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Laboratory And Field Investigations With Difenacoum, A Promising New Rodenticide, John O. Bull Mar 1976

Laboratory And Field Investigations With Difenacoum, A Promising New Rodenticide, John O. Bull

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Difenacoum is a new rodenticide recently introduced on the British market; it is one of the most potent of a series of hydroxycoumarin-based anticoagulants. Difenacoum is effective against laboratory rats and mice resistant to conventional anticoagulants and has a marked selectivity in favor of non-target species. Vitamin K1 is an effective antidote and the hazard of secondary poisoning is minimal. Laboratory and field trials confirm difenacoum's efficacy against wild resistant strains. Further work is in progress to evaluate the efficacy of difenacoum against other rodent pest species.

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Review Of Cultural And Other Control Methods For Reducing Pine Vole Populations In Apple Orchards, Rose E. Byers, R.S. Young, R.D. Neeley Mar 1976

Review Of Cultural And Other Control Methods For Reducing Pine Vole Populations In Apple Orchards, Rose E. Byers, R.S. Young, R.D. Neeley

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

The use of cultivation three times a year (May, July, and November) or cultivation plus a residual herbicide twice a year (July and November) greatly aided in the control of pine voles Microtus pinetorum (LeConte) in apple orchards. The use of Chlorophacinone (CPN) or Diphacinone (DPN) baits placed by hand in holes and runs 2-3 weeks after the November cultivation resulted in a very effective control procedure. Without cultivation at least two applications of anticoagulant baits at the rate of 10 lbs/acre each were required to insure adequate control. Due to low apple prices in 1975, large numbers of dropped …

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Bird And Mammal Problems In Southeastern Pine Forests, T.E. Campbell Mar 1976

Bird And Mammal Problems In Southeastern Pine Forests, T.E. Campbell

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Birds and rodents eat pine seeds needed for regeneration, and the larger mammals destroy established seedlings by browsing or trampling. Some of the problems they cause have been solved or solutions are near; some still defy solution.

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Bird And Mammal Problems In Southeastern Pine Forests, T.E. Campbell Mar 1976

Bird And Mammal Problems In Southeastern Pine Forests, T.E. Campbell

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Birds and rodents eat pine seeds needed for regeneration, and the larger mammals destroy established seedlings by browsing or trampling. Some of the problems they cause have been solved or solutions are near; some still defy solution.

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Increasing Pocket Gopher Problems In Reforestation, John C. Capp Mar 1976

Increasing Pocket Gopher Problems In Reforestation, John C. Capp

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Concern over pocket gopher damage to conifer seedlings is increasing rapidly in the northwestern United States. The evolution of the pocket gopher (Thomomys spp.) has resulted in an animal that occurs throughout northwest forested areas and responds to site disturbances by increasing numbers and distribution. Pocket gophers kill or slow growth of conifer seedlings. More extensive logging, wildfires, and insect epidemics are resulting in more damage problem areas. This will continue. Current damage control is judged poor. Juvenile dispersal, high natural mortality rate, need for intensive treatment on entire damaged areas, current dependency on pesticides for control, increasing …

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Training For High School Students In Animal Damage Control, Stanley Christensen, Clark P. Allen Mar 1976

Training For High School Students In Animal Damage Control, Stanley Christensen, Clark P. Allen

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

The training program was started in 1973 for students in Advance Agriculture Occupations classes. Several state and federal agencies were involved in the planning and have since been involved in the training program. The program stresses the practical approach with a variety of field work and related classroom work. Classroom work covers all problems involved in animal damage control. The program is still in the innovative stage, but it seems to be fulfilling a need.

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Pheromones In Small Rodents And Their Potential Use In Pest Control, Erik Christiansen Mar 1976

Pheromones In Small Rodents And Their Potential Use In Pest Control, Erik Christiansen

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

The paper reviews social interactions in small rodents in which pheromones have been reported to play a part. Some of the chemical messengers involved may have a potential use in control of rodent pests. Research in this field should be encouraged, because alternatives to the current control methods are highly desirable.

