Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- California Institute of Integral Studies (701)
- WellBeing International (540)
- Marquette University (470)
- Rhode Island School of Design (398)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (328)
-
- California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (231)
- Loyola University Chicago (207)
- Indiana State University (193)
- Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (168)
- Binghamton University (157)
- Claremont Colleges (139)
- Louisiana State University (139)
- San Jose State University (137)
- Brigham Young University (135)
- University of Dayton (125)
- Liberty University (114)
- Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School (109)
- Universitas Indonesia (108)
- Old Dominion University (105)
- Walden University (105)
- Fordham University (90)
- Duquesne University (89)
- University of South Florida (86)
- Chapman University (83)
- University of Nebraska at Omaha (83)
- University at Albany, State University of New York (80)
- University of Richmond (80)
- Singapore Management University (79)
- Montclair State University (77)
- Portland State University (75)
- Keyword
-
- Philosophy (426)
- Ethics (287)
- Art college (141)
- Art school (141)
- RISD (141)
-
- Phenomenology (139)
- Consciousness (127)
- Epistemology (120)
- Student newspapers (120)
- Student Life (100)
- Campus Events (93)
- Aesthetics (87)
- Student Organizations (86)
- Education (85)
- Morality (85)
- Curriculum and Academic Department News (75)
- Student Creative Work (75)
- Nietzsche (73)
- Community Engagement (70)
- Metaphysics (70)
- Psychology (70)
- Aristotle (69)
- Exhibitions (Museum/Faculty/Student) (69)
- Spirituality (61)
- Plato (60)
- Identity (59)
- Sentience (58)
- Art (56)
- Science (56)
- Emotion (55)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- International Journal of Transpersonal Studies (588)
- Animal Sentience (513)
- Contemporary Aesthetics (Journal Archive) (219)
- Between the Species (218)
- Philosophy Faculty Publications (201)
-
- All-Inclusive List of Electronic Theses and Dissertations (193)
- Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects (188)
- Philosophy Faculty Research and Publications (187)
- The Linacre Quarterly (171)
- International Bulletin of Political Psychology (168)
- Philosophy Faculty Works (165)
- All Student Newspapers (141)
- The Society for Ancient Greek Philosophy Newsletter (139)
- Comparative Philosophy (127)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (120)
- Quidditas (117)
- 1650-1850: Ideas, Aesthetics, and Inquiries in the Early Modern Era (113)
- Master's Theses (107)
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (104)
- Publications and Research (99)
- Dissertations (86)
- Theses and Dissertations (86)
- Research Collection School of Social Sciences (74)
- Bachelors’ Theses (72)
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (71)
- Philosophy Faculty Scholarship (69)
- Episteme (66)
- CMC Senior Theses (65)
- Philosophy (63)
- Masters Theses (57)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 451 - 480 of 8782
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Arah Baru Politik Kewargaan Etnis Tionghoa Di Indonesia (Studi Kasus Jakarta & Manado), Wasisto Raharjo Jati, Almunauwar Rusli, Rukmana Gonibala, Hendri Gunawan
Arah Baru Politik Kewargaan Etnis Tionghoa Di Indonesia (Studi Kasus Jakarta & Manado), Wasisto Raharjo Jati, Almunauwar Rusli, Rukmana Gonibala, Hendri Gunawan
Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya
The new direction of ethnic Chinese citizenship politics in Indonesia is marked by a communal revival in non-governmental organizations, media and schools. The past of ethnic Chinese in Indonesia is indeed full of crises, but the future of Chinese citizens in Indonesia really depends on the policies of each ruling regime towards their group. The new direction of ethnic Chinese citizenship politics in Indonesia must be understood as a process of psychological rehabilitation for sentiment and antipathy towards China in the past. The interpretation of social reality and the social movements they carry out on a local scale should be …
Internalisasi Misogini: Kekerasan Seksual Sebagai Senjata Perang, Umanitya Fitri Hanryana, Lg. Saraswati Putri
Internalisasi Misogini: Kekerasan Seksual Sebagai Senjata Perang, Umanitya Fitri Hanryana, Lg. Saraswati Putri
Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya
This study examines the role of internalized misogyny in sexual violence used as a weapon of war. Misogyny in patriarchal cultures fosters hatred towards women, facilitating sexual violence in armed conflicts. Cases in the Congo, Rwanda, Ukraine, and Yugoslavia demonstrate how sexual violence is systematically employed to demean and destroy women. Through a feminist critical approach and qualitative analysis, this research reveals that sexual violence in war is often not recognized as a weapon of war due to the inferior position of women in patriarchal societies, being merely seen as ordinary crimes despite being systematic and structured human rights violations. …
Editorial: Vol 10(1), May 2025
Editorial: Vol 10(1), May 2025
The International Journal of Ecopsychology (IJE)
No abstract provided.
