Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (5066)
- Singapore Management University (4104)
- TÜBİTAK (2462)
- Old Dominion University (1990)
- Missouri University of Science and Technology (1880)
-
- Utah State University (1556)
- Wright State University (1526)
- Air Force Institute of Technology (1422)
- Louisiana State University (1362)
- Edith Cowan University (1274)
- Purdue University (1212)
- University of Kentucky (1150)
- University of South Florida (1082)
- Portland State University (1079)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (1069)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (907)
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (819)
- Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (797)
- Nova Southeastern University (776)
- California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (762)
- Brigham Young University (759)
- Dartmouth College (755)
- China Simulation Federation (751)
- University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (736)
- Claremont Colleges (723)
- Technological University Dublin (716)
- San Jose State University (678)
- Wayne State University (671)
- Walden University (661)
- University of Central Florida (621)
- Keyword
-
- Machine learning (849)
- Artificial intelligence (578)
- Security (530)
- Climate change (483)
- Sustainability (469)
-
- Computer Science (440)
- Cybersecurity (433)
- Machine Learning (429)
- Deep learning (421)
- Education (417)
- Mathematics (365)
- Privacy (348)
- Artificial Intelligence (300)
- Computer science (290)
- Simulation (267)
- Western Kentucky University (248)
- Engineering (246)
- Social media (234)
- Communication (232)
- Applied sciences (219)
- Algorithms (218)
- Deep Learning (218)
- United States (215)
- Technology (211)
- Blockchain (210)
- College for Professional Studies (209)
- Optimization (202)
- Cloud computing (201)
- Conservation (200)
- School of Computer & Information Science (196)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems (3744)
- Theses and Dissertations (3002)
- Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences (1539)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (945)
- Faculty Publications (929)
-
- Department of Computer Science Technical Reports (822)
- Journal of System Simulation (751)
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (657)
- Dissertations (641)
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (618)
- Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works (573)
- Kno.e.sis Publications (541)
- Masters Theses (514)
- Journal of Electrochemistry (471)
- Master's Projects (457)
- Theses (435)
- Computer Science Faculty Publications (426)
- United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications (425)
- Communications on Stochastic Analysis (424)
- Graduate Theses and Dissertations (402)
- CCAC Theses and Dissertations (400)
- Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD) (391)
- School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications (388)
- Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods (383)
- Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site (378)
- All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023 (376)
- UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones (376)
- All Works (375)
- Open Access Theses & Dissertations (370)
- LSU Master's Theses (367)
- Publication Type
Articles 66361 - 66390 of 69655
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Caudate Infarcts, Louis R. Caplan, Edward Feldmann, Jeremy D. Schmahmann, Carlos S. Kase, Phillip B. Gorelick, Daniel B. Hier, Cathy Helgason, George Baquis, John P. Greenberg
Caudate Infarcts, Louis R. Caplan, Edward Feldmann, Jeremy D. Schmahmann, Carlos S. Kase, Phillip B. Gorelick, Daniel B. Hier, Cathy Helgason, George Baquis, John P. Greenberg
Chemistry Faculty Research & Creative Works
Eighteen Patients Had Caudate Nucleus Infarcts (10 Left-Sided; 8 Right-Sided). Infarcts Extended into the Anterior Limb of the Internal Capsule in 9 Patients, and Also the Anterior Putamen in 5 Patients. Thirteen Patients Had Motor Signs, Most Often a Slight Transient Hemiparesis. Dysarthria Was Common (11 Patients). Cognitive and Behavioral Abnormalities Were Frequent, and Included Abulia (10 Patients), Agitation and Hyperactivity (7 Patients), Contralateral Neglect (3 Patients, All Right Caudate), and Language Abnormalities (2 Patients, Both Left Caudate). the Majority of Patients Had Risk Factors for Penetrating Artery Disease. Branch Occlusion of Heubner's Artery, or Perforators from the Proximal Anterior …
Highland: A Graph-Based Parallel Processing Environment For Heterogeneous Local Area Networks, Ralph W. Wilkerson, Douglas E. Meyer
Highland: A Graph-Based Parallel Processing Environment For Heterogeneous Local Area Networks, Ralph W. Wilkerson, Douglas E. Meyer
Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works
No abstract provided.
