et, autant que possible, les deux res­sources devraient etre presentes pour fournir un regime satis­faisant a la fin de la gestation d'ovins et de …

Salt Tolerant Legumes From The Guadalquivir Delta (S.W. Spain), T Maranon, J M. Romero, J M. Murillo

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Saline environments occupy about 15 millions ha in the Mediterranean basin (Le Houerou, 1986). Many of those areas have been traditionally devoted to grazing. Native salt tolerant ecotypes of forage legumes and grasses are increasingly menaced. Overgrazing may lead to local extinction of the most palatable races ; on the other hand, their habitats are decreasing in salt marshes by drainage and farm­land reclamation. Therefore, a coordinated program of survey, evaluation and conservation of salt tolerant plant genetic resources would be desirable in the Mediterranean basin. A project to study the ecology, physiology and nutritive value of salt tolerant annual …

Improving Pasture Resources In West Africa: Evaluation Of Forage Legumes To Meet The Social And Ecological Constraints, S A. Tarawali, M Peters, M A. Mohamed Saleem

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Throughout sub-Saharan Africa, poor nutrition is a major constraint to livestock production (Henzell and t'Mannetje, 1980). In the West African subhumid and semi arid zones, the harsh dry season means that the quality of the naturally avail­able forage is insufficient to meet cattle maintenance requirements for more than half the year (Mohamed-Saleem, 1986) ; in more humid areas intensive cropping restricts access to fodder. The introduction of improved forage legumes is recognised to be a viable approach to alleviating this problem (Jones et al., 1984). In Nigeria, the International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA) has successfully introduced Stylosan­thes pastures to …

Structure And Function Of The Central Himalayan Alpine Grassland, India, J Ram, S P. Singh

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Extensive alpine and sub-alpine pastures occur in Central Himalaya (28-31° N lat. and 79-81° E long.) at 3.000-4.500 rn. There is a notable lack of quantitative information on high mountain grasslands in India. During the snow-free surnrner period (May to September), graziers both from plains and hills stay in these meadows to graze their sheep, horses and cattle. The primary objective of this study was to quantify the struc­ture and productivity of Himalayan alpine grassland and com­pare the same with alpine sites distributed elsewhere and those of the adjacent Gangetic plains.

Interest Of Traditional Practices To Improve Grassland Fertility In The Central Pyrenees, G Balent, M Duru

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the Central Pyrenees, the decline of agriculture has led to the transformation of fields into grasslands. The study of the dynamic of this secundary succession has shown the import­ance of residual soil fertility and grazing pressure on the botan­ical composition of plots (Balent & Duru, 1984). The actuals trends of evolution consist in a general decrease of soil fertility and, an irregular distribution of grazing pressure, the free-ran­ging animals selecting, during winter and early spring, the sites of higher fertility (Balent, 1986). From the mineral and botanical compositions of the veg­etation, we examine the interest of three traditional manage­ment …

Importance Of Productive Grasslands In Protected Landscape Regions, Holecy Bohus

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grasslands, especially pastures, are often situated on extreme mountain sites in our country. Due to their botanical structure and natural production potential, they influence the ecological character of the region and give the impression of protected landscape. The aim is to preserve this specific character of the lanscape and on the other hand to look for the moderate grassland improvement and better utilization by nutrition and regular grazing. The untreated and non-utilized grasslands can lead to unfavourable changes of swards in the high localities. Therefore we tried to solve the moderate improvement of natural subalpine grasslands in the High Tatra …

Sociabilities, Morphologie Et Valeurs Nutritives Des Vegetations Prairiales, J M. Dorioz, Ph Fleury, B Jeannin

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Les especes dominantes des prairies presentent souvent une grande plasticite phenotypique dont les manifestations les plus spectaculaires au plan fourrager sont les changements du port, du volume relatif des organes et de la phenologie (Hedin, 1945; Hayne, 1983). L'amplitude de ces variations dans une meme region est mal connue. On peut done se demander dans quelle mesure elles remettent en cause la valeur indicatrice habituelle­ment attribuee a ce type d'especes, en outre, s'il n'est pas utile de chercher a codifier la morphologie des dominantes, pour ameliorer les diagnostics agronomiques. Ce texte contient des reflexions autour de ces themes. 11 s'ap­puie …

