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New Potential Diagnostic Methods For Identifying Anticoagulant Rodenticide Poisoning In Dogs And Other Nontarget Animals, Michael E. Mount Mar 1986

New Potential Diagnostic Methods For Identifying Anticoagulant Rodenticide Poisoning In Dogs And Other Nontarget Animals, Michael E. Mount

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Analytical methods for anticoagulants are complex and encumbered with highly sophisticated instrumentation for determination of anticoagulant concentrations. This greatly limits the application of anticoagulant measurement in biological samples as a diagnostic criteria to determine anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning. In the field of veterinary medicine, clinical laboratory measurements of the coagulation status in viable patients have been used historically as the means to make a diagnosis of anticoagulant poisoning. Nontarget animals (companion animals, e.g., dogs and cats; livestock; or wildlife), which are found dead in the context of an anticoagulant application area, are a tremendous diagnostic challenge in spite of postmortem evidence …

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The Status Of Bromadiolone In The United States, Richard M. Poche Mar 1986

The Status Of Bromadiolone In The United States, Richard M. Poche

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

The anticoagulant rodenticide bromadiolone is used throughout the U.S. under a number of trade names. An expanded research program is underway within Chempar to examine the use of bromadiolone in commensal and field rodent control. Data are presented herein on the toxicology, metabolism, secondary hazards, efficacy, and formulation developments with bromadiolone. A new Maki 0.001% liquid bait is being tested and excellent control results obtained against Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus), roof rats (R. rattus), and house mice (Mus musculus). New Maki paraffin blocks containing 50 ppm bromadiolone have been developed and are soon to …

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An Economic Threshold Model For House Mouse Damage To Insulation, Robert M. Timm, Daryl D. Fisher Mar 1986

An Economic Threshold Model For House Mouse Damage To Insulation, Robert M. Timm, Daryl D. Fisher

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Commensal rodents have become increasingly troublesome and damaging pests in insulated structures. Modern poultry and livestock confinement buildings in the Midwest often have insulated walls and ceilings. These buildings usually provide an optimum habitat for rats and mice; the rodents gnaw, tunnel through, and nest in the insulation, decreasing its insulative value. Such structures are known to be heavily damaged within a matter of months when commensal rodents have access to wall spaces and attics.

We have developed an economic threshold model to help livestock producers or building managers decide when to conduct house mouse (Mus musculus) control …

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Predator Damage Control: 1980 To 1986, Dale A. Wade Mar 1986

Predator Damage Control: 1980 To 1986, Dale A. Wade

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

This discussion is an update from Wade (1980) which summarized executive and other decisions relating to cancellation of the predacides in 1972. This review continues that summary of major events from January 1980 to the present. Major political factors, predator damage control, and research findings during this period are briefly discussed. A chronology of administrative and judicial decisions and related events is appended (Appendix A).

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Rodent Problems Of The West Indies, John O. Williams Mar 1986

Rodent Problems Of The West Indies, John O. Williams

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

The commensal rodents as we know them are an introduced species into the West Indies. They came with the first explorers from Europe and the first slaves from Africa and were spread not only in the West Indies but North and South America as well. The first record of attempts at their control was in Barbados in the 1700s when two pence was paid for each rat caught. Active control has been going on in the islands since the 1960s and 1970s with only partial success. The Pan American Health Organization is now assisting many of the governments with their …

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Trends Of Predator Losses Of Sheep And Lambs From 1940 Through 1985, Clair E. Terrill Mar 1986

Trends Of Predator Losses Of Sheep And Lambs From 1940 Through 1985, Clair E. Terrill

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Mortality of sheep and lambs from all causes and from predator losses from 1940 through 1985 for the United States is presented including economic aspects. Lamb losses from all causes were 9% of the lamb crop in 1940 and were generally higher thereafter and reached a peak in 1978 of 14%. Losses of sheep 1 year old and older from all causes were 7.5% in 1940 remained somewhat higher through the '60s and then declined to a low of 5.2% in 1985. Calculation of predator losses were based on an upward trend of lamb losses relative to sheep losses with …

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Integrative Models Of Poisoning Vertebrate Pests, J. Hone Mar 1986