Distributed Evaluation Of An Iterative Function For All Object Pairs On A Simd Hypercube, Fikret Erçal
Distributed Evaluation Of An Iterative Function For All Object Pairs On A Simd Hypercube, Fikret Erçal
Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works
An efficient distributed algorithm for evaluating an iterative function on all pairwise combinations of C objects on an SIMD hypercube is presented. The algorithm achieves uniform load distribution and minimal, completely local interprocessor communication.
Performance Improvements For Fddi And Csma/Cd Protocols, David Earl Game
Performance Improvements For Fddi And Csma/Cd Protocols, David Earl Game
Computer Science Theses & Dissertations
The High-Performance Computing Initiative from the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy has defined 20 major challenges in science and engineering which are dependent on the solutions to a number of high-performance computing problems. One of the major areas of focus of this initiative is the development of gigabit rate networks to be used in environments such as the space station or a National Research and Educational Network (NREN).
The strategy here is to use existing network designs as building blocks for achieving higher rates, with the ultimate goal being a gigabit rate network. Two strategies which contribute …
High-Level Microprogramming: An Optimising C Compiler For A Processing Element Of A Cad Accelerator, Paul Kenyon, Prathima Agrawal, Sharad C. Seth
High-Level Microprogramming: An Optimising C Compiler For A Processing Element Of A Cad Accelerator, Paul Kenyon, Prathima Agrawal, Sharad C. Seth
School of Computing: Faculty Publications
The development of a high-level language compiler for a micro-programmable processing element (PE) in the MARS multicomputer is described. MARS, an MIMD message passing machine, was designed to speed up VLSI CAD and similar other non-numerical applications. The need for sup port of a high-level language at the PE level of a multicomputer is considered, and the choice of C as an appropriate programming language is justified. Special features found in VLSI processors are examined along with compiler support for them.
Conventional re-targetable compiler techniques are shown to be inadequate for the highly concurrent micro-programmable PE. These techniques must be …
A Notch-Strengthening Effect In Fresh-Water Ice, Wilfrid A. Nixon, Erland M. Schulson
A Notch-Strengthening Effect In Fresh-Water Ice, Wilfrid A. Nixon, Erland M. Schulson
Dartmouth Scholarship
Tensile tests have been performed onnotched and unnotched cylindrical samples of randomlyoriented polycrystalline ice of controlled grain-size (between2.2 and 7.3mm) at a loading rate of lOOPaS-l and at a temperature of -10 0c. In the notched samples, the notch-root diameter was 80% of the base diameter. Anotch-strengthening effect was observed in the large-grained ice, with fracture stresses being up to 50% higher than that for unnotched samples of the same grain-size. This notch-strengthening effect diminished as grain-size decreased, disappearing at a grain-size of "'3 mm. The notch-strengthening effect is explained in terms of the triaxial stress constraint at the notch …
An Underwater Science And Resource Database Management System And Proposed Applications To Marine Geographic Information Systems, Ivar Babb
Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers
The National Undersea Research Program (NURP) is a federally-funded program that provides scientists with modern in situ technology that allows them to conduct research that goes beyond the constraints of traditional oceanographic methodology. NURP is comprised of five regional centers that administer underwater science, and through the principal investigators that are supported generate a vast quantity of diverse data. This data and information bank consists of the following: raw environmental data, logistical data, locational data, information about the scientists, video and still photograph documentation, and publication information. This paper describes the theory behind the implementation of a Database Management System …
An Evaluation Of Noaa's Role In Ocean Dumping Policy Implementation, Kenneth W. Barton
An Evaluation Of Noaa's Role In Ocean Dumping Policy Implementation, Kenneth W. Barton
Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers
Dumping of wastes into the ocean has gone on for years especially in the New York Bight. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is mandated by Title II of the Ocean Dumping Act of 1972 to investigate the effects of ocean dumping on the marine environment. However, there is a perception within Congress, the public and other agencies that NOAA is not meeting it's responsibilities with regard to ocean dumping research. The effectiveness of NOAA's ocean dumping policies and programs and the difficulties in implementation experienced by the agency are evaluated by applying George Edwards' theory of policy implementation. …
Maritime Boundaries Of India - A Case Study, Piyali Talukdar
Maritime Boundaries Of India - A Case Study, Piyali Talukdar
Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers
This study examines the present status of the maritime boundaries of India in the context of applicable international laws related to boundary definition. As a developing nation with a long coastline and large Exclusive Economic Zone, it is important for India to define its boundary limits for better utilization and management of its marine resources. India has maritime boundaries with seven different nations; the geographical setting, political relationships and economic importances are different in each case, making each situation unique. Since appreciation of factors such as geographical, geophysical, resource potentials, etc. can help to realize the shape of the present …
The Effect Of Industrial Development On The Sediment Contamination Of Apponaug Cove, A Historical Analysis, Marina Havan-Orumieh
The Effect Of Industrial Development On The Sediment Contamination Of Apponaug Cove, A Historical Analysis, Marina Havan-Orumieh
Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers
Sediment cores have long been used to formulate the chronology of environmental contamination. This paper will investigate the utility of sediment cores in determining the chronology of trace metal contamination in Apponaug Cove, Rhode Island. A meter-long sediment core taken from the Cove was analyzed for chromium, copper, lead, zinc and nickel as well as organic pollutants coprostanol, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, benzotriazole and clorobenzotriazole. The core represents a close to 200 year record of sediments in Apponaug Cove. The cultural/economic changes in the Watershed in addition to environmental laws composed in the State and Federal levels which may have correlated with …
University Of Texas At Tyler Catalog, 1990-1992, University Of Texas At Tyler
University Of Texas At Tyler Catalog, 1990-1992, University Of Texas At Tyler
Catalogs
This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).
Dementia In Stroke Survivors In The Stroke Data Bank Cohort: Prevalence, Incidence, Risk Factors, And Computed Tomographic Findings, Thomas K. Tatemichi, Mary A. Foulkes, J. P. Mohr, Jeffrey R. Hewitt, Daniel B. Hier, Thomas R. Price, Philip A. Wolf
Dementia In Stroke Survivors In The Stroke Data Bank Cohort: Prevalence, Incidence, Risk Factors, And Computed Tomographic Findings, Thomas K. Tatemichi, Mary A. Foulkes, J. P. Mohr, Jeffrey R. Hewitt, Daniel B. Hier, Thomas R. Price, Philip A. Wolf
Chemistry Faculty Research & Creative Works
We Determined the Prevalence of Dementia in 927 Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke Aged ≥60 Years in the Stroke Data Bank Cohort based on the Examining Neurologist's Best Judgment Diagnostic Agreement among Examiners Was 68% (K=0.34). of 726 Testable Patients, 116 (16%) Were Demented. Prevalence of Dementia Was Related to Age But Not to Sex, Race, Handedness, Educational Level, or Employment Status Before the Stroke. Previous Stroke and Previous Myocardial Infarction Were Related to Prevalence of Dementia Although Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, Atrial Fibrillation, and Previous Use of Antithrombotic Drugs Were Not Prevalence of Dementia Was Most Frequent in Patients with …
Experimentation With Large-Grained Parallelism Using Local Area Networks, Ralph W. Wilkerson, Douglas E. Meyer
Experimentation With Large-Grained Parallelism Using Local Area Networks, Ralph W. Wilkerson, Douglas E. Meyer
Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works
HIGHLAND, a distributed-memory parallel processing environment for heterogeneous local area networks, has been developed. Designed as both a teaching and a research tool, its purpose is to provide an effective mechanism by which a number of networked UNIX workstations, dissimilar in both vendor and performance, can be directly manipulated as a single, unified, multiprocessing system. Utilizing the MIT X-windows environment, HIGHLAND supports a highly interactive graphical interface through which a programmer can create, modify, and control complex systems of communicating processes