Legume Pasture Units For Supplementing Cattle Grazing Rangeland Under Traditional Production Systems In The Nigerian Subhumid Zone, R.R Von Kaufmann, M.A Mohamed Saleem

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The subhumid zone occupies approximately 20 % of West Africa and 50 % percent of Nigeria, subsaharan Africa's most populous country. It is characterised by receiv��ng between 900 and 1500 mm of annual precipitation and havmg between 170 and 280 growing days per annum. Although the zone h��s high agricultural potential it has been avoided by both c1;1ltiva!ors and pastoralists until recently mainly due to po��r s01l f��rtlhty and the endemic cattle disease, tryponosormas1s, earned by tsetse flies. Now increasing settlement of people is leading to ecological changes that are permitting the perma��en�� residei:ce of ruminant livestock. Clearing ofland for …

Planning Seasonal Forage Strategies In Dairy Farms A Linear Programming Approach, G Pichard, J Ortega, R Cussen

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The nutritional requirement of any dairy herd varies along the year according mainly with the liveweight and the physio­logical stages of the animals. Similarily the grasslands and for­age crops have specific and characteristic seasonal behaviour, both in terms of growth rate and nutritional quality. This situ­ation is very dynamic and may become difficult to handle when several alternatives of forage species have to be combined in order to meet the animal requirements. In the humid temperate regions in Chile, most of the forage production in permanent grasslands occurs in spring because of the extreme drought during summer and low temperature-high …

Comparison Of Meat Performance Of Lambs Kept On Pastures And Intensively Fed On Pastures As Well As In Fattening Units, S Kukovics, T Schuszter, Cs Lanyi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Hungary is an exporting country in lambs which go for export either live or slaughtered. The majority of lambs are intensively fattened before slaughter or before live export. In the fattening pens (group fatting), a mixture of pelleted feed is offered ad libitum, but, in many cases, hay and/or straw are also fed. This feeding technology involves significant costs ; therefore, the testing of various fattening methods have been aimed at. Besides, we wished to study the fattening performance of imported Corriedale and Romney sheep, by using New-Zeal­and as well as Hungarian methods.

Comportement Alimentaire De Cerfs Rusa En Croissance Recevant Une Tation A Base De Graminee (Brachiaria Mutica), P Grimaud, P Chardonnet

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

L'elevage commercial du cerf rusa en Nouvelle-Caledonie a commence en 1987. Les connaissances zootechniques sur cette espece sont encore sommaires a ce jour et !'experience menee vise a etudier Jes preferences alimentaires, la consommation et la croissance de cerfs recevant a volonte trois aliments de valeur nutritive moyenne a bonne.

Study Of A Strategy To Intensify Sheep Production Systems With Merino Ewes Grazing Mediterranean Natural Pastures, B H. Manterola, A L. Sirhan, A Dina Cerda

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In chilean arid and semiarid mediterranean ranges with a rainfall of 250 to 600 mm mainly during fall and winter and with a drought period of six to seven months per year natural pasture develops being the main forage source for sheep pro­duction. Productivity level is based on a 70-75 lambing percent­age and 0.8-0.9 lambs/ewe/year, equivalent to 25-30 kg/ha/yr (at a stocking rate of 1 ewe/ha/yr). The first objective of this research was to quantify the reproductive and productive potential of Precocius Merino ewes, under intensive system with mating every eight months. The second objective was to study the performance …

Forward Rotational Grazing On Digitaria Decumbens Pasture With Weaned Female Creole Goats In Guadeloupe, G Alexandre, H Baudot, P Cruz, S Prache

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Tropical herbage production regulation, obtained through fertilisation and irrigation, doesn't solve the problem of the low nutritive value and the low level of voluntary intake of this herbage. These problems are particulary important with young growing animals regarding to their low ingestive capacity and their high growth requirements. Different pasture management systems have been tested in Guadeloupe (French West Indies) in order to propose a better utilization of tropical pastures.