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Experimental Use Of Sodium Cyanide Spring-Loaded Ejector Mechanism For Coyote Control In California, Jerry P. Clark Mar 1976

Experimental Use Of Sodium Cyanide Spring-Loaded Ejector Mechanism For Coyote Control In California, Jerry P. Clark

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under authority of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act, as amended, granted the California Department of Food and Agriculture an experimental permit to obtain data to support registration of sodium cyanide as a predacide. The program was implemented by the Tehama County Department of Agriculture. The experimental permit provided for use of not more than 300 sodium cyanide spring-loaded ejector mechanisms (SCSLEM) and 1,800 sodium cyanide capsules. The permit was issued April 1, 1974 and expired June 1, 1975.

The program objectives were to: (l) measure the usefulness of the SCSLEM as a method …

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Conference Participants Mar 1976

Conference Participants

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

The Seventh Vertebrate Pest Conference drew a registered attendance of 278, with an estimated additional 50-75 persons who attended portions of the conference but did not register. As in past conferences, the attendance was made up of individuals having varying interests in vertebrate pest control problems from thirty-six states plus the District of Columbia. Participants from Canada, Denmark, Egypt, England, Mexico, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Pakistan and West Germany contributed greatly to the success of the conference and provided further exchange of information on an international level.

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Deer And Reforestation In The Pacific Northwest, Glenn L. Crouch Mar 1976

Deer And Reforestation In The Pacific Northwest, Glenn L. Crouch

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Deer and reforestation interact mainly during regeneration after wildfire or logging. In interior forests, browsing by mule deer often damages conifer seedlings planted on winter or transitional ranges. In the Douglas-fir region, numbers of black-tailed deer increase dramatically after forests are logged or burned, in response to improved forage supplies. Here, browsing on planted stock in clearcuts lowers forest productivity by reducing growth rates and occasionally contributes to plantation failures. Browsing damage can be controlled by fences or cages, but costs are prohibitive. Amelioration of damage by black-tailed deer could be achieved through long-range planning for concurrent deer and timber …

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Management Of Pine Voles, David E. Davis Mar 1976

Management Of Pine Voles, David E. Davis

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

The pine vole (Microtus pinetorum) damages apple trees in western North Carolina, sometimes spectacularly. The current research monitors populations in orchards for several years to compare damage in different management practices. Recommendations for orchard management to reduce damage are devised and used to illustrate the process of application of basic knowledge. Populations of voles were monitored by 3 simple methods. Data on reproduction were obtained. Data on home range and mortality were found in the literature. In two counties, the orchards generally had grass in the alleys and sometimes a growth of weeds under the tree canopy. In …

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Modeling As A Management Tool For Assessing The Impact Of Blackbird Control Measures, Richard A. Dolbeer, Charles R. Ingram, John L. Seubert Mar 1976

Modeling As A Management Tool For Assessing The Impact Of Blackbird Control Measures, Richard A. Dolbeer, Charles R. Ingram, John L. Seubert

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Attempts to reduce blackbird numbers by spraying roosts have created considerable controversy. Opinions and suppositions fuel this controversy; yet, until now, decision makers have had no quantitative tools to predict the impacts of population reduction or to aid in formulating management strategies. To improve the predictive ability, we have synthesized data on red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) populations into a computerized system, BIRDS (Blackbird Information Retrieval and Data System). Grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), cowbirds (Molothrus ater), and starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) will be added to the system later. BIRDS is designed to estimate the number …

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Evaluation Of Urban Rodent Infestations—An Approach In Nepal, Stephen C. Frantz, John P. Comings Mar 1976

Evaluation Of Urban Rodent Infestations—An Approach In Nepal, Stephen C. Frantz, John P. Comings

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Studies in urban areas have shown that food and shelter are primary environmental factors regulating rodent population growth. These supportive resources can be modified to reduce urban rodent damage; however, widespread adoption of environmental control techniques will require a thorough understanding of rodent-man interrelationships. This study was concerned with what factors should be monitored for making rational ecological decisions on the necessity of rodent management, establishment of priorities, choice of appropriate strategies and evaluation of effectiveness. Guidelines are given for comprehensive monitoring of habitats (social, structural and sanitary factors) and rodent populations (habitat requirements, growth characteristics and zoonosis potential).

