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Effects Of Pesticides On Immune Competency: Influence Of Methyl Parathion And Carbofuran On Immunologic Responses To Salmonella Typhimurium Infection, Anna M. Fan

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Immunologic competence is correlated with resistance to infectious disease which may be affected by exposure to certain compounds. Methyl parathion (MP) and carbofuran (CF) have been reported to affect the development of active immunity in the rabbit and the present research was conducted to quantify the dosage relationships of these two pesticides to both host resistance and acquired resistance in the mouse.

Preliminary study was made on the virulence of Salmonella typhimurium in mice. Mortality rates among infected animals fed Purina Laboratory Chow diet providing 0.08, 0.7 3.0 mg MP/kg/day or 0.1, 0.6, 1.0 mg CF/kg/day along with untreated controls …

Abstracts Of Papers, 92nd Session, Iowa Academy Of Science, April 18-19, 1980, Iowa Academy Of Science

Iowa Academy of Science Documents

Presentation abstracts from the annual meeting of the Iowa Academy of Science

Ward V. Coleman, Cert. Granted (Sub Nom. United States V. Ward): A Fifth Amendment Problem In The Enforcement Of The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, Mark Cohen

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

On March 23, 1975 oil leaked out of an oil retention pit at a drilling site owned by L.O. Ward. Ward was an Oklahoma wildcatter and the owner and operator of L.O. Ward Oil and Gas Operations. The spilled oil ran down a gully and into Boggie Creek. Boggie Creek is a tributary of the navigable Arkansas River. The discharge of oil from Ward's property therefore amounted to the discharge of a harmful quantity of oil within the meaning of Section 1321 (b)(3) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and also a harmful quantity within the meaning of regulations …

An Avoidance Response Bioassay For Aquatic Pollutants, Jeffrey A. Black, Wesley J. Birge

KWRRI Research Reports

Avoidance response bioassays were conducted with eight aquatic contaminants, including cadmium, copper, mercury, zinc, chloroform, dioctyl phthalate (DOP), trisodium nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), and phenol. Tests were performed in a dual-channel fluviarium system, and the toxicant injection procedure used provided good regulation of exposure concentrations. Juvenile stages of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), and tadpoles of the American toad (Bufo americanus) proved to be suitable animals for evaluating avoidance or attraction responses. The trout was the most sensitive species tested.

Avoidance was significant in tests …

Macrobenthic Communities Of An Industrialized Seaport Ecosystem: The Southern Branch Of The Elizabeth River, Virginia, Steven D. Hawthorne

Biological Sciences Theses & Dissertations

Macrobenthic invertebrates of an industrialized seaport ecosystem were studied seasonally from October, 1977 through July, 1978. Five stations were selected along the Southern Branch of the Elizabeth River, Virginia. The stations ranged from an area of heavy industrialization to a non-urbanized environment. At each station, bottom water was measured for salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH. Within each sampling area, macrobenthic infauna! invertebrates were collected from in and out of channel sites along with sediment samples for various types of physicochemical analysis.

Community structure was spatially homogeneous at station sites and throughout the stations along the River. Slightly acidic pH …

Isolation And Enumeration Of Enteric Viruses From Primary Wastewater Sludge, Michael Wayne Nath

Biological Sciences Theses & Dissertations

The presence of large numbers of enteric viruses in wastewaters has resulted in concern regarding their significance and consequences for humans. Assessments of relative significance or consequences may most accurately be made following precise measurements of the range of virus types and amounts in wastewaters and sludges and after epidemiological considerations. In this study, results are presented pertaining to enteric virus isolation, concentration, and enumeration from primary wastewater sludges.

As an integral part of a comparison of isolation procedures, several anionic surfactants were examined for extraction of enteric viruses from primary wastewater sludges. Plaquing efficiencies for poliovirus type 2 and …

Exclusion Of Gulls From Reservoirs In Orange County, California, William Amling

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Measures to exclude gulls from two coastal domestic water supply reservoirs in Orange County have included the use of shotguns, exploding shell cartridges and carbide cannons. Alternative methods were explored which hopefully would prove more effective and less costly than the harassment techniques being employed. The installation of a network of spaced wire over the reservoir water surface has successfully excluded gulls from these bodies of water.