The Performance Of Sucking Lambs Grazing Unfertilized An Fertilized Natural Pasture And Rangeland Under Subarctic Conditions, Olafur Gudmundsson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Under subartic conditions natural pastures and rangelands are not very productive and are often vulnerable to erosion when overgrazed. The grazing season is also very short, often only four to five months, during which time the lambs have to reach slaughter weight. It is therefore critical to increase car­rying capacity and production of the land. Several studies have tested fertilizer use to increase plant pro­duction under these condition (e.g., Thorsteinsson and Sigurbjornsson, 1961 ; Arnalds 1974; Arnalds et al. 1980). However, while these studies have shown a manifold increase in forage production and a shift in plant composition to a …

Studies In Production Of Weaned Merino Lambs In Relation To Pasture Species During Their First Summer In Southern Australia, H Lloyd Davies

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A typical Mediterranean environment imposes problems in ensuring adequate nutrition of weaned lambs during their first summer (Allden 1959). All pasture species will have matured and set seed and generally are of low nutritive value. One solu­tion to this problem is to graze pasture species grown under irrigation. The work reported here is on several investigations into the response of sheep in liveweight and wool production to some pure stands of grasses and legumes.

The Effects Of Graminaceous Species And Stocking Rate On Grazing Performance Of Charolais Steers, Francoise Riviere, Odile Colin

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

High daily intakes of herbage with high digestibility are required to maximise animal production output per hectare from grazing. Tall fescue (TF) is well known for its high herbage pro­duction but its nutritive value may limit animal growth (Jacobson, 1969). Recently progress in sward species selection has provided· new TF cultivars with smooth leaves more digestible and better ingested by animals than the previous cultivars. The purpose of the trials reported here was to study, in com­parison with perennial rye grass (PRG), the influence of new tall fescue cultivars, on steers growth grazing at two stocking rates.

Evaluation Of Three Tropical Perennial Grasses For Beef Production In South Central Florida, A Larbi, P Mislevy, W F. Brown, M B. Adjei

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Species of the genus Cynodon (Bermudagrasses and star­grasses) have a considerable potential for grazing in southern Florida (Adjei et al., 1980, Pitman et al., 1984). Preliminary evaluation studies indicate that two new stargrass cultivars, Florico and Florona ( Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var nlemfuensis) and Callie Hybrid Bermudagrass [C. dactylon (L.) Pers Tifton 44 X Callie], may offer alternatives to commercially available cultivars, due to their high forage production, persist­ence, cold tolerance and better nutritive value (Mislevy et al., 1981 and Brown, 1986). Little is known, however, of animal performance on these grasses under grazing. The objective of the study was …

Effects Of Grazing Sainfoin Stubble Fields And Adding With Green Hay On Grass-Lamb Fattening, Fu Yikun, Jia Dujing, Li Guangdi, Dang Bo, Wen Shangwen, Xu Changlin

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

With its fast turnover, low cost and high nutrition, lamb pro­duction has been developing an important industry of seasonal animal husbandry recently in China. The way of taking lambs from pastoral area and then fattened in farming area is con­sidered to be most effective for lambs can make good use of feeds and climate resources in both farming and pastoral areas. The effects of grazing sainfoin ( Onobrychis viciifolia) stubble fields and adding with green hay on two types of lamb fattening were studied by means of measuring live-weight gains, meat quality and carcass output during 1986-1987, and the …

Efficiency Of Grazing On Growth And Nutrient Intake Of Dairy Heifers, M Okamoto, I Iketaki, N Hasegawa, N Yoshida

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grazing has traditionally been recognized as one of the most important labor-saving means in which herbage can be utilized more economically. However, in Japan, the practice of grazing is declining due to improved farm management - more animals per farm, greater harvest yield per area and higher production performance. Grazing animals tend to be healthier and more productive than animals kept in confinement. In addition, feed cost of raising dairy heifers on high pasture system is reduced by more than 50 % relative to the conventional (dry lot) system and to 65 % when the cost oflabor and facilities are …

Beef Production From Digitaria Eriantha Subsp. Eriantha In A Sub-Tropical Environment, M B. Hardy, N N. Gray