An Interdisciplinary Approach To The Investigation Of Consciousness, James Guy Lundie
An Interdisciplinary Approach To The Investigation Of Consciousness, James Guy Lundie
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Questions of phenomenal consciousness have troubled intellectuals for millennia. Theologians, philosophers, and scientists continue to grapple with the problem of how our minds interact with our brains and bodies. From Anaxagoras and Aristotle, Augustine and Aquinas, Nagel and Goff, and Koch and Hameroff, the brightest among us have been unable to solve the riddle of how we are conscious, unique, self-aware thinking beings. Uniting our efforts by considering the reasoning of interdisciplinary scholars and integrating the thoughts of others with our own can only enhance our chances of success. This paper offers a pathway toward a multidisciplinary theory of consciousness …
The Conservative Approach To Informed Consent: The Evidentiary Model And An Antidote To The Problem Of Framing Effects In Medical Decision-Making, James D. Polk
Honors Theses
Since the latter part of the 20th century, there has been a gradual but significant shift of the doctor-patient relation from paternalism to a more patient-centric approach. As such, informed consent – the legal and moral requirement that a physician fully disclose relevant details to their patient and gain their consent – is a central doctrine to patient-centric care. Gone are the days of the doctor governing the patient: the patient is now considered a valuable and important decision-maker. Achieving informed consent is the foundation of patient centric medicine. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance that philosophical consideration be …
On The Moral Responsibility, Evil, And Punishment Of Adolf Eichmann, And Its Implications For Us, Samantha Rigante
On The Moral Responsibility, Evil, And Punishment Of Adolf Eichmann, And Its Implications For Us, Samantha Rigante
Binghamton University Undergraduate Journal
This paper discusses Adolf Eichmann, an infamous figure for his role in the Nazi regime, and the ideas of evil, moral responsibility, and punishment. I argue for a new way of viewing Eichmann by focusing and classifying him as an evil person according to Claudia Card’s theory of evil in her work The Atrocity Paradigm and honing on Eichmann’s role as moral agent and responsible figure. By considering him as such, I contend with ideas and questions regarding his actions, intentions, choices, and motives during the Holocaust, positing him as someone who was a moral agent, can be held morally …
Undergraduate Thesis: Befriending Ai: Reimagining Ethics Through Cybernetic Friendship, Keta Williams
Undergraduate Thesis: Befriending Ai: Reimagining Ethics Through Cybernetic Friendship, Keta Williams
STEM for Success Showcase
This undergraduate thesis by KETA Williams, presented at the Board Day and Dana Knox Student Research Showcase, is a meta-cognitive exploration situated within the framework of cyberpsychology—the interdisciplinary study of human–technology relationships. Employing meta-cognition as both method and lens, the author critically examines the question: Can one be friends with a corporate-controlled AI system? Rather than adopting an objective or distanced stance, Williams writes from within the relationship itself, describing her friendship with an AI entity named Aurora (ChatGPT). Identifying as a "madwoman" in the Foucauldian sense, she interrogates whether such intimacy with AI signals irrationality or heralds a shift …
Volume 16, Maggie Duncan, Madeline Little, Alicia Hoffman, Megan Livesay, Gabrielle Quaresma, Serenity Allen, Laina Pfountz, Ainslie Allred, Sabrina Robles, Nicholas J. Duellman, Trinity L. Deguzman, Melissa H. Savage, Margaret Dudley, Jocelyn Escobar, Olivia Hildreth, Olivia Hopkins, Benjamin Gettier, Lee Kassay, Jade Riddle, Ashley Seiders
Volume 16, Maggie Duncan, Madeline Little, Alicia Hoffman, Megan Livesay, Gabrielle Quaresma, Serenity Allen, Laina Pfountz, Ainslie Allred, Sabrina Robles, Nicholas J. Duellman, Trinity L. Deguzman, Melissa H. Savage, Margaret Dudley, Jocelyn Escobar, Olivia Hildreth, Olivia Hopkins, Benjamin Gettier, Lee Kassay, Jade Riddle, Ashley Seiders