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Frontmatter And Contents Mar 1976

Frontmatter And Contents

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

PROCEEDINGS SEVENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE

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Vampire Bat Control Programs In Latin America, Rodrigo Gonzalez, G. Clay Mitchell Mar 1976

Vampire Bat Control Programs In Latin America, Rodrigo Gonzalez, G. Clay Mitchell

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Studies in Mexico in 1972 showed that diphacinone (Diphenadione)1 (2-diphenylacetyl-1, 3-indandione) was effective in reducing both vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) populations and the incidence of bat-transmitted rabies in cattle. Two highly selective methods were developed: treating cattle systemically and treating vampire bats topically. Since 1972, Denver Wildlife Research Center personnel have assisted Latin American Ministries of Agriculture in developing control campaigns. Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guyana, Panama, Venezuela, and Nicaragua have either undertaken or are considering operational vampire bat control programs.

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The Role Of The Pest Control Advisor In Vertebrate Pest Control, James T. Hallett Mar 1976

The Role Of The Pest Control Advisor In Vertebrate Pest Control, James T. Hallett

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

California State legislation as passed in 1971 established the Agricultural Pest Control Advisors Licensing program with the intent of providing agriculture with competent and professional personnel who make pest control recommendations. Today, nearly 4,000 advisors are licensed in California and approximately 1350 are licensed vertebrate pest control advisors. Recent amendments to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act will add new responsibilities to the advisor by requiring certification of both private and commercial applicators throughout the U.S. beginning in 1977. More than one-half of the vertebrate pest control advisors are employed in agrichemical sales while the remainder are employed by …

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Hazards To Wildlife Associated With Underground Strychnine Baiting For Pocket Gophers, Paul L. Hegdal, Thomas A. Gatz Mar 1976

Hazards To Wildlife Associated With Underground Strychnine Baiting For Pocket Gophers, Paul L. Hegdal, Thomas A. Gatz

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Under an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) contract, we evaluated the hazards associated with strychnine baiting for pocket gophers (Geomys bursarius) with the burrow-builder. On the Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge, Minnesota, we treated 662 ha (1638 acres) with 0.5 percent strychnine-treated bait. Treated fields were scattered throughout 10 sections. Control was effective--data from pocket gopher activity plots showed 87.5 ± 5.9 percent reductions in activity. Populations of other small rodents (while quite low) significantly declined on the treated area, but significantly increased on the control area. To measure secondary effects we equipped 36 raptors and 36 mammalian predators with …

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A Philosophy Of Vertebrate Pest Control, Walter E. Howard Mar 1976

A Philosophy Of Vertebrate Pest Control, Walter E. Howard

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Vertebrate pest problems are foremost economic, political and social rather than biological anomalies. Students are often turned away from vertebrate control, which is applied ecology, by professors who know only theory and do not understand the ecology of man-modified environments. Applied ecologists seeking alternative methods of vertebrate control benefit environment far more than the negative, anti-control approach based on half-truths that are used for self-serving purposes by many protectionist organizations and government leaders in CEQ, EPA and USDI. A healthy ethic, with deep ecological conscience, would be to appreciate the glory of death in nature, for death means life to …

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Closing Remarks—Seventh Vertebrate Pest Conference, Walter E. Howard Mar 1976

Closing Remarks—Seventh Vertebrate Pest Conference, Walter E. Howard

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

On behalf of the Council of the Vertebrate Pest Conference, I thank you all for your very apparent interest in the papers and your cooperation in making the Conference a success. The sophistication of vertebrate pest-control methods has come a long way since our first Conference, in 1962. Our outgoing Chairman, Mr. Charles C. Siebe, has acknowledged the fine contributions to this Conference made by so many, including personnel from the County Agricultural Commissioner Offices in California. And we now acknowledge Charlie's fine leadership for the past two years in this organization, known as the "Vertebrate Pest Conference."