Integrative Models Of Poisoning Vertebrate Pests, J. Hone

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Strategies for the control of vertebrate pest are identified using mathematical models of poisoning. The models integrate aspects of foraging ecology and toxicology in a probabilistic framework. The structure, assumptions and control implications of the models are presented. Variables (control parameters) influencing the probability that a pest animal dies in a poison program are identified and classified according to their degree of operator control. Control strategies suggested by the models are identified, and practical means of applying them are discussed. The models suggest that the probability that an animal dies is a function of 15 to 17 control parameters, of …

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Conference Participants Mar 1986

Conference Participants

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

The Conference totalled 372 registered attendees. The participants came from 31 states, the District of Columbia, and 13 other countries: Australia, Canada, China, Ethiopia, France, Israel, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Nigeria, Trinidad, United Kingdom, and Zimbabwe. Students from Sudan and Taiwan were also in attendance. The wide representation from the United States and from countries throughout the world contributed to the success of the Conference by providing a highly diversified group for the exchange of ideas and information.

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Opening Remarks—Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference, Terrell P. Salmon Mar 1986

Opening Remarks—Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference, Terrell P. Salmon

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

On behalf of the Vertebrate Pest Council, welcome to the 12th Vertebrate Pest Conference. Every other year since 1962, the Vertebrate Pest Council has sponsored the conference with the primary objective of bringing individuals interested in vertebrate pest control together to discuss problems and solutions of mutual concern. The main objectives of the conference are:
1. To exchange information on vertebrate pest management and related matters.
2. To advance environmentally safe vertebrate pest management methodologies.
3. To build cooperation with public and private agencies in solving vertebrate pest problems.
4. To consider and promote discussion and interaction among agencies and …

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Field Evaluation Of Single And Multiple Dose Anticoagulant Rodenticides In Reducing Rodent Populations And Damages In Coconut Plantations, Ranjan Advani Mar 1986

Field Evaluation Of Single And Multiple Dose Anticoagulant Rodenticides In Reducing Rodent Populations And Damages In Coconut Plantations, Ranjan Advani

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Comparative efficacy of brodifacoum, bromadialone (second-generation single-dose anticoagulant) was evaluated in a coconut crop on Minicoy Island. Pre- and postrodent control relative levels of rodent populations and damages were recorded as indices for assessing effectiveness of different concentrations and different bait formulations of three rodenticides. The black rat, Rattus rattus (Linnaeus), constituting a new record for Minicoy Island, was the predominant rodent species infesting the coconut crop.

On an average, application of brodifacoum (.005% and .002%), bromadialone (.005% and .002%) and warfarin (0.025%) reduced rodent populations by 74.5, 73.58, 79.1, 69.16 and 68.44% respectively, resulting in reduction of rodent damages …

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The Economic Importance And Control Of Vertebrate Pests Of Graminaceous Crops With Particular Reference To Rice (Oryza Sativa) In Nigeria—A Review, Modupe Akande Mar 1986

The Economic Importance And Control Of Vertebrate Pests Of Graminaceous Crops With Particular Reference To Rice (Oryza Sativa) In Nigeria—A Review, Modupe Akande

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Graminaceous crops, especially rice (Oryza sativa), have within the last years in Nigeria, surged to be of utmost economic importance, not in improving the economy but in depleting the country of fast foreign exchange. Attempts at improving and massively increasing the production and cultivation of rice (and other graminaceous crops) to meet the enormous demand have proved abortive. This is mainly a result of the ineffective control measures applied against destructive avian pests that sometimes reduce rice plantations to nothing. Much research is still needed to enhance better and effective control strategies.

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Strychine-Salt Blocks For Controlling Porcupines In Pine Forests: Efficacy And Hazards, R. Michael Anthony, James Evans, Gerald D. Lindsey Mar 1986

Strychine-Salt Blocks For Controlling Porcupines In Pine Forests: Efficacy And Hazards, R. Michael Anthony, James Evans, Gerald D. Lindsey