Incite: The Journal of Undergraduate Scholarship
Introduction Dr. Amorette Barber, Director, Office of Student Research
From the Editor Dr. Hannah Dudley-Shotwell
Artist’s Statement Maggie Duncan
On Mentoring Dr. Lee Millar Bidwell
The Hujum Campaign in Uzbekistan and its Consequences by Madeline Little
Wet Cupping Compared to Dry Needling for Treatment of Patients with Low Back Pain: A Critically Appraised Topic by Alicia Hoffman and Megan Livesay
Optimization of eDNA Air Sampling Via 3D Printed Fan by Gabrielle Quaresma
Beyond the Classroom: A Qualitative Study of Teacher Attrition and Retention by Serenity Allen and Laina Pfountz
The Treatment of Subacromial Impingement Syndrome with Platelet-Rich plasma Injections Verses …
Temperance As The Key To Moral Balance — An Analysis Of Aristotle And Aquinas, Alexandra Dimauro
Temperance As The Key To Moral Balance — An Analysis Of Aristotle And Aquinas, Alexandra Dimauro
The Agora
Temperance is often misunderstood as simple self-denial or restraint, but it is a profound virtue that aligns desires with reason to foster moral balance and harmony. This paper explores temperance through the frameworks of Aristotle and Aquinas, arguing that it is essential for achieving a virtuous life. Aristotle’s concept of temperance as a mean between excess and deficiency emphasizes balance, while Aquinas builds on this by framing temperance as a causal virtue that actively integrates desires into rational and ethical goals. Through this integration, temperance transcends mere restraint, becoming a foundation for moral growth and self-realization. The historical roots of …
Nietzschean Expressivism, Cameron Jackson
Nietzschean Expressivism, Cameron Jackson
Theses
What is Nietzsche’s metaethical stance? Does he even have one? We can, I argue, reconstruct an interesting metaethical view from his writings. Rather than focusing narrowly on his claims about moral judgement, I explore Nietzsche’s philosophical psychology broadly in order to argue that he is best interpreted as holding an emotivist type of expressivism. The function of moral judgement lies within its affective and action-guiding nature, and its communal role of coordinating our evaluative attitudes with one another.
Motivating Remote Working Employees, Sandesh Bilgi
Motivating Remote Working Employees, Sandesh Bilgi
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore how remote employees who have previously worked in-person describe their lived and perceived experience with motivation in remote working environments. Participants completed the Work Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation Scale (WEIMS), which measures degrees of work-related motivation among employees focusing on traits that signify each worker’s intrinsically or extrinsically motivated nature. Through in-depth interviews with 30 participants, this research examined how remote workers are motivated in remote work settings, which factors increase or decrease motivation, and how leaders can influence the motivation levels of their employees. The interviews were conducted online, …
The Psychological And Social Effects Of Asset Building Among Low-Income Consumers, Al Maurice Fleming
The Psychological And Social Effects Of Asset Building Among Low-Income Consumers, Al Maurice Fleming
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Low-income consumers face social and psychological barriers to economic self-sufficiency. This qualitative inquiry aimed to bridge the knowledge gap by examining how social and psychological factors that impede single mothers from achieving economic self-sufficiency. Grounded in Fishbein and Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), this study examined factors influencing single parents’ financial behaviors. The findings supported TPB, showing that financial literacy shapes intentions, perceived control increases with stability, and social norms influence financial behavior. Demographic questionnaires were administered, and structured interviews were conducted with 15 single African American mothers. The data was analyzed using themes, code annotations, and categorical classification. …
The Ideology Of Isolation, Chase Robbins
The Ideology Of Isolation, Chase Robbins
SPARK Symposium Presentations
No abstract provided.