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Digitaria eriantha subsp. eriantha, previously known as D. smutsii (Russel and Smook 1980), is a robust perennial grass adapted to a wide range of soils and climatic conditions. In Australia, the species has performed well on a number of sites with soils ranging from« cracking clays to sandy loams» where rainfall varied between 400 and 1000 mm/annum (Strickland 1987). A similar range of adaptability has been recorded in South Africa (Brockett and Gray 1984, Dannhauser 1985). In cutting trials, D. eriantha yielded between 3500 and 15000 kg of dry matter/ha with annual rainfall of 450 and 1200 mm/annum respectively. The …

Performance Of Three Beef Cow Genotypes When Grazing Sown Pasture At Two Sward Heights, I A. Wright, J R. Jones, T J. Maxwell, A.J F. Russel

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In grassland based systems of animal production, it is important to choose a genotype of animal with production characteristics appropriate to the level of nutrition which can be supplied by the available resources. It is generally recognised that the most economically efficient beef cow systems are those that allow the cows to increase levels of body fat when feed is plentiful or cheap (eg. summer grazing in N. Europe) and to draw on those reserves during periods of feed scarcity or when feed is expensive (eg. winter) (Russel and Broadbent, 1985). The ability of cows to increase body reserves during …

Cow-Calf Performance On Cool Season And Warm Season Pasture Systems, J R. Gerrish, F A. Martz, V A. Johnson, R E. Morrow, G B. Garner

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Preweaning growth of beef calves is determined by milk pro­duction of the dam and herbage consumption by the calf. These parameters are impacted by quantity of herbage on offer and nutritive quality of the sward. Forage availability and quality are dependent upon species composition and pasture manage­ment. In the humid temperate regions, both C3 and C4 species are utilized in grazing programs with traditional grazing man­agement being either continuous or very lax rotations. A graz­ing study was undertaken to evaluate the preweaning growth of calves and milk production of their dams as impacted by pas­ture species and intensity of management …

Soil Fertility And Beef Production In The Semi-Arid Sub-Tropics, P C. Kerridge, R W. Mclean

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Two-thirds of the grazing lands in Queensland are on infer­tile soils, low in organic matter, phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) (Weston et al., 1981). Pasture quality is low and average liveweight gain (L WG) of steers on these soils ranges from 0.10 to 0.30 kg/day compared to 0.40 to 0.50 kg/day on more fertile soils. Low herbage production limits carrying capacity to 3-10 ha/animal. The nutritive value can be improved by (i) direct supplementation of animals with N and P, (ii) introduction of a legume together with fertilizer and/or supplement P or (iii) use of heavily fertilized improved grasses ± …

Long-Term Productivity Of Legumes-Based And Pure Grass Pastures In The Eastern Plains Of Colombia, C Lascano, J Estrada

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The savannas of Colombia have acid soils of low fertility, a well defined dry season and an herbaceous native vegetation of low nutritional value (Lascano and Spain, 1986). As a conse­quence, traditional livestock production is extensive and of low productivity in terms of animal growth and reproduction (Vera and Sere, 1985). An economically attractive alternative to increase cattle production in the savannas of Colombia is through the use of legume-based pastures, provided they are productive and persistent (Nores and Estrada, 1979). This paper presents results on animal production and forage attnbutes of a long-term grazing experiment which includes a grass …

Production And Utilization Of High-Quality Cold-Hardy Forages, D W. Koch, C Kercher, D Agee, R Jones

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grazing is generally the least expensive method of forage utilization ; however, in temperate climates the growing season is relatively short and perennial forages are at peak nutritive value for a relatively short time. Brassica spp. have several characteristics which make them prime candidates for extending the grazing season : (1) they mature rapidly (Guillard and Allinson, 1984); (2) they are frost tolerant and maintain high nutrient value well during cold weather (Jung et al., 1984); and (3) they can be established with minimum tillage techniques (Jung et al., 1984; Koch et al., 1987). The purpose of this study was …

Enhancement Of Phenolic, Flavonoid, And Biological Activi-Ties In Fermented Pea (Pisum Sativum) Extracts Via Frac-Tionation, Anastasia Fitria Devi, Euis Filailla, Setyani Budiari, Hani Mulyani, Nina Artanti