Mountain Beaver Problems In The Forests Of California, Oregon And Washington, John E. Borrecco, Robert J. Anderson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Mountain beavers (Aplodontia rufa) cause considerable damage to forest trees in the Pacific Northwest. Feeding injuries result in mortality, growth losses, deformity of trees, and understocked plantations. Losses are most severe in new plantations with significant damage problems also occurring in sapling stands. Trapping, and placing physical barriers around individual trees, are the most common methods of control. Both methods are costly but effective in reducing damage.

The Situation Of Grain-Eating Birds In Somalia, Richard L. Bruggers

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Research into the biology and control of pest birds in Somalia has continued intermittently since 1971 under UNDP funding of four projects. Data have been gathered on the identification, distribution, and status of the principal pest species to agriculture. These species include the Red-billed Quelea (Quelea quelea), of which northern and southern races occur, and several other ploceid weavers (Ploceus spp.) which may damage cereal crops. The movements, food habits, and corresponding impact of these species on agriculture in Somalia are discussed in detail. As a result of the information obtained during these years of research, emphasis has recently shifted …

Lithium Chloride Bait Aversion Did Not Influence Prey Killing By Coyotes, Richard J. Burns, Guy E. Connolly

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Conditioned food or flavor aversion has been proposed as a method to stop coyote predation on sheep. The method entails treating sheep carcasses or meat baits with an emetic, lithium chloride (LiCl), and scattering them on sheep ranges. Theoretically, coyotes eat the baits, become ill, and subsequently desist from killing and eating sheep because they associate sheep flavor with sickness. In recent studies, coyotes have not formed prey aversions. Coyotes avoided baits because of LiCl flavor rather than prey flavor and prey killing aversions were not found. We conducted a study designed to find the best LiCl-prey flesh concentration to …

Armadillos: Problems And Control, Patricia A. Chamberlain

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) has been successful in extending its range throughout the southeastern states. It occupies such a diverse range of habitats that its effects on its surroundings depend largely on where it is located. It offers benefits from its burrowing and eating patterns by creating dens for furbearers and destroying large quantities of injurious insects and their larva. Those same activities in urban and suburban areas are now being recognized as a source of considerable nuisance and moderate damage. Damage is most severe from July through early November. They have been recognized in connection with several diseases …

Changes In A Feral Pig Population After Poisoning, James Hone, Henry Pedersen

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

The changes in a feral pig population associated with 1080 poisoning were examined. There was a 58.1% reduction in population size after poisoning with no age-specific effect. The population size increased over 11.5 months after poisoning at an observed instantaneous rate of increase per year of 0.57. The results are discussed relative to feral pig control.

Proceedings: Ninth Vertebrate Pest Conference

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Proceedings: Ninth Vertebrate Pest Conference

Needs Of County Agents For Vertebrate Pest Control Information In Georgia, Jeffrey J. Jackson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

The general public in the state of Georgia is faced with at least 45 kinds of vertebrate animal damage control problems. Their questions asking for problem solutions are often directed to Georgia Cooperative Extension Service agents in 156 counties. County agents in the Atlanta Metropolitan Area receive an average of 325 requests for vertebrate pest control information a year. Agents in the Coastal Plain Area receive an average of 140 questions per year as does the Extension Wildlife Specialist. The combined total of vertebrate animal damage control questions received by all agents is approximately 60,000 per year. Typically difficult questions …

Levels Of Bird Damage To Sorghum In The Awash Basin Ofethiopia And The Effects Of The Control Of Quelea Nesting Colonies, Michael M. Jaegar, William A. Erickson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Quantitative assessments of bird damage to lowland sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) were made annually from 1976 through 1979 in the major growing areas associated with the Awash River Basin. Results indicated that the Red-billed Quelea (Quelea quelea) can be an important limiting factor in the overall production of this cereal, and that damage can be locally severe. Lethal control of Quelea breeding colonies found along the Awash River and at Lake Zwai was undertaken in September/ October of both 1978 and 1979. Subsequent assessments showed substantially less bird damage in both years and overall losses were minimal.