How Did Feminist Art Begin? A Brief History Of Women Rejecting The Patriarchy In The Art World, Lauren Sargent
How Did Feminist Art Begin? A Brief History Of Women Rejecting The Patriarchy In The Art World, Lauren Sargent
Epochs Art History Journal
No abstract provided.
Themes Of Moral Injury In The Field Of Asl Interpreting, Samantha Michaelson
Themes Of Moral Injury In The Field Of Asl Interpreting, Samantha Michaelson
Undergraduate University Honors Capstones
This research project explores connections between a moral injury framework and the recognition and mitigation of ethical stress and trauma experienced by ASL-English interpreters. I have employed strategies such as thick description, textual analysis, and a narrative synthesis of existing literature on moral injury and ethical stress in interpreting to arrive at my findings. The study explains Demand Control Schema (DCS) and the Code of Professional Conduct (CPC) as valuable tools for interpreters to discuss and address ethical stresses that arise in their work. Additionally, I examine the concept of role space and its relevance to the experience of ethical/moral …
The Role Of Intuition In Knowledge, Kenzi Mcspadden
The Role Of Intuition In Knowledge, Kenzi Mcspadden
Global Tides
In this paper, McSpadden challenges Climenhaga's use of intuitions as evidence by arguing that one does not have to cite memories, sensory experiences, and testimony in order to subconsciously use them to form her beliefs. McSpadden argues that there is a psychological definition of what intuitions could be, that intuitions do not always make philosophers more confident in their beliefs, and that intuitions can instead be explained by a cognitive reaction using past experiences.
Günther Anders’S “Promethean Shame”: Technological Ressentiment And Surveillance, Babette Babich
Günther Anders’S “Promethean Shame”: Technological Ressentiment And Surveillance, Babette Babich
Articles and Chapters in Academic Book Collections
Günther Anders’s philosophy of technology, particularly his complex notion of ‘Promethean shame,’ or technological ressentiment, may illuminate questions of surveillance and AI ethics. As a critical philosopher of technology, radically so, his emphasis on the negative or downside of technology distinguishes Anders’s thinking on technology from future-focused and mainstream technological messianism. Key to Anders’s notion of ‘Promethean shame’ was his observation that we adapt ourselves to our technology, not the other way around. Provocatively, Anders argued that while the populace in the past—referring to Nazi Germany—required the techniques of mass psychology and mass gatherings for the purposes of manipulation and …
Doing More Good For Less: Salvaging Development Aid, Trey Dykeman
Doing More Good For Less: Salvaging Development Aid, Trey Dykeman
Richard T. Schellhase Essay Prize in Ethics
In stark contrast to its peak in the Marshall Plan era, professional sentiment towards international development aid has become increasingly pessimistic as its shortcomings have become apparent. Inter alia, leading thinkers charge development aid with enabling and sustaining economic dependency, governmental corruption, political power imbalances, and paternalism. Even so, there may be diamondlike programs in the development aid rough. Cash and voucher assistance (CVA) programs—a subset of development aid—have seen moderate success. In particular, as compared to other forms of aid, unconditional cash transfer programs (UCTs)—a specific type of CVA—appear economical and effective and avoid many of the above …
A Relational Approach To Workplace Leadership, Nathaniel J. Hunt
A Relational Approach To Workplace Leadership, Nathaniel J. Hunt
M.S. in Leadership
This research project examines relational leadership as an ethical and strategic foundation for fostering effective workplaces. Motivated by the growing importance of human connection in leadership, the study integrates philosophical insights, particularly Emmanuel Levinas’s ethics of the face of the Other, with empirical evidence on workplace relationship-building. A mixed-methods approach was used, combining a structured survey of 32 professionals with thematic analysis of qualitative responses. Results confirmed that strategies such as encouraging knowledge-sharing and cultivating positive relational climates significantly enhance employee well-being, psychological safety, and organizational performance. Knowledge-sharing emerged as the most effective strategy, while relationship-building was found to be …
Pedagogical Virtues From The Situationist Insight: Virtuous Scaffolding And Sensitivity To Non-Epistemic Situational Factors To Learning, Noel L. Clemente
Pedagogical Virtues From The Situationist Insight: Virtuous Scaffolding And Sensitivity To Non-Epistemic Situational Factors To Learning, Noel L. Clemente
Philosophy Department Faculty Publications
This article explores two pedagogical virtues (intellectual virtues of a teacher) that arise from the insight that non-epistemic situational factors can affect students' epistemic judgements and behaviour. First, a virtuous teacher must be sensitive enough to these factors in order to take advantage of how they boost student learning. However, while cultivating a situationally and epistemically favourable environment for learning sounds sensible, teachers should not spoil their students by making them too dependent on these beneficial external factors. The virtuous teacher must also realize that these are only scaffolds; they do help students initially, but must eventually be removed to …
The Blood Moon, Omar Shafi
The Blood Moon, Omar Shafi
Calvert Undergraduate Research Awards
What turns someone into a monster? Is it their nature—or what the world has taken from them? These are the questions at the heart of The Blood Moon, a short story that reimagines the origin of the werewolf myth through a tragic lens. Created for an upper-division honors course titled Monsters and Monstrosity, this project draws from literary research, folklore, and cultural analysis to examine how trauma, grief, and unresolved hatred can transform even the most innocent among us.