State-Selective Capture In Collisions Between Ions And Ground- And Excited-State Alkali-Metal Atoms, J. Pascale, Ronald E. Olson, C. O. Reinhold
State-Selective Capture In Collisions Between Ions And Ground- And Excited-State Alkali-Metal Atoms, J. Pascale, Ronald E. Olson, C. O. Reinhold
Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works
Total cross sections for state-selective electron capture in collisions between ions and alkali-metal atoms have been calculated by means of a three-body classical-trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) method using model potentials to describe the electron ionic-core interactions. Calculations have been performed for Na+-Na(28d) collisions and for N5+ and Ar8+-Cs(6s) collisions. The collision velocity range corresponds to 0.5vp/ve2, where vp is the projectile velocity in the laboratory frame and ve is the initial orbital velocity of the electron bound to the alkali-metal core. In the case of Na++Na(28d) collisions, calculations of the final n,l,m distributions …
Binary Nucleation Of Ethanol And Water, John L. Schmitt, J. Whitten, G. W. Adams, R. A. Zalabsky
Binary Nucleation Of Ethanol And Water, John L. Schmitt, J. Whitten, G. W. Adams, R. A. Zalabsky
Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works
The authors have used a fast expansion cloud chamber to measure binary homogeneous nucleation rates in several ethanol-water mixtures as a function of temperature, ethanol and water activities and nucleation rate. Data (ethanol and water activities) are presented for a range in nucleation rate from 10 3 to 105 drops/cm3 s from 263 to 293 K for mixtures having mole ratios (ethanol/water) of 10, 4, 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001. A comparison of the extensive data set to other data in the literature shows good agreement. We find current theory, as expected, is unable to accurately predict the data at low …
Rotational Effects In The Continuous Vacuum-Ultraviolet Fluorescence Spectrum Of H2 Associated With Spontaneous Dissociation, H. Schmoranzer, T. Noll, E. Roueff, H. Abgrall, Ronald James Bieniek
Rotational Effects In The Continuous Vacuum-Ultraviolet Fluorescence Spectrum Of H2 Associated With Spontaneous Dissociation, H. Schmoranzer, T. Noll, E. Roueff, H. Abgrall, Ronald James Bieniek
Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works
The effects of rotational-vibrational interaction, and of rotational coupling between the B 2p u+1 and C 2p u1 electronic states, on the B X fluorescence continuum of H2 associated with spontaneous dissociation were investigated spectroscopically using monochromatized synchrotron radiation for selective excitation of rovibronic states. The rotational shifts and perturbations in the modulated continua intensities observed agree well with close-coupling and Jeffreys-Wentzel-Kromers-Brillouin (JWKB) calculations also performed and are explained in terms of nonadiabatic coupling effects and rainbow-interference structures. A straightforward experimental technique is described to detect mixed electronic states. © 1990 The American Physical Society.
Digital Image Processing Using Mathematical Morphology, Andrew Mehnert
Digital Image Processing Using Mathematical Morphology, Andrew Mehnert
Theses : Honours
This dissertation is a natural extension of my undergraduate research project entitled, "Digital Image Processing”. Whilst my undergraduate project dealt with a number of classical digital image filtering techniques such as spatial convolution and frequency domain filtering via the Fourier transform, this dissertation focuses on an alternative approach employing Mathematical Morphology. In contrast to classical filtering techniques, which often geometrically distort the original image, morphological operations, used sensibly, essentially preserve shape and geometry. Mathematical morphology therefore lends itself to image processing applications requiring the identification of objects and object features within an image. Herein basic morphological operations are developed, firstly …
Data Security: The Securing Of Computer Installations And Data Sets, Willy B. Kuehnle
Data Security: The Securing Of Computer Installations And Data Sets, Willy B. Kuehnle
Theses
No abstract provided.