The Problem Of Pika Control In Baluchistan, Pakistan, Abdul Aziz Khan, William R. Smythe

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

The collared pika, Ochotona rufescens has been recorded as a serious pest in apple orchards in the uplands valley of Ziarat in Baluchistan. In the winter, when the natural vegetation is lacking, the pikas debark the apple tree trunks or branches resulting in the killing of the tree and reduced fruit production. In summer, damage to wheat, corn and potatoes is also very severe. It is estimated that pikas cause hundreds of thousands of dollars (US) in annual apple production losses. The apple production in Baluchistan accounts for about 35 percent of the total provincial income through food production. During …

Baiting Blackbird And Starling Congregating Areas In Kentucky And Tennessee`, C.E. Knittle, J.L. Guarino, P.C. Nelson, R.W. Dehaven, D.J. Twedt

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Four studies were conducted in January 1977-79 in Kentucky and Tennessee. Two of these studies were to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of selectively reducing starlings from mixed blackbird/starling winter roosts by baiting their congregating areas with Starlicide Complete pellets. The two remaining studies dealt with determining bait preference of starlings and nontarget birds for two formulations of pelleted baits (Layena and corn). Starlicide baitings were fairly selective for starlings, but nontarget hazards were encountered. Starlings showed no significant preference for either type of pelleted bait, but nontargets preferred corn over Layena pellets. Methods are suggested to minimize nontarget hazards …

Socioeconomic And Ecological Aspects Of Field Rat Control In Tropical And Subtropical Countries, Hans Kurylas

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

The vital question, as to the cause of the permanent increase in field rat populations throughout most tropical and subtropical areas, has been the subject of researchers and fieldmen during the past years, in the hope of finding an answer to this problem. Man has made his way through history wherein he was gradually able to renounce nature and establish his own man-made cultural frame. Unlike other mammals, man has no natural instincts to guide him through life. Brain and spirit have to compensate for lack of physical capabilities and instincts. Man was forced to change his natural surroundings in …

An Ecological Strategy For Controlling Bovine Rabies Through Elimination Of Vampire Bats, Rexford D. Lord

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Because of the limited resources of most Latin American countries, an ecological strategy for controlling bovine rabies through elimination of vampire bats is proposed instead of attempting total eradication. The strategy is essentially a combination of one or more of the anticoagulant control techniques applied with knowledge of the epizootiology of vampire rabies. Since rabies outbreaks in vampire bats are migratory, each outbreak is studied to determine the direction and velocity of its course, then an area is selected in its path where vampires are eliminated, forming a barrier and resulting in elimination of the outbreak.

Closing Remarks ─ Ninth Vertebrate Pest Conference , Rex E. Marsh

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Closing Remarks

Avitrol-Treated Bait For Protection Of Grapes From House Finch Damage, Lee R. Martin, William T. Jarvis

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Damage to grapes by house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) is widespread and well documented in California. DeHaven (1974) estimated that damage in nine counties exceeded 0.75 million dollars while Clark (1976) indicates a probable loss of 3.7 million dollars throughout the entire state. Crase et al. (1976) indicated that house finches undoubtedly are the principal depredating species. Various protection measures are described by Piper & Neff (1937), Boudreau (1972), and Clark (1975, 1976). Current protection programs are explained by Crabb and Martin (1977).

Federally Registered Pesticides For Vertebrate Pest Control, Raymond W. Matheny

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

At the 1978 Vertebrate Pest Conference, Glenn Hood talked of vertebrate control chemicals, their registration status at that time, the rebuttable presumptions against registration and effects on users. He presented an overview of reregistration, classification, labeling, application certification, experimental use permits, emergency use and state registrations. Essentially, what he stated is as true today as when he addressed this conference. I'll try not to duplicate his fine presentation but rather give you an update about those long awaited for and somewhat controversial Guidelines for registering pesticides in the United States, the current status of strychnine and 1080 in the RPAR …

Keynote Address ─ New Concepts In Wildlife Management, Lester Mccann

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

New Concepts in Wildlife Management

Protecting Polyethylene Irrigation Pipes Against Damage Caused By Woodpeckers, Schmuel Moran, Chaim Keidar, Yehuda Wolf

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Several methods were evaluated for protecting polyethylene irrigation pipes against pecking damage caused by the Syrian woodpecker (Dendrocopos syriacus). Only by burying the pipes in the ground damage was effectively prevented. Other methods studied, the use of the game repellent Arbinol, covering the pipes with polyethylene sheets, and growing a weed cover, though reducing the rate of the damage, proved not to be sufficiently effective as an economic solution of the problem.