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Food Preferences And Food Location By Pocket Gophers In Idaho, Kenneth E. Hungerford Mar 1976

Food Preferences And Food Location By Pocket Gophers In Idaho, Kenneth E. Hungerford

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides) in environmental systems adapted readily to laboratory conditions. The laboratory equipment is described in this paper. Results are reported, including data on food consumption as it varies with the activity patterns of the gopher and the variation between individual gophers. One gopher used an average of 52 g of food per day for a 131-day period, but during an extremely active 17-day period, the gopher consumed approximately its own weight in food each day (75 g).

The experimental setup is described for food location experiments and results indicate that gophers locate their food primarily …

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Avoidance Of Prey By Captive Coyotes Punished With Electric Shock, Samuel B. Linhart, Jerry D. Roberts, Stephen A. Schumake, Richard Johnson Mar 1976

Avoidance Of Prey By Captive Coyotes Punished With Electric Shock, Samuel B. Linhart, Jerry D. Roberts, Stephen A. Schumake, Richard Johnson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Four individually penned coyotes (Canis latrans) that had learned to kill live domestic rabbits for food were presented with one black and one white rabbit during daily 1-hour sessions and punished by a brief, severe shock from a high-voltage collar each time they attacked the black rabbit. One coyote did not learn the color association; after three shocks; it refused to kill either rabbit for 10 days but killed both indiscriminately when retested 4 weeks later. The other three coyotes learned to avoid black rabbits after only three to five shocks and, when repeatedly retested without shock at …

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Local Program Of Bird Damage Control In Salinas Valley, David R. Little Mar 1976

Local Program Of Bird Damage Control In Salinas Valley, David R. Little

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

On behalf of the Monterey County Grape Growers Association, I wish to thank you for inviting us here and giving us a chance to tell the world, so to speak, about our local program of bird control: how we got there, where we are, and where we want to go. First, let me give you a little history of the grape industry in our county.

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Control Of The European Mole, Talpa Eruopaea, M. Lund Mar 1976

Control Of The European Mole, Talpa Eruopaea, M. Lund

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Common methods for mole control are baiting with earthworms impregnated with thallium sulphate or strychnine, gassing with pellets developing phosphine, and trapping. Seasonal cycles in burrowing activity make it difficult to evaluate results of expensive control campaigns and may give a false impression of efficiency.

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Review And Results Of Sodium Cyanide Spring Loaded Ejector Mechanism (Scslem) Experimental Programs , Raymond W. Matheny Mar 1976

Review And Results Of Sodium Cyanide Spring Loaded Ejector Mechanism (Scslem) Experimental Programs , Raymond W. Matheny

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Sodium cyanide was cancelled for use in predator control in March 1972 along with strychnine and 1080 mainly because of the indiscriminate use of these poisons which posed an imminent hazard and danger to the environment. After due consideration, the EPA Administrator in January 1974 authorized approval of experimental use permits (under Section 5 of FIFRA as amended) for use of sodium cyanide in the M-44 device (SCSLEM) in order to accumulate information necessary to support registration consideration. Subsequently nine permits were issued for this purpose. In August 1975, a public hearing was held in Washington, D.C. to respond to …

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Pest Bird Damage Control In Cattle Feedlots: The Integrated Systems Approach, Thomas K. Palmer Mar 1976

Pest Bird Damage Control In Cattle Feedlots: The Integrated Systems Approach, Thomas K. Palmer

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

The cattle feedlot affords an ideal habitat for large concentrations of birds. Several species are primarily involved in feed depredations and contamination. The development of an integrated systems approach to control involves the interaction of - human attitude, cultural control practices and application of bird damage control techniques, each of which is a dynamic system in itself.