Earth Day 2020: Will We Have A Healthier Environment?, George T. Frampton, Jr., University Of Colorado Boulder. Natural Resources Law Center
Earth Day 2020: Will We Have A Healthier Environment?, George T. Frampton, Jr., University Of Colorado Boulder. Natural Resources Law Center
Books, Reports, and Studies
10 leaves ; 28 cm
From Basin To "Hydrocommons": Integrated Water Management Without Regional Governance, Gary D. Weatherford, University Of Colorado Boulder. Natural Resources Law Center
From Basin To "Hydrocommons": Integrated Water Management Without Regional Governance, Gary D. Weatherford, University Of Colorado Boulder. Natural Resources Law Center
Books, Reports, and Studies
22 p. ; 28 cm
Water And The Cities Of The Southwest, John A. Folk-Williams, University Of Colorado Boulder. Natural Resources Law Center
Water And The Cities Of The Southwest, John A. Folk-Williams, University Of Colorado Boulder. Natural Resources Law Center
Books, Reports, and Studies
13 p. ; 28 cm
Water Rights Decisions In The Western States: Upgrading The System For The 21st Century, Steven J. Shupe, University Of Colorado Boulder. Natural Resources Law Center
Water Rights Decisions In The Western States: Upgrading The System For The 21st Century, Steven J. Shupe, University Of Colorado Boulder. Natural Resources Law Center
Books, Reports, and Studies
18 p. ; 28 cm
Phytoplankton Dynamics In Three Rocky Mountain Lakes, Colorado, U.S.A., Diane M. Mcknight, Richard L. Smith, J. Platt Bradbury, Jill S. Baron, Sarah Spaulding
Phytoplankton Dynamics In Three Rocky Mountain Lakes, Colorado, U.S.A., Diane M. Mcknight, Richard L. Smith, J. Platt Bradbury, Jill S. Baron, Sarah Spaulding
United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications
In 1984 and 1985 seasonal changes in phytoplankton were studied in a system of three lakes in Loch Vale, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Three periods were evident: (1) A spring bloom, during snowmelt, of the planktonic diatom Asterionella Formosa, (2) a mid- summer period of minimal algal abundance, and (3) a fall bloom of the blue-green alga Oscillatoria limnetica. Seasonal phytoplankton dynamics in these lakes are controlled partially by the rapid flushing rate during snowmelt and the transport of phytoplankton from the highest lake to the lower lakes by the stream, Icy Brook. During snowmelt, the A. …
Crustal Strain Near The Big Bend Of The San Andreas Fault: Analysis Of The Los Padres-Tehachapi Trilateration Networks, California, Donna Eberhart-Phillips, Michael Lisowski, Mark D. Zoback
Crustal Strain Near The Big Bend Of The San Andreas Fault: Analysis Of The Los Padres-Tehachapi Trilateration Networks, California, Donna Eberhart-Phillips, Michael Lisowski, Mark D. Zoback
United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications
In the region of the Los Padres-Tehachapi geodetic network, the San Andreas fault (SAF) changes its orientation by over 30 ° from N40 °W, close to that predicted by plate motion for a transform boundary, to N73 °W. The strain orientation near the SAF is consistent with right-lateral shear along the fault, with maximum shear rate of 0.38 ± 0.01 μrad/yr at N63 °W. In contrast, away from the SAF the strain orientations on both sides of the fault are consistent with the plate motion direction, with maximum shear rate of 0.19 ± 0.01 μrad/yr at N44 °W. The strain …
Design Of A Dynamically Reconfigurable, Integrated, Parallel Vision System, Ashok K. Samal
Design Of A Dynamically Reconfigurable, Integrated, Parallel Vision System, Ashok K. Samal
School of Computing: Conference and Workshop Papers
Multiprocessors can be used to speed up the process of object recognition. Building a parallel vision system is a two step process: (a) design and implement parallel algorithms for individual operations, and (b) integrate them into a coherent system. So far the emphasis has been on the first step. The second step has not received enough attention. A framework for building a parallel vision system is presented here. The necessary and desirable features of such a system have been identified. An initial design which incorporates these features is also given.