Taste-Aversion Learning And Its Implications For Rodent Control, Robert J. Robbins

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Although bait shyness has long been recognized as a problem to be overcome in the control of vertebrate pests, it has recently been suggested that the phenomenon might be turned to an advantage and used as an alternative, non-lethal form of control. Unfortunately, this technique has not proven to be as useful as hoped, as the work which has been done on coyotes is inconclusive at best and some recent work on rodents has cast serious doubts upon the method's potential. However, an extensive literature dealing with the formation of poison-based food aversions now exists, and insights gained from these …

The Habits And Influence On The Environment Of The Old World Porcupine Hystrix Cristata L. In The Northernmost Part Of Its Range, L. Santini

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

The Crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata L.) has been shown to have considerably increased in numbers, and to have occupied new territories in Tuscany, which is the northernmost part of its range. New data on its ecology and biology, and the negative effects of an excessive density of these rodents on the rural and natural environment are reported. Since this species is protected by law in Italy, because of its high value from the faunistic point of view, some possible techniques, to be improved upon, for the capture and redistribution of live specimens are discussed.

Development Of A Simple Two-Ingredient Pyrotechnic Fumigant, Peter J. Savarie, James R. Tigner, Donald J. Elias, David J. Hayes

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

In laboratory tests with adult coyotes (Canis latrans) a pyrotechnic fumigant containing two active ingredients, sodium nitrate and charcoal, was found to be just as effective as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Gas Cartridge that contains six active and two inactive ingredients. The two-ingredient cartridge produces high concentrations of carbon monoxide. Field tests with cartridges containing 240 g of 65% sodium nitrate and 35% charcoal produced a 96% mortality rate in coyote pups. A cartridge containing 65 g of 65% sodium nitrate and 35% charcoal was effective in both laboratory and field tests on wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus). …

Studies Of The Toxicity Of Vacor (Rh-787) On The Reproductive Biology Of Rattus Rattus Rufescens, Y. Saxena, P.P. Sharma, M. Zutshi

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Investigations on damage, losses and diseases attributed to rodents in India are well documented by Barnett and Prakash (1975), Fitzwater and Prakash (1973). The toxicity of rodenticides on the rodents have been studied by several investigators such as Cowan (1978), Marsh and Howard (1975, 1977). Some rodenticides are less potent and induce overall deleterious effects on biological systems but not on mortality. Therefore, studies on the effects of these agents on the reproductive biology would be of significance as reported by D'souza and Batra (1975). Srivastava et al. (1979) investigated the bait shyness as shown by rodents in case of …

Multiple Litters In The California Ground Squirrel, Spermophilus Beecheyi Fisheri, In Tulare County, George L. Simpson, Thomas K. Lamunyon

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

From the fall of 1977 through late spring of 1979, periodic examination of female ground squirrels in the low oak woodlands of southern Tulare County revealed that as much as 20 percent of the reproductively active females bred a second time within a given breeding season. This began to occur 50 to 80 days after the beginning of the breeding season. Evidence of litter loss from abortion was inapparent in 1979, but grossly obvious uterine inflammation was seen in 2 percent of the females in 1978. Neonatal losses were undetermined. Rebreeding appeared to occur in the older females, 2 years …

Efficacy Tests Of Different Rodenticides On Some Species Of Rats In Thailand, Kasem Tongtavee

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Two acute rodenticides, zinc phosphide and Vacor, at different concentrations were tested on the rice field rats (Rattus argentiventer) and the bandicoot rats (Bandicota indica) with a choice-feeding procedure. It was found that zinc phosphide at 0.5%, 0.8%, 1.6% caused 30%, 30%, and 60% mortality, respectively, to R. argentiventer, and at 1.6% caused death only 30% to B. indica, whereas Vacor at 0.5%, 0.8%, 1.6% caused 70%, 60% and 80% mortality, respectively to R. argentiventer and this compound at 1.6% killed 60% of B. indica. Five anticoagulants Actosin-P, warfarin, Racumin, brodifacoum, and chlorophacinone also were tested on R. argentiventer and …