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Strychnine-salt blocks were evaluated for effectiveness in killing porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) in pine forests in Oregon and California. Radio-collared porcupines were exposed to strychnine-salt bait located on trees and on the ground in covered bait stations called "cubbies." Bait blocks placed in trees and in cubbies were poorly accepted by porcupines. Only 4 of 32 marked porcupines exposed to bait were poisoned. Two died at cubbies and two died at trees. Other wildlife found poisoned at cubbies were seven unmarked porcupines, seven yellow-pine chipmunks (Tamias amoenus), five Nuttall's cottontails (Sylvilagus nuttallii), four deer mice …

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Anticoagulant Translocation And Plant Residue Studies In Crops, Leonard R. Askham Mar 1986

Anticoagulant Translocation And Plant Residue Studies In Crops, Leonard R. Askham

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Three types of assessment techniques explore the possible environmental hazards of two anticoagulant compounds currently used for rodent control. In the first, rheological methodologies were used to assess the ability of pelletized baits to withstand precipitation. From these data, objective information was developed to assist agricultural producers to select a proper bait for a specific climatic period. Bioanalytical evaluations of chlorophacinone indicated that the compound decomposes when exposed to ultraviolet light into four nontoxic elements. Hence, if translocation were to occur, the elements—-not the parent compound—-would be the likely candidates. Finally, radioactive (14C) braomdiolone was tested for translocatability. From the …

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Eradication And Control Of Feral And Free-Ranging Dogs In The Galapagos Islands, Bruce D. Barnett Mar 1986

Eradication And Control Of Feral And Free-Ranging Dogs In The Galapagos Islands, Bruce D. Barnett

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Islands are notorious for the ease with which the balance of their natural communities can be upset by the introduction of organisms from other areas. Introduced species can establish themselves quickly and successfully at the expense of native flora and fauna because the usual checks to their increase found in their home environments are often absent on islands. Many island organisms are ill-fitted to withstand predation by or competition with introduced organisms. A characteristic of some island species that increases their vulnerability to introduced predators is their relative "fearlessness". As Darwin (1845) prophetically wrote when describing the extraordinary tameness of …

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Advances In The Integrated Control Of The European Rabbit In South Australia, John R. W. Burley Mar 1986

Advances In The Integrated Control Of The European Rabbit In South Australia, John R. W. Burley

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

In South Australia, success in control of the European rabbit has been based on an understanding of rabbit biology and behavior.

Drastic population reduction is obtained by use of Compound 1080. This method is much more effective when carried out during midsummer to late autumn. At this time, territorial boundaries are relaxed and the young have been weaned and are feeding aboveground. To ensure that the greatest number of rabbits can receive a lethal dose, it is necessary to pre-feed the population with un-poisoned bait over a period of 8 to 10 days. Oat grain has been chosen as the …

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An Urban Roof Rat Control Program In Orange County, California, Gilbert L. Challet Mar 1986

An Urban Roof Rat Control Program In Orange County, California, Gilbert L. Challet

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

A program to control roof rats (Rattus rattus) has been conducted by the Orange County Vector Control District since 1975. Orange County is located in southern California just south of Los Angeles and is composed of 782 square miles of coastal foothills and alluvial plain with a population of 2 million. Urbanization takes up about one-half the total area and it is mainly a semi-desert situation with usually less than 15 inches of rain a year. However, because of the balmy temperature and imported water, vegetation grows rampant. Vegetation is used by the rats as harborage (Algerian ivy, …

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Alternate Toxicants For The M-44 Sodium Cyanide Ejector, Guy Connolly, Richard J. Burns, Gary D. Simmons Mar 1986

Alternate Toxicants For The M-44 Sodium Cyanide Ejector, Guy Connolly, Richard J. Burns, Gary D. Simmons

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

The M-44 sodium cyanide (NaCN) ejector is an important tool for coyote damage control. For greatest effectiveness, the ejected NaCN mixture must be a dry powder. NaCN readily absorbs and reacts with moisture to cause solidification or "caking" in M-44 capsules. Because it is difficult to seal the capsules water tight, caking has been a chronic problem ever since NaCN ejectors were introduced over 40 years ago. The toxicity and caking properties of three alternate compounds are reported in this paper.