An Experimental Study On Reject Ratio Prediction For Vlsl Circuits: Kokomo Revisited, Dharam Vir Das, Sharad C. Seth, Paul T. Wagner, John Anderson, Vishwani Agrawal
An Experimental Study On Reject Ratio Prediction For Vlsl Circuits: Kokomo Revisited, Dharam Vir Das, Sharad C. Seth, Paul T. Wagner, John Anderson, Vishwani Agrawal
School of Computing: Faculty Publications
Assuring product quality is becoming increasingly more important for the semiconductor chip manufacturers. The reject ratio (defect level) provides a simple and accurate measure of a product's quality. However, measuring the reject ratio of tested chips is often not feasible or accurate. Statistical techniques for reject ratio prediction provide a possible way out of this dilemma. In this paper, we report on an experiment to verify the accuracy of reject ratio predictions by the available approaches. The data collection effort includes instrumenting the wafer probe test to obtain chip failures as a function of applied vectors and running a fault …
Trellis-Coded Multidimensional Phase Modulation, S. S. Pietrobon, Robert H. Deng
Trellis-Coded Multidimensional Phase Modulation, S. S. Pietrobon, Robert H. Deng
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
A 2L-dimensional multiple phase-shift keyed (L×MPSK) signal set is obtained by forming the Cartesian product of L two-dimensional MPSK signal sets. A systematic approach to partitioning L×MPSK signal sets that is based on block coding is used. An encoder system approach is developed. It incorporates the design of a differential precoder, a systematic convolutional encoder, and a signal set mapper. Trellis-coded L×4PSK, L×8PSK, and L×16PSK modulation schemes are found for 1⩽L⩽4 and a variety of code rates and decoder complexities, many of which are fully transparent to discrete phase rotations of the signal set. The new codes achieve asymptotic coding …
Experimental Comparison Of Bidding And Drafting Load Sharing Protocols, Andrew Ross, Bruce M. Mcmillin
Experimental Comparison Of Bidding And Drafting Load Sharing Protocols, Andrew Ross, Bruce M. Mcmillin
Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works
In recent years, a dramatic rise in the number of personal workstations interconnected via local area networks has occurred in the workplace. These can be organized as distributed computing systems. The combined computing power of these systems are often greater than mainframes of a decade ago, and usually less expensive. There is a growing interest in harnessing this often-underutilized power. Researchers are focusing their attention on remote execution of processes as one solution. An additional topic of research is to balance a workload among a series of computers. Remote execution is made possible because the distributed operating system provides migration …
Linda Implementations Using Monitors And Message Passing, Alan L. Leveton
Linda Implementations Using Monitors And Message Passing, Alan L. Leveton
UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Linda is a new parallel programming language that is built around an interprocess communication model called generative communication that differs from previous models in specifying that shared data be added in tuple form to an environment called tuple space, where a tuple exists independently until some process chooses to use it. Interesting properties arise from the model, including space and time uncoupling as well as structured naming. We delineate the essential Linda operations, then discuss the properties of generative communication. We are particularly concerned with implementing Linda on top of two traditional parallel programming paradigms - process communication through globally …
Human-Machine Interface For Tactical Air Traffic Control Communications, Alan Mastin
Human-Machine Interface For Tactical Air Traffic Control Communications, Alan Mastin
UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This thesis proposes the design for a prototype device that would be used by Air Traffic Controllers in the radar environment to input tactical Air Traffic Control (ATC) instructions to be sent to aircraft via the Mode S digital data link network. The purpose of the device is to reduce the time required to issue instructions and to eliminate misunderstandings that occur when instructions are issued over voice transmission frequencies. The purpose of this thesis was to develop the device in the most ergonomically suited manner based on the air traffic controller's communications requirements. Digital communications systems include both airborne …