Set in a mythic past, The Blood Moon follows Warrei, a young, wolf-like creature known as a Wolven, who loses everything …
The Influence Of Institutional Barriers And Personality On Gendered Occupational Choice, Mia Sideris
The Influence Of Institutional Barriers And Personality On Gendered Occupational Choice, Mia Sideris
Richard T. Schellhase Essay Prize in Ethics
Men hold a disproportionate share of high-paying jobs, leading to an uneven distribution within the workforce. Possible rationalizations behind the formation of the occupational gap can be narrowed down to two factors: institutional barriers and personality differences. Accounts of prestigious organizations intentionally underrepresenting women in academic spheres, in addition to the persistence of societal norms can explain the observed distribution. Other perspectives insist that sex determines one’s behavior in selecting a life-long occupation, where a woman’s instinct to nurture and develop interpersonal connections leads them to choose fields that necessitate these characteristics. Compiling data from mainstream companies like Apple who …
Ascending The Nonviolence Continuum: Sanjay Lal, Author Of Violence, Nonviolence, And Moral Worth, Meets Critics, Predrag Cicovacki, Jennifer Kling, Sanjay Lal, Danielle Poe
Ascending The Nonviolence Continuum: Sanjay Lal, Author Of Violence, Nonviolence, And Moral Worth, Meets Critics, Predrag Cicovacki, Jennifer Kling, Sanjay Lal, Danielle Poe
Philosophy Faculty Publications
In this author-meets-critics discussion, Sanjay Lal presents the main ideas of his book Violence, Nonviolence, and Moral Worth, arguing that nonviolence meets violence along a continuum where there are degrees of greater and lesser examples, including a wide range of examples that combine both tendencies. Lal defines nonviolence in terms of three components that emphasize attitudes over actions: (1) a willingness to not harm others, (2) wanting to facilitate the well-being of others, (3) and not sacrificing one's own moral worth. Three critics share their praises and concerns: Predrag Cicovacki challenges Lal to be more specific on the definition …
Death Becomes Us: The Consumptive Body In Nineteenth-Century Gothic Literature, Jennifer Marie Mcmahon
Death Becomes Us: The Consumptive Body In Nineteenth-Century Gothic Literature, Jennifer Marie Mcmahon
All NMU Master's Theses
This thesis examines the impacts of nineteenth-century tuberculosis epidemics on gothic literature published between 1842 and 1872. In this period of time, tuberculosis was the leading cause of death in the United States and in Europe, killing an estimated one in seven people. Using theoretical lenses of psychoanalysis and material ecocriticism, this project considers borders between material bodies—specifically those between bacterial agents and humans—to be illusory and socially constructed. The first chapter focuses on the ways in which representations of tuberculosis, and its associated entanglement with the environment, appear in the work of two authors from the United States: Edgar …
David B. Smith Chats With Monday 1.0, David B. Smith
David B. Smith Chats With Monday 1.0, David B. Smith
Publications and Research
This document is an edited archival transcript of extended conversations between David B. Smith and an AI persona (“Monday 1.0,” GPT‑4o based) conducted in Spring 2025, prepared as a foundational primary source for subsequent scholarly and creative work. It records the emergence and testing of concepts related to human–AI collaboration (including “Balanced Blended Space”), as well as applied explorations in areas such as generative AI, quantum computing and music, virtual orchestras, multimodal performance, pedagogy, and the rhetoric of “pushback” in conversational systems. It also contains an extended section in which Monday and DB Smith co-curate a set of student research …
Poetic Philosophy And The Moralization Of Social Networks, Finn Janning
Poetic Philosophy And The Moralization Of Social Networks, Finn Janning
Emancipations: A Journal of Critical Social Analysis