Comparative toxicity tests were made with M-44 ejectors containing NaCN, potassium cyanide (KCN), calcium cyanide (CaCN), and methomyl. Five …

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The House Mouse In Poultry Operations: Pest Significance And A Novel Baiting Strategy For Its Control, Robert M. Corrigan, Ralph E. Williams Mar 1986

The House Mouse In Poultry Operations: Pest Significance And A Novel Baiting Strategy For Its Control, Robert M. Corrigan, Ralph E. Williams

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Enclosed and insulated commercial poultry buildings provide ideal habitat for supporting unusually large populations of the house mouse (Mus musculus L.). Mice cause damage to various structural and operational components of poultry facilities; thus, they are of economic significance as well as general nuisances. Effective mouse control programs in poultry operations are often difficult, complicated, time consuming and inefficient due to various environmental and operational factors intrinsic to commercial poultry facilities. The significance of the house mouse as an economic pest in poultry operations is discussed via the results of a rodent control survey of 161 commercial poultry operations …

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Closing Remarks For The 12th Vertebrate Pest Conference, A. Charles Crabb Mar 1986

Closing Remarks For The 12th Vertebrate Pest Conference, A. Charles Crabb

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

This concludes the 12th Vertebrate Pest Conference. Before going on with my closing remarks, I think we should acknowledge the excellent job done by all of our session chairpersons and speakers. On behalf of the Vertebrate Pest Council I want to thank you for your participation in the conference.

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Population Dynamics And Expansion Rates Of Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs, Lyle A. Crosby, Randy Graham Mar 1986

Population Dynamics And Expansion Rates Of Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs, Lyle A. Crosby, Randy Graham

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

The purpose of this review is to describe population dynamics and annual rates of increase of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) and to determine annual expansion rates of uncontrolled populations. Their reproductive characteristics, including social behavior are examined as they relate to these factors.

In this analysis, the first step is to determine the average number of male and female prairie dogs of breeding age that are present at each burrow system before and after the reproductive cycle. From this determination the total number of prairie dogs is determined, based on the average density of active burrows for …

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Pocket Gopher Damage To Conifers In Western Forests: A Historical And Current Perspective On The Problem And Its Control, Glenn A. Crouch Mar 1986

Pocket Gopher Damage To Conifers In Western Forests: A Historical And Current Perspective On The Problem And Its Control, Glenn A. Crouch

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Pocket gophers (Thomomys spp.) damage or destroy regeneration on hundreds of thousands of acres of forestland in the western United States each year. Despite years of research, poisoning the offending animals—a technique developed around the turn of the century on agricultural land--is still the most prevalent practice for controlling damage on western forests.

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Enterprise Budgets: A Tool For Vertebrate Pest Control Decision Making In Developing Countries, Daniel C. Evans Mar 1986

Enterprise Budgets: A Tool For Vertebrate Pest Control Decision Making In Developing Countries, Daniel C. Evans

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Semi-subsistence farms that predominate in developing countries have more complex goals than the strict profit motives of corporate farms. Small farm management decisions are commonly based on a desire to increase production while avoiding risks and reducing labor demands and operating costs. Enterprise budgets are a valuable tool for understanding diverse farming systems and farmers' decision-making processes. The preparation of enterprise budgets documents production expenses, labor requirements, and specific activities related to pest control, as well as sources of supplies and technical information. By identifying what resources are commonly used and the relative importance of farm labor, the preparation of …

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Potential Of Vegetation Management For Ground Squirrel Control, Wendy S. Fitzgerald, Rex E. Marsh Mar 1986

Potential Of Vegetation Management For Ground Squirrel Control, Wendy S. Fitzgerald, Rex E. Marsh

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Manipulation or alteration of habitat vegetation is used frequently with integrated pest management of certain vertebrate pest species. However, it has been less than satisfactory with ground squirrel species in many situations. Special plantings of tall grasses and broadleaf species were experimentally explored in an effort to make levee habitat less suitable for the California ground squirrel in the Sacramento Valley. The experimental plantings failed to achieve that objective for a variety of apparent or suspected reasons and, in fact, in some grass plots the number of ground squirrels increased over what was present prior to planting. Other problems associated …

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Biological Status Of Mountain Lions In California, E. Lee Fitzhugh, W. Paul Gorenzel Mar 1986

Biological Status Of Mountain Lions In California, E. Lee Fitzhugh, W. Paul Gorenzel

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Mountain lions (Felis concolor) symbolize wilderness. The "wild west," a supreme predator, supreme quarry, destroyer of wildlife (game and nongame), livestock, and "trophy" hunting. They are the epitomy of controversy in California. In this paper we will review the history of management and present legal status of mountain lions in California, the political situation leading to the present status, and some of the biological factors that have been controversial, particularly relating to population status and trends.