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

In this study, peas were fermented for 24 h using either Rhizopus oligosporus or Aspergillus oryzae. The resulting fermented peas, along with unfermented peas, were extracted using either methanol or water. The methanol extracts showed greater improvements following fermentation compared to the water extracts, as shown by the IC₅₀ values, which progressed from >500 to ≤200 µg/mL, as determined via the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) method. Consequently, further fractionations focused on the methanol extracts of the fermented peas. Six bands were resolved on thin-layer chromatography plates for each extract. Their positions demonstrated significant effects (p < 0.05) on bioactivity. The bottom band (i.e., Band 1) exhibited approximately 70% inhibition, as determined via the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and 35% inhibition according to the ABTS method, while the other bands displayed lower to negligible inhibition. Band 5 displayed 85–97% cytotoxicity, while Band 1 did not show any cytotoxicity. The total phenolic content (TPC) of Band 1 and the total flavonoid content (TFC) of Band 6 increased 4.4- and 8.9-fold, respectively, compared to those of the unfractionated extracts. Furthermore, a correlation analysis revealed a strong correlation between TFC and the three observed bioactivities. The different cultures significantly (p < 0.05) affected the antioxidant activity of either the fermented pea extracts or the resulting bands, as determined via the DPPH method. These results indicated that fermentation enhanced the antioxidant activity of peas. Subsequent fractionations separated and concentrated compounds from the fermented peas, improving the bioactivities, TPC, and TFC of the resulting fractions.

Synthesis Of Gold Nanoparticles Using Hordeum Vulgare Leaf Extract And Their Antibacterial Activity, Mohamed M. Sehree, Shakir Ghazi Gergees, Pakhshan A. Hassan

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

Plant extracts and gold nanoparticles are promising alternatives for combating antibiotic resistance in light of the increasing bacterial resistance. Leaf extract of barley was used to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Barley gold nanoparticles (BL-AuNPs) were produced by adjusting some reaction parameters. These BL-AuNPs were characterized through employing the UV-visible spectroscopy technique, the scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). BL-AuNPs were tested for antibacterial efficacy against two strains of Gram-negative bacteria, clinically isolated and considered as multidrug-resistant pathogens, Acinetobacter baumannii and Salmonella typhi. The antimicrobial efficiency of the compounds was evaluated …

Comparing Methods For Glomerular Filtration Rate Estimation, Xiaoqian Zhu, Tariq Shafi, Keith Norris, Jeannette Simino, Srishti Shrestha, Thomas H. Mosley, Michael E. Griswold, Seth T. Lirette

Data Science Publications

Background: The glomerular filtration rate (GFR), estimated from serum creatinine (SCr), is widely used in clinical practice for kidney function assessment, but SCr-based equations are limited by non-GFR determinants and may introduce inaccuracies across racial groups. Few studies have evaluated whether advanced modeling techniques enhance their performance. Methods: Using multivariable fractional polynomials (MFP), generalized additive models (GAM), random forests (RF), and gradient boosted machines (GBM), we developed four SCr-based GFR-estimating equations in a pooled data set from four cohorts (n = 4665). Their performance was compared to that of the refitted linear regression-based 2021 CKD-EPI SCr equation using bias (median …

Hypertensive Disorders Of Pregnancy And Perinatal Outcomes: Two Prospective Cohort Studies Of Nulliparous Women In India And Tanzania, Andrea B. Pembe, Pratibha Dwarkanath, Amani Kikula, John Michael Raj, Nandita Perumal Phd, Heavenlight A. Paulo, Rajalakshmi M, Christopher P. Duggan, Honorati M. Masanja, Nandini Chopra, Mary M. Sando, Tinku Thomas, Cara A. Yelverton, Alfa Muhihi, Anura V. Kurpad, Wafaie E. Fawzi, Blair J. Wylie, Christopher R. Sudfeld

Faculty Publications

Introduction Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) have been linked with increased risk for maternal and offspring complications in high-income settings. However, in resource-limited settings, studies with robust measurement of HDP, including severity and timing, and perinatal outcomes are limited.

Methods We analysed data from two prospective cohorts of nulliparous women in India (n=10 570 pregnancies) and Tanzania (n=10 299 pregnancies) who were enrolled in calcium supplementation trials and had blood pressure and proteinuria assessments throughout pregnancy and at the time of labour and delivery. Generalised estimating equations were used to assess the relationship between HDP severity categories (gestational hypertension, preeclampsia …