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Contamination Of Forest Ecosystems By Sodium Fluoroacetate (Compound 1080)*, J.A. Peters Mar 1976

Contamination Of Forest Ecosystems By Sodium Fluoroacetate (Compound 1080)*, J.A. Peters

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Predictive and conceptual models are used to examine the contamination, toxicology, and residues of sodium fluoroacetate (Compound 1080) in relation to its application in vertebrate pest control programs on forest and pastoral lands.

As a pesticide, the toxin appears to be neither mobile nor persistent. Exceedingly slender opportunities exist therefore for significant contamination of susceptible components of the environment.

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Olfactory Responses Of Deer Mice To Douglas-Fir Seed Volatiles, C. Raymond Record, Rex E. Marsh, Walter E. Howard, Donald J. Stern Mar 1976

Olfactory Responses Of Deer Mice To Douglas-Fir Seed Volatiles, C. Raymond Record, Rex E. Marsh, Walter E. Howard, Donald J. Stern

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

An attempt was made to identify the olfactory cues produced by Douglas-fir seeds which attract deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) to the seeds. The olfactometers used are described, and the merits of different statistical analyses of the data are discussed. The odors produced by whole Douglas-fir seed and by the endosperm were preferred among the fractions tested to date. Deer mice were repelled by Douglas-fir turpentine, cedar oil, and, to a lesser degree, one extract.

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Control Of The Oregon Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus Beldingi Oregonus), Warren C. Sauer Mar 1976

Control Of The Oregon Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus Beldingi Oregonus), Warren C. Sauer

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Attempts to reduce populations of Spermophilus beldingi oregonus have centered around the application of Compound 10.80 and strychnine baits. Additional population reduction techniques were investigated for possible employment into the squirrel program. Techniques which show much promise are: hand baited chopped gree bait (.01% chlorophacinone) broadcast (10 pounds per acre) and hand baited grain bait with .01% chlorophacinone and .05% fumarin, and bait stations using .01%, .05% chlorophacinone grain bait (100 and 200 foot spacing) and .05% fumarin grain bait (100 foot spacing).

In addition, the concentration of Compound 1080 on chopped green bait can be reduced to 1/4 oz. …

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Operational Aspects Of Successful Ground Squirrel Control By Aerial Application Of Grain Bait, Conrad Schilling Mar 1976

Operational Aspects Of Successful Ground Squirrel Control By Aerial Application Of Grain Bait, Conrad Schilling

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

By County Ordinance the County Agricultural Commissioner has been charged with rodent suppression in Fresno County, California. For nine years personnel from the Agricultural Commissioner's Office have conducted a county operated and funded program of ground squirrel suppression through the use of aerially applied zinc phosphide treated squirrel oat groats. Planning procedures, relative costs and operational aspects of the program are outlined. This technique of ground squirrel suppression has been shown to have many advantages over hand application of rodent baits. No known hazards to non-target wildlife species have been demonstrated.

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Opening Comments—Seventh Vertebrate Pest Conference, Charles C. Siebe Mar 1976

Opening Comments—Seventh Vertebrate Pest Conference, Charles C. Siebe

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

On behalf of the Vertebrate Pest Council, it is my pleasure to welcome you to the Seventh Vertebrate Pest Conference. We are pleased that the American Society for Testing and Materials held its first Symposium on Test Methods for Vertebrate Pest Control and Management Materials in conjunction with our Conference, and we congratulate Symposium Chairman Rex Marsh for the excellent program that was presented. The concerns and challenges of today's society mandate that we be knowledgeable and up-to-date concerning the use of vertebrate pest damage control methods and materials and the impacts of our programs on the environment.

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