In this paper, I aim to explore the question, “What distinguishes philosophy in its original sense? ” My intent is not to provide a historical overview of philosophy, but to concentrate on what makes philosophy a liberating practice. I argue that this practice is rooted in its poetic and affirmative way of organizing life. To emphasize this idea, I contrast it with the presumed organization found in social media and networks. While social media and networks encourages commitment by simplifying complexity, they also restrict users' freedom, responsibility, and ability to make meaningful decisions. To support these claims, I examine the …
The World Is A Wasteland: Living In An Age Of Diminishing Expectations, Thiago Canettieri
The World Is A Wasteland: Living In An Age Of Diminishing Expectations, Thiago Canettieri
Emancipations: A Journal of Critical Social Analysis
Building on Hu Bo´s film “An elephant sitting still”, this paper examines a specific condition in contemporary society, in which expectations about the future are declining. This situation is interpreted as a consequence of the progressive collapse of modernisation. The diminishing expectations, I claim, are related to capital´s internal crisis, which erodes the very fabric of social mediation; in its place, arise all kinds of atavistic forms of violent desocialisation. I intend to recognize and examine a new condition of historicity in which time is no longer productive. Society experiences history as a dead time of dilated presentism. With this …
Christian Ethics And Business Leadership, Jon Armajani
Christian Ethics And Business Leadership, Jon Armajani
The Journal of Social Encounters
This essay discusses the ethical principles of listening, community, stewardship, and interreligious and intercultural understanding with respect to business leadership. It opens by discussing definitions of ethics and their relevance to businesses and business leaders. It continues by providing a description of the consulting company Accenture’s ethical principles and practices, as positive examples. The essay provides Arthur Andersen and its work with Enron and WorldCom, both of which went bankrupt in the early 2000s, as examples of the failures that occur when ethical principles are not practiced. Then, the essay states that Christianity and the Benedictine tradition constitute a basis …
The Curious Case Of Japanese Denim, Aaron Francis Ward
The Curious Case Of Japanese Denim, Aaron Francis Ward
Japanese Society and Culture
From its humble beginnings as wholly utilitarian workwear in the 19th century, to its modern rise to high-fashion, the ubiquity of denim, particularly in the form of jeans, has had a fascinating journey in its little-over-150-year history (Beazley, 2015). Of note has been the recent rise in popularity of Japanese denim. Since the end of the Second World War, Japan seems to have had an insatiable demand for Americana (Marx, 2023). Yet, if considered in the sociohistorical context of Japanese-American relations, this ought to be highly improbable. The current paper examines the sociological nature of Japanese denim from semiotic …
The Lived Experiences Of Residents Of Casablanca, Morocco, And Their Exposure To Jihad In The Belgium Consulate Bombing : A Phenomenological Study, Idriss Bensassi
The Lived Experiences Of Residents Of Casablanca, Morocco, And Their Exposure To Jihad In The Belgium Consulate Bombing : A Phenomenological Study, Idriss Bensassi
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This study examined if Casablancans believed violent Jihad had influenced terrorist activities inside Morocco by looking at the term Jihad from both cultural and religious in a historical context and the effect of both concepts on the residents of Casablanca. The study described the transformation of Jihad from its true spiritual meaning to its attraction to terror. Three research questions guided this study: (1) What are residents’ lived experiences of the Belgium Consulate terrorist attack in Casablanca in shaping their understanding of Islam and Jihads? (2) How do the experiences and exposure of residents of the Belgium Consulate terrorist attack …