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Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference Frontmatter And Table Of Contents Mar 1986

Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference Frontmatter And Table Of Contents

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Table of Contents

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Recent Research On Red Squill As A Rodenticide, Anthony J. Verbiscar, Thomas F. Banagan, Howard Scott Gentry Mar 1986

Recent Research On Red Squill As A Rodenticide, Anthony J. Verbiscar, Thomas F. Banagan, Howard Scott Gentry

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Red squill has been used in rodent control for several hundred years but in the United States its use has decreased since the 1950s. However, there is now a recognized need for rodenticides with different kinds of toxic activity. Red squill is being investigated as an acute rodenticide and an economic crop for the southwestern states. Clones from a prior USDA collection have been assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography and selections are being propagated in California and Arizona. The major toxicant, scilliroside, is relatively fast acting, causing convulsions and death to rats and mice. This glycoside is also strongly emetic …

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Application Of A Benefit:Cost Model To Blackbird Damage Control In Wild Rice, W. Paul Gorenzel, Daniel B. Marcum, Terrell P. Salmon Mar 1986

Application Of A Benefit:Cost Model To Blackbird Damage Control In Wild Rice, W. Paul Gorenzel, Daniel B. Marcum, Terrell P. Salmon

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

From commercial fields near McArthur, California, we collected data on methods for controlling blackbird (Icteridae) damage to wild rice (Zizania aquatica). Using and expanding upon an economic model proposed by Dolbeer (1981), we derived economic comparisons of three control programs employing: 1. methiocarb, 2. shooting and propane exploders, and 3. all methods combined. Shooting and propane exploders used together were the most cost effective with a benefit:cost ratio of 2.16:1. Under the assumptions used in the model, methiocarb was least effective with a benefit:cost ratio of only 0.62:1. We discuss assumptions of the model and using basic initial …

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A Changing Approach To Dingo Control In Western Australia, A. W. Hogstrom Mar 1986

A Changing Approach To Dingo Control In Western Australia, A. W. Hogstrom

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

The traditional method of dingo control on sheep properties in Western Australia relied on labor-intensive trapping and baiting. A cost/price squeeze in the rangeland sheep-grazing areas around 1970 forced a revision of these practices. Research was conducted on dingo biology, habitat preference and use, movements, social organization and damage to livestock. The data demonstrated the territorial nature of dingoes, that they usually occur in groups of 2 to 15, that long movements are rare, and that they quickly learn to harass and kill sheep. Aerial baiting trials using factory-manufactured baits and baits prepared from fresh meat demonstrated that an adequate …

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Implications And Management Of Feral Mammals In California, Walter E. Howard, Rex E. Marsh Mar 1986

Implications And Management Of Feral Mammals In California, Walter E. Howard, Rex E. Marsh

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

"Feral" is defined. For each of the principal species of feral mammals in California we note the broad ecological implications they have on the environment and the potential or actual management approaches being followed. The main emphasis of this paper, and all of the slides shown, was on how wild horses and burros, two controversial feral species, are managed in California and in other western states. The feral pig is about to become the number one big game animal in California, and mustrats (Ondatra zibethica (L.)), which were introduced or escaped into the Sacramento Valley—-hence locally feral--are the state's …

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The Mechanical Control Of Bushpig, Potamochoerus Porcus, In Zimbabwe, Michael La Grange Mar 1986

The Mechanical Control Of Bushpig, Potamochoerus Porcus, In Zimbabwe, Michael La Grange

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Bushpig, Potamocheorus porcus, occurring naturally in the high rainfall areas of Zimbabwe, have become a major threat to maize producers in the country. Traditional means of control including hunting have been unsuccessful in keeping the numbers to a tolerable level owing to the secretive and cunning nature of the animal. The use of poisons has been discouraged because of indiscriminate use and problems of secondary poisoning, so alternative methods of mechanical control were sought. Several methods evolved during experimentation, producing a strategy to control bushpig throughout the year.

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